STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
February 7, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v Nos. 324992; 329217
Wayne Circuit Court
CARLOS MARQUIS LOVE, JR., LC No. 14-002709-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
AFTER REMAND
Before: GADOLA, P.J., and SERVITTO and SHAPIRO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
This case returns to us after remand for a Ginther1 hearing. In our prior opinion we
reversed the trial court’s order granting a new trial based on its conclusion that trial counsels’
actions during trial effectively amounted to a complete denial of counsel at a critical stage
constituting structural error under United States v Cronic, 466 US 648; 104 S Ct 2039; 80 L Ed
2d 657 (1984).2 The basis for its ruling was the fact that defendant’s primary trial counsel,
without notice to the court, left mid-trial in order to try a case in another state, thereby leaving
secondary counsel, whose practice was primarily contract negotiation and who had minimal trial
experience and no experience with capital cases, in charge of the defense.
We concluded that the trial court incorrectly applied Cronic because defendant was
represented throughout the trial. People v Love, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of
Appeals issued July 21, 2016 (Docket Nos. 324992, 325107, & 329217), p 7-8. Defendant also
argued that he was entitled to a new trial pursuant to Ginther and Strickland v Washington, 466
US 668; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). However, as we noted in our prior opinion:
1
People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
2
People v Love, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals issued July 21, 2016
(Docket Nos. 324992, 325107, & 329217), p 25.
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Given the trial court’s concern and understandable ire regarding Schulman’s
unexpected mid-trial departure, these more specific Strickland concerns were
either not addressed or received only cursory treatment at the hearing. . . . [W]e
remand for a Ginther hearing to develop a factual record and to determine
whether Schulman and/or Palmore-Bryant provided ineffective assistance of
counsel. On remand, the trial court shall take additional testimony and shall make
findings as to whether counsels’ performance was deficient, and, if so, whether it
was so prejudicial as to merit a new trial. [Love, unpub op at 8.]
On remand, the trial court conducted an extensive evidentiary hearing and at its
conclusion ruled that defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel. We affirm. As
our prior opinion sets forth, this case concerned multiple acts of criminal sexual conduct
perpetrated upon the victim by several men in the bedroom of an apartment in which a party was
being held. It is uncontested that defendant was at the party, but he denied participating in the
assaults. His trial turned largely on the issue of identification. The assaults occurred in a dark
room and, as noted, multiple assailants were involved. Within hours of the crime, the victim was
shown a photographic line-up that included defendant’s picture, and she did not identify him as a
perpetrator. Later, after looking at photos on Facebook, she concluded that he was among the
perpetrators and thereafter identified him at a corporeal line-up.
At the Ginther hearing, defense presented testimony from Darrell Gleese, who was on
defendant’s witness list, but was not called to testify at trial. At the hearing, Gleese testified that
he was at the party, that he saw defendant there, and that defendant was intoxicated and asleep in
the living room during the time the assaults occurred. He stated that he saw four or five men go
into the bedroom where the victim was but defendant was not among them. He also testified that
prior to trial he had spoken with attorney Schulman and advised him of the content of his
potential testimony.
Attorney Palmore-Bryant testified that prior to trial she was aware that Gleese was an
important witness for the defense and that she had spoken with him after the preliminary
examination where she learned of his recollection of the party and obtained his phone number
but did not request his address. She placed Gleese on the defense witness list,3 spoke with him
later by phone, and fully advised Schulman of Gleese’s expected testimony. When asked how
she planned to subpoena Gleese without his address, she stated that she did not know how to do
so and that Schulman told her that “because [Palmore-Bryant was] not familiar with the court
procedures, that he would take care of those type of administrative things.” She testified that she
thought Schulman had subpoenaed Gleese. By contrast, Schulman testified that he was not
informed by Palmore-Bryant of Gleese’s likely testimony and that he never issued a subpoena
for him. The trial record revealed that Schulman had advised the court that the prosecutor would
be producing the four people on defendant’s witness list. Palmore-Bryant also testified regarding
3
The defense witness list contained four names of which Gleese was the only one not listed on
the prosecution’s witness list.
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Schulman’s mid-trial departure stating that she expected him back in time to question the
complainant and police officers and that she was not prepared to do so.
The trial court set forth the following findings and conclusions in its ruling:
The Court has now heard the second [Ginther] Hearing concerning Mr.
Love's conviction in regard to this case. And, of course, the Court's guided by
Strickland v Washington[,] 466 US 668, a 1984 case. And also the case of People
v Frazier[,] 478 Mich 231[, a] 2007 case which indicate that counsel's
performance in order to be held ineffective fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and that it was reasonably probable that had the standard been met
by defense counsel that there would have been a different result in regard to that
particular matter.
* * *
Now, in this particular case, Mr. Darrell Gleese’s name was listed on the
defendant's witness list. A minimal amount of investigation was conducted by
Ms. Palmore-Bryant which purportedly included her taking a statement from Mr.
Gleese. It wasn’t until I had actually asked Ms. Palmore-Bryant what the nature
of this general statement that she made that his testimony was going to be
favorable to the defense, that any explanation as to how that favorable testimony
had it been given at the trial would have been of benefit to Mr. Love. And then
she said that he had said to her that Mr. Love was asleep. That, to my knowledge,
had never been brought out before. It may have, but I didn’t remember hearing it.
So how many witnesses did Defendant Love have at the time of trial?
Purportedly listed four, three of which were the prosecution’s witnesses and one
being his, that being Mr. Gleese.
How important, therefore, would it have been for an attorney, regardless
of whether or not it's a criminal case, a civil case, a divorce case, every attorney is
obligated to file a witness list. Every attorney is obligated to render as effective
assistance to his or her client as humanly possible.
With Ms. Palmore-Bryant knowing that Mr. Gleese’s testimony would be
helpful to the defense of Mr. Love, explaining that he was asleep at the time of
these terrible acts would have been of crucial importance to rendering an effective
defense on his behalf.
Well, could Mr. Gleese’s testimony have been believed? There was
nothing to impugn his credibility. There was no history of previous criminal
behavior on his part. The only attack on his credibility conceivably would have
been that his testimony may have been inconsistent with the testimony of the
prosecution's witnesses presented during the course of the trial. But there was
nothing to impugn him directly.
So what should an attorney have done under those circumstances,
knowing full well that this is a crucial witness? That attorney should have
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obtained any -- every conceivable way in which to contact that witness for trial,
and given him even a subpoena at that particular juncture, gotten his address,
telephone number, driver’s license number, date of birth, any reasonable contacts
that could be utilized to communicate with that individual. Take a statement from
him, a written statement from that person that he would sign so that the testimony
would not be changed by that witness at the time of trial. And if that witness
attempted to change that testimony, change his or her story, then the statement
could be used to impeach that person’s credibility and then be treated as a hostile
witness.
Ms. Palmore-Bryant did none of that. She just spoke to him and then
allowed him to go upon his merry way knowing full well that that was the only
witness that was going to be of help to her then client Mr. Love.
Ms. Palmore-Bryant's purported reliance of Mr. Schulman then following
up with Mr. Gleese and preparation of trial is misplaced. How could Mr.
Schulman prepare for trial if he was never given any information concerning the
specific nature of Mr. Gleese's testimony. And not provided with contact
information so that Mr. Gleese could be presented at the time of trial.
Mr. Schulman was the one who filed the defendant’s witness list,
however. When an attorney files that witness list he or she must know what that
witness is going to say at the time of trial and make darn well sure that that
attorney has the contact information to make sure that that witness is going to be
provided at the time of trial. Witness lists actually are supposed to include the
address of the witness, not their phone number but their address as well, that’s the
reason for it. That wasn't on the witness list.
* * *
Both of them admitted on the record that their behavior fell below a
reasonable standard concerning their profession in representing Mr. Love. Like I
said, [such admissions are] frequently engaged in by other defense counsel in this
building [at Ginther hearings]. But there was some substance, however, to the
statements that they made in that neither one of them followed up with Mr. Gleese
to make sure that he was going to testify at the time of trial. So there was a
specific act on their part that fell below a reasonable standard of professionalism
in regard to both attorneys.
* * *
How could the defense attorneys have assumed that the prosecution had
obtained statements from everybody including Mr. Gleese? That’s fanciful,
especially in light of the fact that his contact information had never been provided
to the prosecution.
Both attorneys indicated on the record that Mr. Gleese’s testimony would
have been of benefit to Mr. Love if for no other reason than to call into question
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the credibility of the prosecution’s witnesses as to whether or not Mr. Love had
participated in the nefarious acts that ultimately occurred.
* * *
So Mr. Gleese’s testimony was a crucial piece of evidence that the defense
should have presented at the time of trial. And because of not having contact
information concerning him, they were incapable of providing him and both
attorneys indicated that his testimony would have been necessary, reliable,
because there was no way to impeach his testimony and of benefit to Mr. Love.
* * *
Now, if Mr. Gleese had given testimony in regard to this case, would the
results of these proceedings have been different? There is a reasonable
probability of that because he would have called into question the testimony of
the prosecution’s witnesses and would have rendered Mr. Love incapability [sic]
of engaging in the behavior with which he was accused if he was sound asleep on
the couch, especially due to intoxication.
Of course, there’s other questions that could be raised if he took the stand
concerning when specifically the nefarious acts had taken place, when the witness
had seen that Mr. Love was sound asleep on the couch, etcetera, etcetera. So
timing would have been important at the time that the trial took place concerning
whether or not Mr. Gleese’s testimony was going to be believed or not. But his
testimony as given to the Court clearly contradicts the testimony of the
prosecution’s witnesses and give to Mr. Love a defense whereas before when the
case was actually tried, he was abandoned by both lawyers.
The defense of both of these attorneys was abysmal, falling far below the
standard of any attorney who would be representing a criminal defendant such as
a case as this. And there being a reasonable probability that the results of the
proceeding would have been different.
The determination whether a defendant has been deprived of the effective assistance of
counsel presents a mixed question of fact and constitutional law. People v Trakhtenberg, 493
Mich 38, 47; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). The court must first find the facts and then decide whether
those facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel. People v Cooper, 309 Mich App 74, 79; 867 NW2d 452 (2015). The trial court’s
factual findings are reviewed for clear error, while its constitutional determinations are reviewed
de novo. Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 47. Regard should be given to the trial court’s opportunity
to assess the credibility of the witnesses who appeared before it. People v Dendel, 481 Mich
114, 130; 748 NW2d 859, amended 481 Mich 1201 (2008), MCR 2.613(C), and MCR 6.001(D).
A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, this Court, on the
whole record, is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was made. Dendel, 481
Mich at 130. Failure to call a witness can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel if it
deprives the defendant of a substantial defense. People v Hoyt, 185 Mich App 531, 537-538;
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462 NW2d 793 (1990). “A substantial defense is one that might have made a difference in the
outcome of the trial.” People v Chapo, 283 Mich App 360, 371; 770 NW2d 68 (2009) (internal
quotations and citation omitted).
After a review of the trial record and the hearing transcript, we are not left with a definite
and firm conviction that the trial court’s findings of fact were in error. While this Court will not
second guess an attorney’s trial strategy, People v Eliason, 300 Mich App 293, 300; 833 NW2d
357 (2013), modified on other grounds People v Carp, 496 Mich 440, 526-528; 852 NW2d 801
(2014), it is clear that the failure to call Gleese was grounded in error and miscommunication,
not strategic considerations, and that it deprived defendant of a substantial defense. At the
hearing, neither of the defense attorneys could offer any basis in trial strategy for failing to call
Gleese as a witness, and the prosecution has not articulated one. The trial court’s conclusion that
this error, along with the others mentioned in its full opinion, fell below an objective standard of
reasonable professional norms was not clearly erroneous. We similarly conclude that its
judgment that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the
proceedings would have been different was not clearly erroneous. The trial court was present
throughout the trial and had a “special opportunity . . . to judge the credibility of the witnesses”
and the other evidence. See MCR 2.612(C) and MCR 6.001(D). Gleese’s testimony was clearly
exculpatory, amounting to alibi testimony, and no other witness provided testimony as to which
Gleese’s testimony would have been cumulative.
Affirmed.
/s/ Michael F. Gadola
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
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