IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2015-CA-00534-COA
CONSOLIDATED WITH
NO. 2012-CA-00616-COA
CLAUDIA JOAN HILL RENFRO APPELLANT
v.
JOHN MALCOLM RENFRO APPELLEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 02/27/2015
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. PERCY L. LYNCHARD JR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: GRENADA COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: LUTHER PUTNAM CRULL JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: A.E. (RUSTY) HARLOW JR.
KATHI CRESTMAN WILSON
SABRINA D. HOWELL
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - DOMESTIC RELATIONS
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: GRANTED DIVORCE; DIVIDED
PROPERTY; AWARDED LUMP SUM
ALIMONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED: 01/31/2017
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES AND FAIR, JJ.
FAIR, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. In April 2012, the Grenada County Chancery Court awarded Claudia Renfro a divorce
from her husband, John Renfro, on the ground of adultery. The chancery court divided the
marital estate equally. In Renfro v. Renfro, 125 So. 3d 92 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), this Court
found that the chancery court erroneously classified as marital property land Claudia had
inherited about three years prior to the separation.1 On remand, the chancery court awarded
John a larger share of the marital estate, equal to approximately half the value of Claudia’s
land, as lump sum alimony and in the form of Claudia’s half interest in the marital home.
Claudia has again appealed, and she contends that the award was erroneous because it
appears calculated to reach the same ultimate result as the original property division.
¶2. We conclude that, while the decision on remand does reach the same result, it is
supported by substantial evidence and the correct legal standards were applied. Our standard
of review precludes interference with the judgment, and so we affirm.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶3. “When [an appellate court] reviews a chancellor’s decision in a case involving divorce
and all related issues, [the court’s] scope of review is limited by the substantial
evidence/manifest error rule.” Yelverton v. Yelverton, 961 So. 2d 19, 24 (¶6) (Miss. 2007).
A chancellor’s factual findings will not be disturbed unless manifestly wrong or clearly
erroneous, or an erroneous legal standard was applied. Carambat v. Carambat, 72 So. 3d
505, 510-11 (¶24) (Miss. 2011). As long as substantial evidence supports the chancellor’s
findings, an appellate court is without authority to disturb them, even if it would have found
otherwise as an original matter. Joel v. Joel, 43 So. 3d 424, 429 (¶14) (Miss. 2010).
Additionally, if the chancellor has made no specific findings, we generally proceed on the
assumption that he resolved all such fact issues in favor of the appellee. Ferrara v. Walters,
919 So. 2d 876, 881 (¶8) (Miss. 2005) (citing Newsom v. Newsom, 557 So. 2d 511, 514
1
The Mississippi Supreme Court ordered that the records of the instant appeal and
the prior appeal be consolidated for the purposes of the record only.
2
(Miss. 1990)). Questions of law, on the other hand, are reviewed de novo. Irving v. Irving,
67 So. 3d 776, 778 (¶11) (Miss. 2011).
DISCUSSION
¶4. At issue in Renfro I was 140 acres of land inherited by Claudia approximately three
years before the separation. The Renfros had expended significant marital funds and
energies planting and managing the land as an investment, which led the chancellor to
conclude it had become marital property. We reversed, finding that the land had not been
commingled to the extent that it lost its character as separate property. Renfro I, 125 So. 3d
at 97-98 (¶¶17-18).
¶5. On remand, the chancellor accepted Claudia’s land as her separate property, but he
found that her large separate estate, coupled with the smaller marital pot, had changed the
calculus. Although the chancellor nominally divided the remaining marital property equally,
after reviewing the Ferguson and Armstrong factors,2 he then awarded Claudia’s half of the
marital home to John as lump sum alimony.
¶6. Claudia presents numerous challenges to this award. She points out on appeal that the
home was approximately equal in value to her 140 acres, and that the result of the
chancellor’s decision on remand is essentially to recreate the original property division,
which was reversed on appeal. But there is nothing inherently suspicious about the chancery
court reaching a similar result on remand. See, e.g., Powell v. Evans, 113 So. 3d 1270, 1275
(¶23) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013). Our reason for reversing the original property division was the
2
See Ferguson v. Ferguson, 639 So. 2d 921, 928 (Miss. 1994); Armstrong v.
Armstrong, 618 So. 2d 1278, 1280 (Miss. 1993).
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erroneous classification of Claudia’s 140 acres, and the chancellor classified the property as
separate on remand. Renfro I, 125 So. 3d at 97-98 (¶18). The chancellor’s decision, which
we discuss below, was based upon the correct classification of the property, and therefore the
division must be examined on its own merits.
¶7. Claudia also contends that the chancellor disregarded this Court’s mandate in Renfro
I by reconsidering John’s request for alimony. In Renfro I, we “reverse[d] the judgment of
the chancery court on the matter of equitable division of the property – specifically, the
classification of [Claudia’s] 140 acres as martial property” – and we remanded “for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.” Id. at 98 (¶18). While our opinion in Renfro I did
not explicitly say so, the issues of property division and alimony are “intertwined,” and so
a “change in the division of the marital estate may necessitate a change in the award of
[alimony]” on remand. McKissack v. McKissack, 45 So. 3d 716, 723 (¶41) (Miss. Ct. App.
2010). “All property division, lump sum or periodic alimony payment, and mutual
obligations for child support should be considered together. Alimony and equitable
distribution are distinct concepts, but together they command the entire field of financial
settlement of divorce. Therefore, where one expands, the other must recede.” Ferguson, 639
So. 2d at 929 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
¶8. The chancellor began his analysis by recognizing that Claudia’s 140 acres was her
separate property, as we had found in Renfro I. The chancellor listed and valued the
remaining marital property, as well as the parties’ separate estates, and then proceeded to an
analysis of the Ferguson factors. Those factors are:
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1. Substantial contribution to the accumulation of the property. Factors to be
considered in determining contribution are as follows:
a. Direct or indirect economic contribution to the acquisition of
the property;
b. Contribution to the stability and harmony of the marital and
family relationships as measured by quality, quantity of time
spent on family duties and duration of the marriage; and
c. Contribution to the education, training or other
accomplishment bearing on the earning power of the spouse
accumulating the assets[;]
2. The degree to which each spouse has expended, withdrawn or otherwise
disposed of marital assets and any prior distribution of such assets by
agreement, decree or otherwise[;]
3. The market value and the emotional value of the assets subject to
distribution[;]
4. The value of assets not ordinarily, absent equitable factors to the contrary,
subject to such distribution, such as property brought to the marriage by the
parties and property acquired by inheritance or inter vivos gift by or to an
individual spouse;
5. Tax and other economic consequences, and contractual or legal
consequences to third parties, of the proposed distribution;
6. The extent to which property division may, with equity to both parties, be
utilized to eliminate periodic payments and other potential sources of future
friction between the parties;
7. The needs of the parties for financial security with due regard to the
combination of assets, income and earning capacity; and,
8. Any other factor which in equity should be considered.
Ferguson, 639 So. 2d at 928. The chancellor found, as in Renfro I, that both parties had
contributed equally to the acquisition of the marital estate. But the chancellor noted that the
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estate was now much smaller, and an equal share of it would not give John financial security.
John’s future income would also be reduced, as he would not receive expected income from
the land. Claudia, on the other hand, had a greater earning capacity and therefore less need
for assets.
¶9. At this point, the chancellor divided the marital property equally between the parties.
He noted that both parties had been employed throughout the marriage, and that there were
no children born to the marriage. He further described a change in their financial status,
observing:
[Claudia], with the much greater earning capacity than the husband, does not
have the pressing need for financial security now as she did previously.
Further, as the 140 acres provides a source for additional income in the future
for [Claudia] that [John] does not have, given his age and current earning
capacity, this again calls for reconsideration.
¶10. The chancellor then found a deficiency had resulted from the equal property division.
An analysis of the Armstrong factors led to the conclusion that John was due approximately
$100,000 in lump sum alimony, which the chancellor held would be paid in the form of
Claudia’s share of the marital home, worth approximately that amount.
¶11. Since the purpose of the award was to remedy a deficiency in John’s ability to meet
his needs after the divorce, the chancellor properly considered the Armstrong factors in
determining whether an award of alimony was appropriate.3 See Lewis v. Pagel, 172 So. 3d
3
The chancellor could have awarded the home to John directly through equitable
division, as it was a marital asset; the fourth, sixth, and seventh Ferguson factors
contemplate the use of equitable division to eliminate the need for alimony. In such cases,
it is still preferable for the chancellor to undertake an Armstrong analysis to show that
alimony would otherwise be required.
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162, 176 (¶29) (Miss. 2015). The Armstrong factors are: (1) the income and expenses of the
parties; (2) the health and earning capacities of the parties; (3) the needs of each party; (4)
the obligations and assets of each party; (5) the length of the marriage; (6) the presence or
absence of minor children in the home; (7) the age of the parties; (8) the standard of living
of the parties; (9) the tax consequences of the support decree; (10) fault or misconduct; (11)
wasteful dissipation of assets by either party; and (12) any other factor deemed to be fair and
equitable. Armstrong, 618 So. 2d at 1280.
¶12. Claudia makes several challenges to the alimony award. She first disputes the
chancellor’s finding of a deficit after the property division; according to Claudia, John had
no financial needs because he was cohabiting with his paramour following the divorce. The
question of a deficit is a threshold question before alimony may be considered, but the deficit
in question is “with respect to having sufficient resources and assets to meet . . . needs and
living expenses.” Layton v. Layton, 181 So. 3d 275, 282 (¶17) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015)
(quoting Jackson v. Jackson, 114 So. 3d 768, 777 (¶22) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013)). Thus, the
question of a deficit is essentially subsumed by the Armstrong factors – and since Claudia
challenges the chancellor’s findings on the Armstrong factors as well, we proceed to that
issue.
¶13. The chancellor’s Armstrong analysis addressed the concerns he had articulated before
dividing the property: the parties had been married for twenty-four years before separating,
and at the time of the divorce, John was sixty years of age. In the years preceding the
separation, John had been earning little money from his contracting business, and his health
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had recently declined. His health insurance after the divorce would cost $647 per month,
more than his average monthly income in the years preceding the divorce. The chancellor
found that John’s total estate after the property division, valued at about $210,000 and
consisting largely of personal effects and equity in the marital home, was insufficient to
provide John with economic security. By comparison, Claudia was several years younger,
had a much larger separate estate with the promise of future income, had much lower medical
insurance premiums, and had made much more money in recent years.4 The chancellor
acknowledged John’s fault in causing the divorce and found the remaining factors were not
applicable.
¶14. Claudia attacks nearly all of the factors the chancellor found to favor alimony. She
points out that John’s testimony about his recent illness was vague (“a blood disease”). She
also contends that the chancellor’s findings about John’s income were faulty because they
were based on tax returns (which, admittedly, Claudia had signed) and did not reflect his true
income from self-employment. But Claudia was herself rather vague and inconsistent in her
suggestions that John failed to report his actual income. Even when pressed by the
chancellor to explain herself, she stated only that John seemed to have more money than she
did and that he kept an unknown amount of cash in a safety deposit box.
¶15. Claudia also points out that John had represented his income on his Uniform Chancery
Court Rule 8.05 statement as $1,500 per month, which is more than the chancellor seemed
to accept by citing Claudia’s testimony about their tax returns; but there was no testimony
4
“[Claudia] indicated that her income was between three and twenty times that of the
Defendant in any given year.”
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at trial about this number and nothing to make it manifest error for the chancellor to find that
five years of tax returns were a truer reflection of John’s ability to earn money from the
contracting business. There was also testimony that John was generous with his children and
stepchildren, but the amounts he gave them were either unstated or not necessarily indicative
of a high income. Also, John did admit that he did some work at a business owned by his
paramour, but there was no clear evidence as to how much time he spent doing this or the
market value of his labor. Likewise, there was no evidence introduced at trial regarding
John’s expected Social Security income.
¶16. Next, we address Claudia’s challenge to the award based on John’s needs and
expenses. At the time of trial, John was living in his paramour’s home, and she shared her
vehicle with him. John did not contribute to paying for either. According to Claudia, the
chancellor erred in failing to take this into account. But, in fact, John never claimed rent or
a house note as expenses in his testimony or his Rule 8.05 disclosure. As to the vehicle, John
testified that although he had driven it before, it belonged to his paramour; and John still
maintained and used his own vehicle. Moreover, the chancellor’s findings as to John’s need
and the “deficit” he suffered after the property division do not appear to have been predicated
entirely on day-to-day expenses. Instead, the chancellor emphasized John’s need for
“security,” encompassing future as well as present expenses.
¶17. In summary, we certainly recognize that the chancellor had before him evidence from
which he could have imputed income to John, and that might have changed the result of the
alimony award. But that was a factual determination, and “the chancellor, as the trier of fact,
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is the judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of their testimony, as well as
the interpretation of evidence where it is capable of more than one reasonable interpretation.”
Bowen v. Bowen, 982 So. 2d 385, 395 (¶42) (Miss. 2008) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). Moreover, “[w]hether or not to award alimony and the amount of alimony
is largely within the discretion of the chancellor.” Lewis v. Pagel, 172 So. 3d 162, 176 (¶30)
(Miss. 2015) (citation omitted). From our review of the record, it is clear that the correct
legal standard was applied, and the chancellor’s findings are supported by substantial
evidence in the record. As a result, we are obligated to affirm the judgment.
¶18. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CHANCERY COURT OF GRENADA COUNTY
IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE
APPELLANT.
LEE, C.J., GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES, ISHEE, CARLTON AND GREENLEE, JJ.,
CONCUR. WILSON, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. IRVING, P.J., DISSENTS WITHOUT
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. WESTBROOKS, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
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