March 13, 1915. The opinion of the Court was delivered by This is an action to foreclose a mortgage given to C. Ehrhardt Sons by G.W. Hughes and now owned by plaintiff. The children of the mortgagor claim title to the mortgaged property, contending that their father had only a life estate therein, with remainder in fee to them.
On September 22, 1890, J.W. Hughes conveyed the land to his son, G.W. Hughes, by deed, which reads: "Know all men by these presents that I, J.W. Hughes, of the county of Barnwell and State aforesaid, for and in consideration of the sum of twenty dollars to me in hand paid by G.W. Hughes, of the county and State aforesaid (the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged), do grant, bargain, sell *Page 223 and release unto the said G.W. Hughes all that plantation * * *.
To have and to hold the said described tract of land with all privileges and appurtenances thereof to the said G.W. Hughes for his uses and benefits, and for the maintenance and support of the children of the said G.W. Hughes during the term of his natural life. And I, the said J.W. Hughes, for and in consideration of the love and affection I have for the lawful children of the said G.W. Hughes, do hereby grant, release and convey unto the lawful children of the said G.W. Hughes all the above described tract of land.
To have and to hold the same immediately after the death of the said G.W. Hughes.
Together with all the rights and appurtenances thereto belonging.
To have and to hold all and singular, the said premises unto the children of the said G.W. Hughes, their heirs and assigns forever. And I do hereby warrant said premises unto said children, their heirs and assigns forever, against myself and my heirs, executors and administrators or any person or persons lawfully claiming, or to claim, the same or any part thereof."
On November 10, 1892, G.W. Hughes reconveyed it to his father by deed, as follows: "Know all men by these presents, that whereas, on the 22d day of September, 1890, J.W. Hughes did make unto me a deed of conveyance, whereby he purported to convey unto G.W. Hughes a certain tract of land, in said county and State, the same hereinafter described, and containing seven hundred and sixty-three acres, and for the consideration therein expressed of the sum of twenty dollars, the same being agreed under certain family arrangements resting on a contingency, which did not, and now cannot, arise. Therefore, know all men by these present, that I, the said G.W. Hughes, for and in consideration of the like sum of twenty *Page 224 dollars, to me in hand paid by the said J.W. Hughes (the receipt whereof I do hereby acknowledge), have granted," * * * "To have and to hold the same unto him, the said J. W. Hughes, and assigns forever.
Together with all and singular the rights, titles, hereditaments and appurtenances to the same in anywise appertaining or belonging.
And I do hereby warrant and defend the said premises with the said J.W. Hughes, his heirs and assigns, from and against the claims of myself and my heirs and assigns and all and every person whomsoever lawfully claiming, or to claim, the same or any part or parcel thereof."
On April 15, 1899, J.W. Hughes conveyed it back to G.W. Hughes, his heirs and assigns, with full covenants of warranty.
On October 22, 1901, G.W. Hughes executed the mortgage herein sought to be foreclosed.
At date of the first deed to him, in 1890, G.W. Hughes was married, but had no child, and was still childless at the date of his reconveyance to his father in 1892. His first wife died March 2, 1894, having borne him one child, the defendant, Robert, the date of whose birth is not stated in the record. The defendants, Ruth and Grace, are his children by his last wife, the defendant, Lottie Hughes. He died some time before the commencement of the action.
The Circuit Court held that the effect of the deeds above recited was to vest the fee simple title in G.W. Hughes, and decreed foreclosure of the mortgage.
Read in the light of the facts and the rules, which require that attention and effect shall be given to all its parts, and that the intention of the grantor so ascertained shall be given effect unless it conflicts with some settled rule of law, the deed of 1890 must be construed as conveying to G.W. Hughes the land therein described for life, for his own uses and in trust for the maintenance and support of his after-born children, with remainder in *Page 225 fee to his after-born children, if any, as purchasers.Reeder v. Spearman, 27 S.C. (6 Rich.) Eq. 88; Hill v.Thomas, 11 S.C. 346; Mendenhall v. Mower, 16 S.C. 303;Mims v. Machlin, 53 S.C. 6, 30 S.E. 585; Rawls v.Johns, 54 S.C. 394, 32 S.E. 451; Lee v. Miles, 56 S.C. 428,35 S.E. 2. Of course, if no children had been born to G.W. Hughes the fee would have reverted, by operation of law, to J.W. Hughes.
The remainder to the children of G.W. Hughes was contingent. Thereupon, the question arises whether his reconveyance to J.W. Hughes, in 1892, before the birth of a child, destroyed the precedent life estate in him, which was necessary to support such a remainder, and revested the entire estate in J.W. Hughes — by merger of the life estate and reversion — so as to destroy the intervening contingent remainder.
It has been held that a contingent remainder may be so destroyed. McCreary v. Coggeshall, 74 S.C. 42, 7 Ann. Cas. 693, 53 S.E. 978, 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433n. But it is generally held that merger is not favored by the Courts of law or equity, especially when it would defeat the intention of the parties. In this case, while it would have defeated the original intention of the parties to the deed of 1890, it would probably have carried out their subsequent intention, for it is inferable from the several deeds, under the circumstances, that they were executed for the purpose of destroying the remainder and vesting the fee simple title in G.W. Hughes.
But we need not inquire into the intention of the parties, nor what would have been the effect of the deeds of 1892 and 1899, if the deed of 1890 had given G.W. Hughes an absolute estate for life, because the character of his life estate renders such inquiries unnecessary. The life estate given him was not absolute, but, by the terms of the deed, it was given to him "for his uses and benefits and for themaintenance and support of the children of the said G.W. *Page 226 Hughes during the term of his natural life." It was, therefore, partially in trust for the benefit of his after-born children. In Hunter v. Hunter, 58 S.C. 382,36 S.E. 734, a devise to the testator's widow "for and during her lifetime, to support herself and my children and to educate my children," was construed to give the widow a trust estate for life for the benefit of the children, and it was held that the widow had no power to sell even her life estate, no such power having been given her in the will.
It is not necessary to the creation of a trust estate that the cestui que trust should be in existence at the time of its creation. 1 Perry on Trusts, sec. 66; Tiffany Bullard on Trusts 3; Carson v. Carson, 1 Winston Ch. (N.C.) 24; Ashurst v. Given, 5 Watts S. (Pa.) 329. In the case last cited, a devise to a father in trust for his children at the time of his death was held to be good, although the father had no children at the time of the vesting of the estate in him as trustee.
A trustee will not be allowed by his own act to defeat or destroy his trust, and those who deal with him in respect of the trust estate, with knowledge of the trust, are bound by the terms of the trust, and if they purchase the trust estate they take it encumbered with the trust. 1 Perry on Trusts, secs. 217, 334. It follows that the deeds of 1892 and 1899 did not affect the remainder created by the deed of 1890, for, of course, both the grantor and grantee therein knew of the trust created by the deed of 1890.
The cases cited and relied upon by respondent to the effect that a deed is inter vivos and must take effect inpresenti, and holding, therefore, that a deed to the children of another, in the absence of language from which a different intention may be inferred (as in Mellichampv. Mellichamp, 28 S.C. 125, 5 S.E. 333), includes only children in being at the time of execution thereof are not applicable. In each of the cases cited, the *Page 227 deed was directly to the children, and some children were in being at the date of the deed, and some were born afterwards; while in this case, the deed created a precedent life estate, with remainder to the children of the life tenant, and, at date of the deed, the life tenant had no children; hence, the parties must necessarily have intended afterborn children; for, otherwise, that part of the deed which provides for the children could be given no effect at all.
Judgment reversed.