J-A28019-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
LAMAR AMAKER,
Appellant No. 1113 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 27, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0000647-2014
BEFORE: PANELLA, SHOGAN, and PLATT,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 01, 2017
Appellant, Lamar Amaker, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered following his convictions of possession of a firearm prohibited,
firearms not to be carried without a license, carrying firearms in public
streets or public property, and resisting arrest. We affirm.
The trial court summarized the underlying facts of this case as follows:
At the suppression hearing, the Commonwealth presented
the testimony of Police Officer Steven Farley. Officer Farley has
been a police officer with the Philadelphia Police Department for
almost five years and throughout that time, he has been
assigned to the 19th District. N.T. 1/29/2015 at 5. On
November 21, 2013, at approximately 3:24 p.m., Officer Farley
was on duty when he received a radio call advising him that a
black male, wearing a black jacket, on crutches was seen with a
gun on his waist, in the Target Store located at 4000 Monument
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Road, in the city and county of Philadelphia. Id. at 5-7.
Officer Farley was familiar with the referenced store;
Officer Farley had made three to five arrests for retail theft
crimes at that particular store and officers in his District
frequently went to that store for retail theft crimes. Id.
Within minutes of the radio call, Officer Farley entered the
Target Store, where he saw [Appellant] exiting the men’s
restroom. Id. at 8. [Appellant] matched the physical description
of the reported suspect to a “T” - he was a black male, wearing a
black jacket and, he was on crutches. Id. at 8, 13. Before
Officer Farley said anything, [Appellant] appeared to look in
Officer Farley’s direction. Id. at 8. Based on his experience,
Officer Farley believed that [Appellant] sighted him noting, “[he
got] that oh-s--t look.... [H]is eyes got wide. He seemed to
stop in his tracks. He immediately turned around and he re-
entered the bathroom.” Id. at 9. Officer Farley believed that
[Appellant] was taking flight. Id. at 13.
Officer Farley followed [Appellant] into the restroom. Id.
[Appellant] was standing in front of the sink, but he was not
washing his hands; rather, he was looking in the mirror. Id.
Officer Farley began to approach [Appellant] and as he did, he
noticed a large bulk in the front of [Appellant’s] jacket, dead
center. Id. Officer Farley continued to approach [Appellant] and
he proceeded to stand next to [Appellant], who then began to
blade his body to the right, away from Officer Farley. Id.
Officer Farley noticed that [Appellant’s] right arm was down, at
his waist area and at that point, Officer Farley told [Appellant],
“keep your hands up.” Id. at 9-10. Officer Farley explained that
he did not know if [Appellant] had a weapon and for safety
reason, he wanted to keep [Appellant’s] hands in view. Id. at
10.
Officer Farley asked [Appellant] if he had a gun and he
said no. Id. Thereafter, [Appellant] began to bring his right arm
down again. Id. Officer Farley, again told [Appellant] to keep
his hands up. Id. At that point, [Appellant] began to bring both
of his arms down, towards his body. Id. Officer Farley grabbed
[Appellant’s] arms to secure them in handcuffs. Id. Officer
Farley explained, “[Appellant] was not listening to my verbal
commands ... [a]nd ... the right side of his body was turning
away from me.” Id. When Officer Farley grabbed [Appellant],
he felt a hard, metal object in the front of [Appellant’s] jacket,
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which he immediately believed to be a firearm. Id. at 11, 15.
For fear of his safety, Officer Farley performed a safety frisk; he
patted down the front of [Appellant’s] jacket. Id. at 11, 15.
Officer Farley recovered a Mac-11 -- a submachine gun that is
large and bulky. Id. at 11-12.
Officer Farley testified that he performed a safety frisk on
[Appellant] because, “he matched the flash, which was specific
... male being on crutches .... he matched the flash to a ‘T’ ... I
believed [there was] flight when he looked in my direction and
retrieved back into the bathroom, the large bulge that I saw in
the front of his jacket, the fact that he bladed his body away, the
fact that he ignored my verbal commands to keep his hands in
my view while I’m conducting an investigation, also the fact that
I was solo and I didn’t have any backup with me.... I feared for
my safety. That’s why I conducted a safety frisk.” Id. at 12-13.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/16/16, at 2-4 (footnotes omitted).
On November 21, 2013, Appellant was arrested and charged with
possession of a firearm prohibited, firearms not to be carried without a
license, carrying firearms in public streets or public property, and resisting
arrest. On June 2, 2014, Appellant filed an omnibus motion seeking to
suppress physical evidence. The trial court held a suppression hearing on
January 29, 2015, at the conclusion of which the trial court denied
Appellant’s motion. The matter immediately proceeded to a stipulated
nonjury trial. The trial court found Appellant guilty of all the crimes charged.
On March 27, 2015, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a term of
incarceration of five to ten years for the conviction of possession of a firearm
prohibited and a concurrent term of incarceration of two and one-half to five
years for the conviction of firearms not to be carried without a license. No
further penalty was imposed on the remaining convictions. This timely
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appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial court have complied with
Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Appellant presents the following issue for our review:
I. Did the Lower Court err in denying Appellant’s Motion to
Suppress Physical Evidence based on lack of justification[?]
Appellant’s Brief at 3.
In his sole issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying
his motion to suppress physical evidence. Appellant’s Brief at 8-14.
Specifically, Appellant contends that the police officer lacked reasonable
suspicion to stop and frisk Appellant. Id. at 14.1
With respect to an appeal from the denial of a motion to suppress, our
Supreme Court has stated the following:
Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial
court’s denial of a suppression motion is whether the factual
findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. When reviewing
the ruling of a suppression court, we must consider only the
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1
As the Commonwealth properly notes in its brief:
In his summary of argument, [Appellant] suggests that the stop
transformed into an arrest when Officer Farley told him to keep
his hands up (Brief for Appellant, 7), but he does not pursue
such a claim in the body of his brief. It is therefore waived.
Commonwealth v. Delvalle, 74 A.3d 1081, 1086-87 (Pa. Super.
2013) (finding claims waived for failure to meaningfully develop
them in the body of the brief).
Commonwealth’s Brief at 11 n.2. We are constrained to agree that
Appellant has abandoned any claim in this regard by failing to develop it in
the argument portion of his brief. Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a).
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evidence of the prosecution and so much of the evidence of the
defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of
the record. . . . Where the record supports the findings of the
suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may reverse
only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.
Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d 1122, 1134 (Pa. 2007) (citations
omitted). “It is within the suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to
pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their
testimony.” Commonwealth v. Gallagher, 896 A.2d 583, 585 (Pa. Super.
2006). Moreover, we note that our scope of review from a suppression
ruling is limited to the evidentiary record that was created at the
suppression hearing. In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1087 (Pa. 2013).2 In
addition, questions of the admission and exclusion of evidence are within the
sound discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed on appeal absent
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2
On October 30, 2013, our Supreme Court decided In re L.J., in which the
Court held that our scope of review from a suppression ruling is limited to
the evidentiary record that was created at the suppression hearing. L.J., 79
A.3d at 1087. Prior to L.J., this Court routinely held that, when reviewing a
suppression court’s ruling, our scope of review included “the evidence
presented both at the suppression hearing and at trial.” Commonwealth v.
Charleston, 16 A.3d 505, 516 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quoting Commonwealth
v. Chacko, 459 A.2d 311 (Pa. 1983)). L.J. thus narrowed our scope of
review of suppression court rulings to the evidence presented at the
suppression hearing. In this case, the incident occurred and Appellant’s
charges were filed after L.J. was decided. Therefore, we apply the rule
announced in L.J. to the case at bar. See L.J., 79 A.3d at 1089 (stating
holding applies to “all litigation commenced Commonwealth-wide after the
filing of this decision”).
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an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Freidl, 834 A.2d 638, 641 (Pa.
Super. 2003).
Further, we are aware that Pa.R.Crim.P. 581, which addresses the
suppression of evidence, provides in relevant part as follows:
(H) The Commonwealth shall have the burden . . . of
establishing that the challenged evidence was not obtained in
violation of the defendant’s rights.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protect
individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures, thereby
ensuring the “right of each individual to be let alone.”
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 236, 36 L. Ed. 2d
854, 93 S. Ct. 2041 (1973); Commonwealth v. Blair, 394 Pa.
Super. 207, 575 A.2d 593, 596 (Pa. Super. 1990).
Commonwealth v. By, 812 A.2d 1250, 1254 (Pa. Super. 2002).
To secure the right of citizens to be free from intrusions by police,
courts in Pennsylvania require law enforcement officers to demonstrate
ascending levels of suspicion to justify their interactions with citizens as
those interactions become more intrusive. Commonwealth v. Beasley,
761 A.2d 621, 624 (Pa. Super. 2000).
It is undisputed that:
[s]tate case law recognizes three categories of interaction
between police officers and citizens, which include: (1) a mere
encounter, or request for information, which need not be
supported by any level of suspicion, but which carries no official
compulsion to stop or to respond; (2) an investigative detention,
which must be supported by reasonable suspicion as it subjects
a suspect to a stop and a period of detention, but does not
involve such coercive conditions as to constitute the functional
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equivalent of an arrest; and (3) arrest or custodial detention,
which must be supported by probable cause.
Commonwealth v. Acosta, 815 A.2d 1078, 1082 (Pa. Super. 2003) (en
banc).
If the police action becomes too intrusive, a mere encounter may
escalate into an investigatory stop or a seizure. Commonwealth v.
Boswell, 721 A.2d 336, 340 (Pa. 1998). To effectuate an investigative
detention, the officers are required to have reasonable suspicion that
unlawful activity was in progress. As we explained in Commonwealth v.
Walls, 53 A.3d 889, (Pa. Super. 2012),
The determination of whether an officer had reasonable
suspicion that criminality was afoot so as to justify an
investigatory detention is an objective one, which must be
considered in light of the totality of the circumstances. It is the
duty of the suppression court to independently evaluate
whether, under the particular facts of a case, an objectively
reasonable police officer would have reasonably suspected
criminal activity was afoot.
Id. at 893 (quoting Commonwealth v. Gutierrez, 36 A.3d 1104, 1107-
1108 (Pa. Super. 2012)). In Walls, we concluded that “unprovoked flight,
even when not in a high crime area, combined with [the defendant’s]
proximity to the location described in the [police radio] flash, and [the
defendant’s] matching the description of the suspect, does give rise to
reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot.” Walls, 53 A.3d at
894. See also In the Interest of D.M., 781 A.2d 1161, 1164 (Pa. 2001)
(finding that an anonymous report that a person matching the appellant’s
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description was on a particular corner in a high-crime area with a gun,
“coupled with” appellant’s flight once officers arrived on the scene and began
to approach him, was sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion justifying an
investigative detention and pat-down for weapons).
Our review of the record reflects that the police officer in question
possessed the requisite reasonable suspicion when he stopped Appellant and
subsequently performed a safety frisk. Officer Steven Farley of the
Philadelphia Police testified that on November 21, 2013, at 3:24 p.m., he
responded to a police radio call of a person with a gun at the Target store on
Monument Road in Philadelphia. N.T., 1/29/15, at 5-7. Specifically, the
flash information received by the officer indicated that a black male, wearing
a black jacket, and using crutches was in the Target store with a gun on his
waist. Id. at 8. Officer Farley stated that he entered the Target store
approximately two minutes after receiving the police radio call. Id. Shortly
after arriving at the store, the officer observed Appellant exiting the men’s
restroom. Id. Officer Farley explained his initial observation of Appellant as
follows:
As [Appellant] came out of the restroom, Your Honor, I observed
him. He matched the flash information. It was a black male.
[Appellant] was wearing a black jacket. He was also on
crutches. [Appellant] appeared to look in my direction. I was
standing more towards the entrance of the store. Why I thought
he was looking in my direction is because it appeared to me
when he observed me -- the only way I usually know -- excuse
my language -- it would like the oh-shit look. You know, his
eyes got wide. [Appellant] seemed to stop in his tracks. He
immediately turned around and he re-entered the bathroom.
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Id. at 9.
Officer Farley then testified that he followed Appellant into the
restroom and observed Appellant standing at the sink looking into the
mirror. Id. The officer stated that at that time he stopped Appellant for
investigation. Id.
Officer Farley indicated that, when he approached Appellant from
Appellant’s left side; he noticed a large bulge in the front center of
Appellant’s jacket. Id. at 9-10. In addition, as the officer was approaching
Appellant, Appellant began to turn his body away toward his right side and
his right arm was down near his waist. Id. at 10. In response, Officer
Farley told Appellant to “[k]eep his hands in view so I can see them.” Id.
The officer explained that he made the preceding comment for his own
safety and that he “always want[s] to watch somebody’s hands.” Id.
Officer Farley then stated the following:
I asked him -- I wasn’t sure of the nature of the call. I didn’t
know if [Appellant] had a permit to carry. I didn’t know if, you
know, at the time -- I asked him if he had a gun on him, and he
said no. So I was talking to him, and he started bringing his
arm down again. I was by myself. I didn’t have backup. I told
him again to keep his hands up. At that time, he began to bring
both of his arms kind of down and towards his body. At that
time, that’s when, you know, I grabbed both of his arms and I
put them behind his back so I could secure him in handcuffs. He
wasn’t listening to my verbal commands. And, again, like I said,
he was -- the right side of his body was turning away from me.
Id. at 10-11.
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Officer Farley ultimately offered the following summation to explain
why he approached Appellant and patted him down:
The fact that he matched the flash.
It was a specific flash, too, Your Honor, where, you know, male
being on crutches. You know, I believed that [Appellant]
matched the flash to a “T” with that -- what I believed as flight
when I believe that he looked in my direction and retrieved [sic]
back into the bathroom, the large bulge that I saw in the front of
his jacket, the fact that he bladed his body away, the fact that
he ignored my verbal commands to keep his hands in my view
while I’m conducting an investigation, also the fact that I was
solo and I didn’t have any backup with me. At that time, I
feared for my safety. That’s why I conducted a safety frisk.
Id. at 13.
The totality of these facts in the knowledge of the officer at the time
was sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion of criminal activity necessary
to detain Appellant. Thus, because the police officer articulated facts at the
suppression hearing that would give rise to a reasonable suspicion of
criminal activity, we conclude that the detention was lawful and that the trial
court properly held the evidence garnered as a result thereof should not be
suppressed. Therefore, we affirm Appellant’s judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/1/2017
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