J-A20018-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
SHAWN EDWARD LEE
Appellant No. 464 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Order February 13, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County
Criminal Division at No: CP-43-CR-0000967-2014
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
SHAWN EDWARD LEE
Appellant No. 169 WDA 2016
Appeal from the Order January 8, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County
Criminal Division at No: CP-43-CR-0000967-2014
BEFORE: BOWES, STABILE, and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 07, 2017
Appellant, Shawn Edward Lee, appeals from the order entered in the
Mercer County Court of Common Pleas that denied his motion to dismiss
based on double jeopardy. This case returns to us after we remanded to
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have the trial court comply with Pa.R.Crim.P. 587(B), to clarify whether this
Court had appellate jurisdiction. Appellant contends the trial court erred by
sua sponte granting a mistrial absent a finding of manifest necessity. We
conclude we have appellate jurisdiction and reverse.
We need not discuss the facts underlying Appellant’s alleged offenses
of, inter alia, murder of the second degree and murder of the third degree.
On the third day of a jury trial, during the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief,
the following exchange transpired between Colleen Pritts, Appellant’s
girlfriend, and the Commonwealth:
[District attorney:] What type of a relationship did you
have with [Appellant]?
A: He’s my boyfriend.
Q: For how long was he your boyfriend on May 13, 2013?
A: Four years at that point. We had been together since
he got out of prison in –
[Appellant’s counsel:] Your Honor --
[Trial court:] Granted. Ladies and Gentlemen, I have had
to grant a mistrial. It means we have to start and do this
over again. You will be excused from further service.
We’ll clear the courtroom and I will talk to you. Please
step down.
N.T. Trial, 2/13/14, at 63-64. The transcript does not reflect any objection
or other communication by either Appellant’s counsel or the district attorney
prior to the jury’s dismissal.
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After the jury was dismissed and the trial court spoke with the jury,
the following discussion occurred:
The court: Please be seated. [Appellant’s counsel], do you
wish to put things on the record?
[Appellant’s counsel]: Yes, Your Honor. For the record,
before the Court came in we did have the court reporter
read back the testimony from the time that Ms. Pritts was
asked the last question and responded. The record
indicates that I said, “Your Honor”; the Court said,
“granted”, and there was no other discussion and the
Court cleared the room.
The court: There was an order entered before I did that,
clearly.
[Appellant’s counsel] I’m sorry, Your Honor?
The court: I entered an order before I cleared the
courtroom. There has to be an order granting the mistrial.
[Appellant’s counsel]: We didn’t get that far on the
transcript, apparently, Your Honor.
At any rate, the defense would cite -- bring the Court’s
attention to Rule 605(b): When an event prejudicial to the
defendant occurs during trial only the defendant may move
for a mistrial. The motion shall be made when the event is
disclosed; otherwise, the trial judge may declare a mistrial
only for reasons of manifest necessity.
We note for the record that when Ms. Pritts gave her
answer to [the district attorney’s] question I stood up and
said, “Your Honor”. It was my intention, as it normally is
when these things arise, to request a sidebar or a recess
to discuss or consider our options. I never got to do so
because the Court stated “granted”, and in our opinion sua
sponte declared a mistrial and cleared the courtroom.
We would note that there was no discussion or
consideration of any less drastic options. It is our position
that [Appellant] is prejudiced. In the opinion of the
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defense team the case was going very well for the
defense. We have now been deprived of our jury. The
Commonwealth now knows essentially all of the defense
strategy, and one key Commonwealth’s witness, as the
Court is aware, is missing and currently has not been
found.
It is our position that Ms. Pritts’ statement could have been
addressed with a precautionary instruction, as the Court
had previously suggested, as to the testimony of Mr. Huey
where he indicated he had been continuously incarcerated
since his arrest but had spoken to [Appellant]. Therefore,
we would like to place on the record our objection to the
Court sua sponte the declaration of a mistrial [sic], and we
would ask that the Court order that [Appellant] be barred
from being retried for reasons of double jeopardy.
We cite to the Court the Commonwealth versus Diehl, 615
A.2d 690, a 1992 Pennsylvania Supreme Court case that
held the trial court erred in awarding [sic] the appellant
retried, where doing so impermissibly placed him again in
jeopardy after the Court declared a mistrial sua sponte. It
is well settled the declaration of a mistrial sua sponte by
the trial court is proper only for reasons of manifest
necessity. If there is any doubt as to the presence of
manifest necessity to support the trial court’s declaration
of a mistrial, such doubt is to be resolved in favor of the
accused, and double jeopardy shall prohibit a retrial.
We have a number of other cases, Judge, but we believe
that that’s the one that’s on point. We would therefore ask
the Court that [Appellant] not be retried.
[The court]: The Court will note for the record several
things:
Number one, Ms. Pritts testified she saw him when he got
out of prison. That was diametrically different than what
Mr. Huey testified to. Mr. Huey’s implication was that he
was in jail. Clearly this was not—at that point in time the
Court is faced with manifest necessity because if you don’t
declare a mistrial [Appellant] has an automatic right to a
new trial for ineffective assistance of counsel. You would
be per se ineffective. The courts clearly have shown that
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this is not something to be cured by a cautionary
instruction.
Two, when I said “granted”, I didn’t say anything other
than that. You did not seek to clarify. It was done by a
waiver on your part, clearly.
I’ll enter this order:
AND NOW, 13th day of February, 2015, IT IS HEREBY
ORDERED [Appellant’s] Motion to Dismiss pursuant to a
double jeopardy violation is DENIED.
N.T. Post-Trial Hearing, 2/13/15, at 2-6. The district attorney said nothing.
The trial court’s order was docketed on February 17, 2015, and
Appellant timely appealed on March 16, 2015. On March 17, 2015,1 the trial
court ordered Appellant to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement prior to March
31, 2015.2 Appellant filed his Rule 1925(b) statement on March 31, 2015,
and the court filed a responsive opinion on May 8, 2015. The trial court, in
justifying its decision, noted the following:
The primary witnesses against [Appellant] were his co-
defendant’s [sic] Miguel Huey and Zachariah Owens. Both
defendants had pled guilty pursuant to extremely generous
plea bargains. Both co-defendant [sic] testified that Huey
entered [the robbery victim’s residence] to scout out the
place and then left. Owens and [Appellant] then entered
the residence to commit the robbery. Owens further
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1
The order was dated March 16, 2015.
2
We note the trial court’s order contravenes Rule 1925(b)(2), which states
“The judge shall allow the appellant at least 21 days from the date of the
order’s entry on the docket for the filing and service of the” Rule 1925(b)
statement. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(2).
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testified that he [i.e., Appellant,] fired the shot that killed
[the decedent].
[The robbery victim] and his brother Bradley both testified
that Huey was an active participant in the robbery. Their
testimony directly contradicted Huey’s and Owens’ version
of the incident.
* * *
The sole witnesses to implicate [Appellant] in the murder
were his co-defendants. Both co-defendants received
generous plea bargains to testify against [Appellant].
Their versions of the incident substantially and
dramatically [sic] from the testimony of the decedent’s
sons, [i.e., the robbery victim and his brother,] who
witnessed the incident.
Trial Court Opinion, 5/8/15, at 2, 5.
On November 23, 2015, this Court remanded to have the trial court
comply with Pa.R.Crim.P. 587(B), and to file a supplemental Rule 1925(a)
decision. Appellant formally filed a motion to bar retrial and dismiss the
case on January 6, 2016.
On January 11, 2016, the trial court filed an order with findings of fact
and conclusions of law, in accordance with Rule 587(B). In relevant part,
the trial court made the following findings of fact:
4. [Appellant’s] [c]ounsel at that point stood up and said,
“Your Honor.”
5. The [trial] court in one continuous statement said,
“Granted,” and advised the jury that the court was
declaring a mistrial and ordered the courtroom cleared.
6. The [trial] court stepped down from the bench so he
could speak to the jury to explain what had occurred.
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7. As the the [sic] [trial] court was walking toward the jury
box, counsel for [Appellant] again stated, “Your Honor”.
8. The [trial] court next reaffirmed its order that the
courtroom be cleared.
9. When the courtroom reopened, counsel[3] again
approached the bench and asked the court to reconvene.
10. The [trial] court indicated there would be no court
reporter available as it was the lunch hour, and we would
reconvene after the lunch hour.
11. The [trial] court reconvened immediately after the
lunch hour.
12. [Appellant’s] [c]ounsel at that point in time put on the
record an objection to the [trial] court sua sponte granting
a mistrial and made a motion that [Appellant] be barred
from retrial.
Order, 1/11/16, at 2.
The trial court’s order opined manifest necessity existed for a mistrial:
The [c]ourt finds there was manifest necessity because the
testimony established that [Appellant] had been in prison
prior to this incident and it would taint the [j]ury. The
[c]ourt notes that the case at that point in time was
favorable to [Appellant] and the Commonwealth was, in
this [c]ourt’s opinion, losing; and as a result, this [c]ourt
believes that any conviction would have been based upon
that taint.
Id. at 3. The trial court also held Appellant’s motion for mistrial was not
frivolous, id. at 3, notified Appellant that the order was immediately
appealable, see generally Pa.R.Crim.P. 587(B), and filed a supplemental
____________________________________________
3
Apparently, the trial court was referencing Appellant’s counsel.
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Rule 1925(a) decision. We are satisfied the trial court complied with our
prior mandate to comply with Rule 587(B), and that we have jurisdiction to
entertain Appellant’s appeal. Accordingly, we address the merits.
Appellant raises the following issue:
Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred when the [t]rial [c]ourt
denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss and to bar retrial
based upon a double jeopardy violation, in contravention
of [s]tate and/or [f]ederal constitutional safeguards, when
the [t]rial [c]ourt declared a mistrial sua sponte, which
declaration was not supported by manifest necessity.
Appellant’s Brief at ii.
Appellant contends the trial court failed to consider any alternatives to
a mistrial before declaring a mistrial. He points out that the Commonwealth
did not deliberately elicit Ms. Pritts’s statement. Appellant maintains that a
cautionary instruction would have cured any prejudice from her comment.
He opines the trial was going favorably for him prior to the trial court’s
order. Appellant asserts the Commonwealth has knowledge of his entire
defense strategy and additional time to locate a witness who was missing at
the time of trial.
In response, the Commonwealth observes, “[t]here are no bright-line
rules or mechanical formulas for determining whether manifest necessity
existed for” a mistrial. Commonwealth’s Brief at 11. In the
Commonwealth’s view, however, the trial court’s order granting a mistrial
was a foregone conclusion “wholly consistent with case law that has found
even a single reference to a defendant’s having been incarcerated on an
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unrelated charge fatal to the prosecution.” Id. at 12. We hold Appellant is
due relief.
We review the trial court’s decision to declare a mistrial sua sponte for
abuse of discretion. The trial court’s decision to declare a mistrial rests on
the trial court’s “sound, and conscientious exercise of [] discretion,” but “the
power ought to be used with the greatest caution, under urgent
circumstances, and for very plain and obvious causes.” United States v.
Perez, 22 U.S. 579, 580 (1824).4 While the trial court’s decision to declare
mistrial is accorded broad deference,
[t]his is not to say that we grant absolute deference to trial
judges in this context. Perez itself noted that the judge’s
exercise of discretion must be “sound,” [id.], and we have made
clear that “[i]f the record reveals that the trial judge has failed to
exercise the ‘sound discretion’ entrusted to him, the reason for
such deference by an appellate court disappears.” [Arizona v.
Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 510 n.28 (1978)]. Thus “if the trial
judge acts for reasons completely unrelated to the trial problem
which purports to be the basis for the mistrial ruling, close
appellate scrutiny is appropriate.” Ibid. Similarly, “if a trial
judge acts irrationally or irresponsibly, . . . his action cannot be
condoned.” Id., at 514 [] (citing United States v. Jorn, 400
U.S. 470 [] (1971), and [Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458,
469 (1973)].
Renico v. Lett, 559 US 766, 775 (2010) (emphasis in original).
As our Supreme Court noted:
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4
In determining whether the declaration of mistrial is supported by
“manifest necessity,” we apply the standards set forth in both Pennsylvania
and federal case law. Commonwealth v. Diehl, 615 A.2d 690, 691 (Pa.
1992); Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 410 A.2d 1232, 1233 (Pa. 1980).
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in the final analysis, the judge must always temper the decision
whether or not to abort the trial by considering the importance
to the defendant of being able, once and for all, to conclude his
confrontation with society through the verdict of a tribunal he
might believe to be favorably disposed to his fate.
Commonwealth ex rel. Walton v. Aytch, 352 A.2d 4, 8 (Pa. 1976) (citing
Jorn, 400 U.S. at 486)).
In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion by
declaring a mistrial sua sponte, we are guided by the following principles.
Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 605(B) provides that “when
an event prejudicial to the defendant occurs during trial only the defendant
may move for a mistrial; the motion shall be made when the event is
disclosed. Otherwise, the trial judge may declare a mistrial only for reasons
of manifest necessity.” Pa.R.Crim. 605(B).
The words “manifest necessity” appropriately characterize the
magnitude of the prosecutor’s burden. For that reason Mr.
Justice Story’s classic formulation of the test has been quoted
over and over again to provide guidance in the decision of a wide
variety of cases. Nevertheless, those words do not describe a
standard that can be applied mechanically or without attention
to the particular problem confronting the trial judge. Indeed, it
is manifest that the key word “necessity” cannot be interpreted
literally; instead, contrary to the teaching of Webster, we
assume that there are degrees of necessity and we require a
“high degree” before concluding that a mistrial is appropriate.
The question whether that “high degree” has been reached is
answered more easily in some kinds of cases than in others. At
one extreme are cases in which a prosecutor requests a mistrial
in order to buttress weaknesses in his evidence. . . . At the other
extreme is the mistrial premised upon the trial judge’s belief that
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the jury is unable to reach a verdict, long considered the classic
basis for a proper mistrial.
Washington, 434 U.S. at 505-6 (footnotes omitted).5
Similarly, while our courts have refrained from “establishing a catalog
of situations in which a mistrial is dictated by manifest necessity, and has
instead stated that each case must turn on the particular facts,”
Commonwealth v Balog, 576 A.2d 1092, 1095 (Pa. Super. 1990), we have
established certain significant factors to consider in determining whether the
trial court abused its discretion in declaring sua sponte a mistrial. For
example, the Supreme Court held that the failure on the part of the trial
court to consider less drastic alternatives to a mistrial “creates doubt about
the propriety of the exercise of the trial judge’s discretion and is grounds for
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5
Justice Story articulated the “manifest necessity” standard as follows:
We think, that in all cases of this nature, the law has invested
Courts of justice with the authority to discharge a jury from
giving any verdict, whenever, in their opinion, taking all the
circumstances into consideration, there is a manifest necessity
for the act, or the ends of public justice would otherwise be
defeated. They are to exercise a sound discretion on the
subject; and it is impossible to define all the circumstances,
which would render it proper to interfere. To be sure, the power
ought to be used with the greatest caution, under urgent
circumstances, and for very plain and obvious causes[.] But,
after all, they have the right to order the discharge; and the
security which the public have for the faithful, sound, and
conscientious exercise of this discretion, rests, in this, as in other
cases, upon the responsibility of the Judges, under their oaths of
office.
Perez, 22 U.S. at 580.
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barring retrial because it indicates that the court failed to properly consider
the defendant’s significant interest in whether or not to take the case from
the jury.” Diehl, 615 A.2d at 691 (citation omitted); see also, e.g.,
Commonwealth v. Kelly, 797 A.2d 925 (Pa. Super. 2002);6
Commonwealth v. McCord, 700 A.2d 938 (Pa. Super. 1997);7
Commonwealth v. Hatten, 496 A.2d 837 (Pa. Super. 1985).8
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6
The Kelly Court held double jeopardy applied to bar a subsequent
prosecution because the trial court failed to consider alternative options prior
to sua sponte ordering a mistrial:
Upon review, we conclude that the trial court acted prematurely
in ordering a mistrial. In other words, manifest necessity for a
mistrial was not demonstrable at the time the court sua sponte
ended the trial. We do not believe the trial court adequately
considered other less severe options before compelling [the
defendants] to forfeit their right to have the trial completed and
to undergo another prosecution.
Kelly, 797 A.2d at 940 (emphasis added).
7
In McCord, this Court noted:
A failure of the lower court to consider less drastic alternatives
before declaring a mistrial creates doubt about the exercise of
the court’s discretion and may bar re-prosecution because of
double jeopardy. The determination of whether to declare a
mistrial after jeopardy has attached is one of utmost importance
since the defendant has a substantial interest in having his fate
determined by the jury first impaneled.
McCord, 700 A.2d at 943.
8
In Hatten,
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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The failure to consult with parties regarding the propriety of declaring
a mistrial also has been viewed by our Supreme Court as a factor tending to
demonstrate an abuse of discretion. See Walton, supra. In Walton,
during the course of the trial, the trial judge decided that the
jury had to be sequestered because of the surrounding publicity.
Two of the jurors asked to be excused because of the hardship
this would cause, with the result that there were no alternate
jurors available. Subsequently, the judge was informed that one
of the twelve remaining jurors was very distressed because she
had been unable to find a baby-sitter for her children. As a
result, without consulting either counsel, the trial judge allowed
the juror to go home without requesting her to return the next
day, and the trial was aborted
Balog, 576 A.2d at 1096 (discussing Walton, 352 A.2d at 9).
Our Supreme Court noted:
The trial court could have at least attempted to contact both
attorneys involved in the case to ascertain if they had any
suggestions. In order to properly exercise his discretion, the
trial judge should have sought out such suggestions, particularly
those of defense counsel, in order to indicate that the
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
we held that a prosecutor’s disclosure in a joint trial of defendant
and her co-defendant, that co-defendant had threatened the
complaining witness, did not justify a declaration of a mistrial,
when the mistrial was requested only by the co-defendant and
the defendant requested a severance of the two cases in order to
proceed with the trial. Apart from failing to consider the
alternatives to declaring a mistrial, this [C]ourt noted that
disclosure of the defendant’s threat would not have necessarily
required reversal on appeal had appellant been convicted.
Therefore, it was held that a mistrial was not manifestly
necessary, and the trial court should have severed the two
cases.
Balog, 576 A.2d at 1096-97.
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determination was tempered by a consideration of Walton’s
interest.
Walton, 352 A.2d at 8.
Similarly, in Commonwealth v. Bartolomucci, 362 A.2d 234 (Pa.
1976), our Supreme Court found that the trial court failed to inquire directly
of the jury about the “hopeless deadlock” and that such failure “made the
necessity of the mistrial not manifest and thus open to doubt.” Id. at 239.
To this end, the Court noted:
The doubt stems from the trial court’s failure to inquire directly
of the jury, either individually or through the foreman, about the
possibility of the deadlock being overcome by further
deliberations. Such an inquiry would have served to remove any
doubt, and thus, would have provided greater certainty as to the
existence of a deadlock and the hopelessness of breaking it. If
an individual inquiry were made, the trial court would have then
had the opinion of each juror as to the existence and
hopelessness of the deadlock.
Id.
In light of the foregoing, the Supreme Court ultimately concluded that
the trial court’s declaration of a mistrial was not manifestly necessary, thus
subject to doubt regarding its propriety. Id. at 239-40.
Finally, we note that if the trial court’s decision to sua sponte declare a
mistrial is not supported by manifest necessity double jeopardy principles
preclude a new prosecution. See, e.g., Washington, 434 U.S. at 505;
Jorn, 400 U.S. at 484-85; Kelly, 797 A.2d at 942; Commonwealth v.
Rivera, 715 A.2d 1136, 1140 (Pa. Super. 1998); Balog, 576 A.2d at 1098.
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A review of the record reveals the trial court hastily declared a
mistrial, providing no explanation as to the reasons for its decision.9
Additionally, there is no record of an attempt by the trial court to consult
with the parties or consideration of less drastic alternatives to mistrial,
following the statement proffered by the witness. The trial court declared a
mistrial and released the jury without giving the parties an opportunity to
address its decision. In light of the foregoing, we are constrained to
conclude that these failures “made the necessity of the mistrial not manifest
and thus open to doubt.” Bartolomucci, 363 A.2d at 239; see also
Walton, 352 A.2d at 8.10 Because any doubt regarding the propriety of the
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9
We are not suggesting that the trial court at the time it declared a mistrial
“was required to make explicit findings of ‘manifest necessity’ [or] to
articulate on the record all the factors which informed the deliberate exercise
of his discretion.” Washington, 434 U.S. at 517. However, the record
should adequately disclose the basis for the trial court’s mistrial order. Id.
Here, the record is barren of reasons for the mistrial. To the extent that one
could surmise the trial court’s reasons for declaring a mistrial, after defense
counsel merely proffered “Your Honor,” following the witness’ statement,
there is no indication that said reasons were “plain” and “obvious,” Perez,
supra, such as to justify a sua sponte declaration of a mistrial for manifest
necessity. Indeed, if defense counsel would not have a problem with a
cautionary a jury instruction, then the reasons for mistrial were not so plain
and obvious as to warrant a sua sponte declaration of mistrial.
10
In United States v. Sanders, 591 F.2d 1293 (9th Cir. 1979), the Court
of Appeals noted:
When the record is barren of reasons for the mistrial . . . or
reveals that the judge failed adequately to consider feasible
alternatives to a mistrial, then the decision to declare a mistrial
may be reversed by a reviewing court, despite the high degree
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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exercise of discretion of manifest necessity must be be resolved in favor of
defendant, Bartolomucci, 33 A.2d at 239, we must conclude the mistrial
was not manifestly necessary and reverse the order of the trial court
denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds.
The reasons behind the trial court’s decision were disclosed only after
the trial court declared a mistrial and subsequent to the release of the jury.
In its post facto explanation of the basis for its decision, the trial court
suggested that the witness’s comment was prejudicial to Appellant,
insomuch that it even speculated that if Appellant were found guilty, the
conviction rested solely upon the comment. Trial Court Order, 1/11/16, at
2-3.
There is no per se rule that any mention of a defendant’s prior criminal
activity warrants a mistrial. Commonwealth v. Morris, 519 A.2d 374, 377
(Pa. 1986) (“There is no per se rule that requires a new trial for a defendant
every time there is a reference to prior criminal activity” (citing
Commonwealth v. Heaton, 472 A.2d 1068 (Pa. 1984)); Commonwealth
v. Richardson, 437 A.2d 1162, 1165 (Pa. 1981) (“Our decisions have
indicated that there are situations where the taint, resulting from an
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
of deference to be accorded the conclusions of the trial judge in
such cases.
Sanders, 591 F.2d at 1299.
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improper reference to an unrelated criminal act, may be expunged without
resort to the extreme remedy of aborting an otherwise fair trial.”);
Commonwealth v. Williams, 368 A.2d 249, 252 (Pa. 1977) (“We have
never ascribed to the view that all improper references to prior criminal
activities necessarily require the award of a new trial as the only effective
remedy”); Commonwealth v. Valerio, 712 A.2d 301, 303 (Pa. Super.
1998) (holding, “there is no ‘per se’ rule requiring a new trial for every
reference” to a defendant’s prior criminal activity); Commonwealth v.
Colon, 399 A.2d 1068, 1071 (Pa. Super. 1979) (same).11
Moreover, “[a]n immediate curative instruction to the jury may
alleviate any harm to the defendant that results from reference to prior
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11
In its brief, the Commonwealth cites to a number of cases apparently for
the proposition that a single reference to a defendant having previously been
incarcerated constitutes reversible error. A closer review of these cases,
however, reveals a more nuanced articulation of the principle of law relied
upon by the Commonwealth. Indeed, “reversal is not warranted unless the
record indicates that prejudice RESULTED from the remark.”
Commonwealth v. Bricker, 548 A.2d 604, 607 (Pa. Super. 1988)
(emphasis in original). “Further, ‘passing references’ to prior criminal
activity do not warrant reversal.” Commonwealth v. Nichols, 400 A.2d
1281, 1282 (Pa. 1979) (citing Commonwealth v. Irwin, 381 A.2d 444 (Pa.
1977); Commonwealth v. McFadden, 346 A.2d 550 (Pa. 1975);
Commonwealth v. Sharpe, 296 A.2d 519 (Pa. 1972)). “Moreover,
whether the remark was intentionally elicited by the Commonwealth, and
whether cautionary instructions were given, are considerations relevant to
the determination of whether a mistrial is required. In certain situations,
curative instructions may suffice to remove the taint of unintentional and
innocuous references to prior criminal activity.” Commonwealth v. Ford,
607 A.2d 764, 766-67 (Pa. Super. 1992).
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criminal conduct.” Morris, 519 A.2d at 377 (citing Commonwealth v.
Whitfield, 376 A.2d 617 (Pa. 1977) (jury was instructed to disregard a
witness’s testimony that he had previously seen defendant “work people
over”)); Williams, 368 A.2d at 252 (jury was instructed to disregard a
witness’s testimony concerning defendant’s unrelated use of drugs);
Commonwealth v. Povish, 387 A.2d 1282 (Pa. 1978) (jury instructed to
disregard testimony concerning a robbery for which defendant was charged
but not then being tried); and Richardson, supra, (jury instructed to
disregard a witness’s testimony concerning a prior burglary of the same
residence for which defendant was then on trial)).
It should be noted that in the above cited cases, the defendants
requested a mistrial,12 rather than the court declaring one sua sponte. In
each of those cases, the trial court’s decision to deny a motion for a mistrial
was upheld on appeal. In the matter sub judice, not only there was no
request from Appellant for a mistrial or new trial, it is clear that the trial
court was operating under the mistaken belief that there is a per se rule that
any mention of Appellant’s criminal activity warrants a mistrial. See N.T.
Post-Trial Hearing, 2/13/15, at 5. Therefore, as in Balog and Hatten, the
fact that the witness statement would not necessarily warrant reversal upon
____________________________________________
12
In Morris and Whitfield, the defendants requested a new trial instead of
a mistrial.
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appeal, is further evidence that the declaration of a mistrial here was not
manifestly necessary. See Balog, 576 A.2d at 1097.
Furthermore, the trial court’s speculation that Appellant would be
convicted based on the statement made by the witness was in error.
“[S]peculation . . . cannot serve as a basis for manifest
necessity.” United States v. Allen, 984 F.2d 940, 942 (8th Cir.
1993). Thus, ‘[e]ven if the trial judge believes in subjective
good faith that a mistrial is called for,’ an appellate court ‘must
reverse if the record belies his concerns.’ United States v.
Meza-Soria, 935 F.2d 166, 171 (9th Cir. 1991). As the
Supreme Court has explained, when ‘the record reveals that the
trial judge has failed to exercise the “sound discretion” entrusted
to him, the reason for deference [to his discretion] by an
appellate court disappears.’ Washington, 434 U.S. at 510
n.28[.]
United States v. Sloan, 36 F.3d 386, 400-401 (4th Cir. 1994). While the
trial court genuinely believed that the witness’s comment warranted a sua
sponte declaration of mistrial, as explained herein, the record and the law do
not support the court’s ruling.
The trial court’s speculation that defense counsel was about to ask for
a mistrial following the witness’s statement in open court also was in error.
Indeed, the trial court stated: “[Defense counsel] stood up and said “Your
Honor.” Rather than let counsel continue, this [c]ourt, anticipating counsel
was asking for a mistrial, stated “Granted[.]”. Trial Court Opinion, 5/8/15,
at 2. The trial court “conced[ed] there was no specific request for mistrial
and better practice would have been to have waited for a specific request for
a mistrial. Under the circumstances, however, this [c]ourt genuinely
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believed [Appellant] was seeking a mistrial.” Id. at 3. To the contrary,
defense counsel later indicated it would have been his desire to discuss other
options.
Finally, it appears the trial court assumed that the jury “will disregard
judicial instructions admonishing them to disregard improper evidence[.]”
Balog, 576 A.2d at 1098. “Whether the exposure of the jury to improper
evidence can be cured by an instruction depends upon a consideration of all
circumstances.” Richardson, 437 A.2d at 1165. Here, there is no
indication whether the trial court considered less drastic measures, such as a
curative instruction, or why a curative instruction would not have cured the
prejudice, or considered “the importance to the defendant of being able,
once and for all, to conclude his confrontation with society through the
verdict of a tribunal[.]” Walton, 352 A.2d at 8. Accordingly, we must
conclude the mistrial was not manifestly necessary.
Lastly, the trial court suggested that Appellant waived his double
jeopardy claim for failure to raise it promptly. We disagree. As noted
above, Appellant’s counsel did not have an opportunity to object until after
the court cleared the courtroom. Order, 1/11/16, at 2; N.T. Post-Trial
Hearing, 2/13/15, at 5. Nonetheless, even if Appellant did not object or
specifically raise the double jeopardy ground, he would not have waived his
double jeopardy claim. See, e.g., Bartolomucci, 362 A.2d at 239 (mere
silence by a defendant or lack of specific objection to the sua sponte
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declaration of mistrial by the trial court is not sufficient to waive defendant’s
“very important constitutional right” of protection from double jeopardy).
The trial court also opined that Appellant’s conduct following the
declaration of mistrial should be construed as a waiver because he
essentially acquiesced to the trial court’s decision. Trial Court Opinion,
5/8/15, at 4. As noted above, however, the record shows that Appellant
objected to the ruling as soon as feasible under the circumstances. Order,
1/11/16, at 2; N.T. Post-Trial Hearing, 2/13/15, at 5.
As discussed above, the trial court made the following findings:
4. [Appellant’s] [c]ounsel at that point stood up and said,
“Your Honor.”
5. The [trial] court in one continuous statement said,
“Granted,” and advised the jury that the court was
declaring a mistrial and ordered the courtroom cleared.
6. The [trial] court stepped down from the bench so he
could speak to the jury to explain what had occurred.
7. As the the [sic] [trial] court was walking toward the jury
box, counsel for [Appellant] again stated, “Your Honor”.
8. The [trial] court next reaffirmed its order that the
courtroom be cleared.
9. When the courtroom reopened, counsel[13] again
approached the bench and asked the court to reconvene.
____________________________________________
13
Apparently, the trial court was referencing Appellant’s counsel.
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10. The [trial] court indicated there would be no court
reporter available as it was the lunch hour, and we would
reconvene after the lunch hour.
11. The [trial] court reconvened immediately after the
lunch hour.
12. [Appellant’s] [c]ounsel at that point in time put on the
record an objection to the [trial] court sua sponte granting
a mistrial and made a motion that [Appellant] be barred
from retrial.
Order, 1/11/16, at 2.
Appellant attempted to obtain the court’s attention immediately after
the trial court ordered a mistrial sua sponte; however, the trial court did not
respond. “One must object to errors, improprieties or irregularities at the
earliest possible stage of the criminal . . . adjudicatory process to afford the
jurist hearing the case the first occasion to remedy the wrong and possibly
avoid an unnecessary appeal to complain of the matter.” Commonwealth
v. Rosser, 135 A.3d 1077, 1086 (Pa. Super. 2016) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Strunk, 953 A.2d 577, 580 (Pa. Super. 2008)).
Appellant’s delay in raising such an objection was beyond his control and he
raised it as soon as practical. Therefore, Appellant did not waive his double
jeopardy challenge based upon the timeliness of his objection.
Because no manifest necessity existed warranting a mistrial, we are
constrained to hold that the trial court abused its discretion. Therefore, we
reverse the order denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss the charges based
on double jeopardy.
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Order reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/7/2017
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