NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued November 15, 2016
Decided December 13, 2016
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge
No. 16-1419
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellee, Court for the Northern District of
Illinois, Eastern Division.
v.
No. 12 CR 521-1
GILBERT FREEMAN,
Defendant-Appellant. Elaine E. Bucko,
Judge.
ORDER
Gilbert Freeman pleaded guilty to five counts of wire fraud, prohibited by
18 U.S.C. § 1343, based on his participation in a large-scale scheme that bilked hundreds
of people out of their savings by pretending to assist them in selling their timeshares. At
sentencing, the district court applied a four-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a)
based on his role as an organizer or leader of the criminal activity. Freeman challenges
that determination, arguing that the court based its decision on evidence that was
neither reliable nor sufficient to show that he had the required power to coerce or
control the scheme’s other members. We affirm.
No. 16-1419 Page 2
I
Between 2008 and 2012, Freeman (known as Brett to his friends) participated in a
scheme to defraud owners of timeshare properties in Mexico. The scheme was built
upon multiple fictitious companies, including some that purportedly worked with
corporate buyers to sell timeshare properties, and a fake escrow company. One set of
employees (“lead generators”) would call timeshare owners from Mexico, using a
U.S.-based phone number, pretending that they worked for a U.S. business that
facilitated timeshare sales. (Timeshares are notoriously difficult to unload.) The lead
generators would try to convince the timeshare owners to sell their properties to a
corporate buyer; they never mentioned that this buyer was fictitious. If a lead generator
sparked a timeshare owner’s interest in selling, then another set of employees (“liners”)
would call the owner and, using a script, tell the owner that the process of selling the
property required an initial reimbursable payment. After the initial payment, a third set
of employees (“closers”) would again call the timeshare owners and try to convince
them to pay a variety of fake Mexican closing costs, fees, and other taxes, with a
promise that these costs would be refunded at closing. A fourth group of employees
convinced victims that they worked for an independent escrow company that was
holding all of the reimbursable funds. The timeshares were never actually sold, and
none of the costs or fees were ever refunded. By the government’s estimate, more than
1,400 victims were defrauded out of more than $4.8 million. The government estimated
that over the course of the scheme, dozens of people contributed to the fraudulent
activities, with as many as 15 employees actively working at one time.
Based on this scheme, Freeman was charged with 13 counts of wire fraud under
18 U.S.C. § 1343. He pleaded guilty to five of those counts pursuant to a plea
declaration. At his change-of-plea hearing, Freeman admitted that his role in the
scheme included obtaining lists of timeshare owners, helping to create websites and
advertising for the fake companies, and opening bank accounts for these companies into
which victims would transfer money.
According to the government, these admissions significantly understated
Freeman’s role. At sentencing it presented evidence showing that Freeman, along with
another person named Moe, led the scheme. The evidence included email conversations
between co-schemers, grand jury testimony from co-defendants and other former
employees, and statements in co-defendants’ plea agreements. This evidence showed
that Freeman presented himself to others as being in charge of the organization and that
employees viewed him as their boss. It suggested that he handled employee complaints
and adjusted employee pay. The evidence also showed that Freeman had the power to
No. 16-1419 Page 3
recruit employees, hire contractors, direct employees’ actions, and approve inter-office
procedures. Freeman and Moe received the largest cut of the profits.
In the Presentence Investigation Report (or PSR), the probation officer
recommended a four-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) based on Freeman’s
role as “an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more
participants.” (The PSR essentially adopted the government’s version of the events,
because Freeman, following his counsel’s advice, did not talk about the offense during
his presentence interview and did not submit a written explanation of the events.) That
enhancement raised Freeman’s total offense level from 33 to 37, which, together with a
criminal history category of I, yielded a recommended guideline range of 210 to
262 months. Without the adjustment, his range would have been 135 to 168 months.
In Freeman’s initial sentencing memorandum (prepared by former counsel), he
agreed with the probation officer’s position that he had been a leader in the scheme:
We agree with the PSR writer that … the enhancement for a leadership
role is correct. (Mr. Freeman now understands that the enhancement does
not only apply to the leader, Moe Aguilar, who invented this scheme and
then brought Freeman into it, but understands that it is also applicable to
a co-leader, which he acknowledges he was).
Freeman later obtained new counsel and retracted his earlier acceptance of the
leadership adjustment. His new counsel argued that the four-point increase was
inappropriate because there was no evidence that Freeman had exercised authority or
control over others. Counsel also argued that the leadership enhancement was largely
based on unreliable evidence, namely, statements taken from the plea agreements of
Freeman’s co-defendants. He complained that Freeman had not had an opportunity to
test the reliability of these statements.
In the first sentencing hearing (which was continued for further preparation
related to another sentencing adjustment), the district court agreed with the
government and the probation officer that the evidence showed that Freeman was a
co-leader of the scheme:
[T]here is lots of evidence there [that Freeman was a leader]. … [T]he
evidence is totally consistent that he was the leader of this. … [E]very
single person who has either pled or given a statement has said the same
thing [that Freeman was the co-leader].
No. 16-1419 Page 4
The judge also said that she was “entitled” to rely on the evidence provided by the
government, even though it included co-defendants’ statements that were not subject to
cross-examination, as the “rules of evidence do not apply in a sentencing hearing.” She
agreed with the government that if Freeman wanted to contest the adjustment, he had
to “do more than just deny” that he was a leader. After listening to arguments on the
point, the judge found that Freeman was a leader; as support for that finding, she
singled out evidence “in the PSR … as well as what counsel for the government” stated.
She also deemed it significant that Freeman previously had agreed that he was the
co-leader. At the second sentencing hearing the judge noted that she had looked into
the issue further and concluded that “there is certainly plenty of evidence to support the
probation office’s conclusion that [Freeman] does merit the leadership enhancement.”
After she settled on the proper guidelines range, the judge considered the factors
outlined in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c) and sentenced Freeman to 240 months’ imprisonment.
II
On appeal Freeman challenges only the court’s decision to apply the leadership
enhancement. He focuses on both the alleged unreliability of the evidence on which the
court relied, and more generally on the sufficiency of the evidence in support of the
enhancement. The evidence was unreliable, he says, because it consists primarily of
grand jury statements and plea agreements of “biased” co-defendants and is (in his
view) “unsubstantiated hearsay without corroboration.” Neither of those points goes
anywhere. A court may use any evidence at sentencing, as long as it is sufficiently
reliable, even if it would be inadmissible at trial. See United States v. Tankson, 836 F.3d
873, 881 (7th Cir. 2016); United States v. Isom, 635 F.3d 904, 907–08 (7th Cir. 2011);
United States v. White, 639 F.3d 331, 338 (7th Cir. 2011). A defendant is entitled to
challenge the information’s reliability, but if he offers only a bare denial of that
information with nothing more (which is all that Freeman has done), then the
government has no obligation to bolster its reliability. See United States v. Williams-
Ogletree, 752 F.3d 658, 664 (7th Cir. 2014). Freeman also argues that he was deprived of
the chance to show that the information was unreliable because he could not cross-
examine the co-defendants about their statements. That would concern us more if
Freeman had offered any reason to doubt the reliability of the co-defendants’ testimony.
But he has not, and without such evidence, the district court was free to rely on those
statements. Id. As the government points out, the statements of the various co-
defendants were not inconsistent, and some of the information was corroborated by
other evidence, including emails and statements of other employees.
No. 16-1419 Page 5
Next Freeman argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish that he was a
“leader” as that term has been interpreted under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). He contends that a
defendant must exercise control and authority over others for the leadership adjustment
to apply and that no evidence shows that he had any ability to coerce or direct any
other participant in the scheme. This interpretation of U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) is incorrect.
While the question of a person’s control over others is an important factor in
determining whether the person is a leader, the focus of the inquiry is on the relative
culpability of the defendant as compared to others involved in the scheme. A more
culpable defendant “ought to receive the harsher organizer/leader enhancement.”
United States v. Weaver, 716 F.3d 439, 442 (7th Cir. 2013); see also United States v. Vasquez,
673 F.3d 680, 685 (7th Cir. 2012); United States v. Mendoza, 576 F.3d 711, 717 (7th Cir.
2009). In evaluating a person’s role in a scheme, the court may consider all of the factors
listed in Application Note 4 of § 3B1.1, including
the exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation in
the commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the claimed
right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of participation
in planning or organizing the offense, the nature and scope of the illegal
activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised over others.
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 Application Note 4; United States v. Cooper, 767 F.3d 721, 733 (7th Cir.
2014); Weaver, 716 F.3d at 443.
The government’s evidence touched all those bases. Freeman made decisions
about company management; he used his name for many of the fake companies and
bank accounts required to run the scheme; he recruited other members; he and Moe
received the largest share of the profits; he was included in many emails about top
management decisions; he participated in the scheme over the course of several years
and across international borders; and he was viewed by others in the scheme as having
control. Substantial evidence showed that Freeman exercised actual control over other
people. He controlled aspects of employee payment, gave employees specific tasks to
complete, and, along with Moe, held veto power over operating procedures. “[A]
defendant exercises control and authority over another when he ‘tells people what to do
and determines whether they’ve done it.’” Weaver, 716 F.3d at 443 (quoting United States
v. Figueroa, 682 F.3d 694, 697 (7th Cir. 2012)).
Because Freeman has failed to show either that the evidence supporting the
leadership adjustment was insufficient or unreliable, or that there were any procedural
flaws in the sentencing process, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.