September 30, 1916. The opinion of the Court was delivered by The plaintiff is widow of Jefferson Sharpe, and the defendant is his son by a former marriage. These two are at outs about $1,500 in money which had belonged to Jefferson, and which he had in a bank. The plaintiff, in an action to marshal the assets of Jefferson's estate, made claim for that $1,500, which she alleged her husband had given her on the eve of his death, donatio causa mortis. The defendant disputes the gift. The master sustained the gift; the Circuit Court concluded against the gift. And that is the issue.
There is no difference about the words used when the transaction was had. There is no difference about what in *Page 464 law constitutes a gift by reason of death. The only difference is the application of the law to the admitted transaction. If an intent may be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, the testimony here proves that the deceased intended for his wife to have this money after his death in the event of his death; all the testimony is that way, there is none contra. If that intention, as expressed, was in truth performed by the deceased, then the gift ought to be sustained. The Court found that the transaction was had while the deceased was of sound mind, and that it was free from fraud, and to that there is no exception. The Court also found that the transaction was had in view of the impending death of the deceased, and that the deceased died of the disorder which was then upon him; and to this there is no exception.
The only other factor going to constitute a donatio causamortis is a delivery of the thing. All the real argument centers about that; the plaintiff's eleven exceptions and the defendant's one exception all go in the main to that issue.
The defendant, by proper exception, insists that Jefferson did not even sign the check, and there was, therefore, no first step taken towards the execution of his intent. The Court did not decide that issue, and it is renewed here.
It is true that Jefferson's hand did not direct the pen which marked his name. The hand of Watson Justus did that. But Jefferson was present and directed the act to be done and touched the pen which made the X.
It is true that the words "his mark" were not written until Jefferson was dead; and neither were the names of the two witnesses to the check written on the check until Jefferson was dead; but they were present and saw Jefferson give the direction and touch the pen. The bank took no exception to the manner in which the check was executed, for it paid it, so marked it, and the amount of it was put to the credit of the payee, C.C. Justus. It is true that the bank's action *Page 465 is not conclusive against the defendant.
But when Watson Justus signed the name of Jefferson, in the presence of Jefferson, and by his direction, that was a signing by Jefferson whether those who saw the transaction signed as witnesses or not. The authority of Watson to write Jefferson's name was conferable by parol; and the proof of the power and the execution of it rests upon the words of those who stood by and saw the transaction, whether they were denominated as witnesses on the check or not. See Story on Agency, c. 5; 2 Corpus Juris., pp. 449-451.
The testimony is clear that Jefferson authorized Watson to sign his name; there is none contra. The Circuit Court concluded from the testimony that C.C. Justus, the payee of the check and he who collected the money on it, was the agent of Jefferson; or at most was the agent of both Jefferson and Ellen. And the Court concluded that a man can not deliver to himself; and for that reason alone the Court decreed against the gift. Let the three and a half pages of testimony quoted in the Circuit opinion be reported.
A gift inter vivos does not differ, in its essential elements, from a gift causa mortis, except that in the latter the survival of the donor may defeat the gift. Hall v. Howard, 24 S.C.L. (Rice) 314, 33 Am. Dec. 115.
In every gift, like in well-nigh every human act, there exists two elements. One of these involves the intent of the donor's mind; the other of these involves the act of the donor's hand. If a donor intends to confer on another ownership of his property, and if he proceeds so far as to do it, then the gift is complete.
The particular transaction in the facts of it may be muddled by the character of the thing given, to wit, a check on a bank, or by the agency through which the act is done, to wit, through the hands of another than the donee. *Page 466
In the instant case, as we have held, the check was rightfully signed by Jefferson. The payee, Justus, drew the money from the bank and redeposited it in his own name. It is the same, then, as if Jefferson had put $1,500 into Justus' hands, with the direction to him about which there is really no dispute. Nor can there be any question but that Jefferson intended to give to Ellen; all the testimony is that way.
The only issue of fact, and of law is, did he sufficiently do it? Jefferson, if alive, could not be interested in that question, for had he put the money into Ellen's hands under the admitted direction, yet upon recovery it must have come back to him. Jefferson's heirs alone are interested in whether Jefferson went so far as to do what he intended to do. Under our cases, it is true, Jefferson must have done that which he intended to do. If he did not do that, that is, put the money into Ellen's hands, but instead put it into the hands of his agent to do that for him, then his act stopped short of a gift, for it stopped short of a completed act. Plainly the putting of the money into Justus' hands was a putting it into Ellen's hands, if Justus represented Ellen. About that there will be no denial.
The Court thought that the testimony made Justus the agent of Jefferson, or at least, the agent of both Jefferson and Ellen, and that, therefore, there was no delivery to Ellen. That is the narrow issue upon which the cause was decided, and we venture to think wrongly decided. In well-nigh every transaction of this sort where the donor acts in delivery through the agency of another, that other is in some sort his agent.
The action must be through another unless it be directly with the donee, because the donor acts in view of certain death. It is not likely to be exclusively with the donee, because his ownership is defeasible. And if the transaction be between the donor and the donee in their own persons, even in that case the donee is in some sense the agent of the *Page 467 donor to return the article to the donor in the event he shall survive. But that circumstance would not rob the delivery of its effectiveness. The emergencies of every such case press hard; a dying man, with mind freighted with memories of the past and apprehensions of the future; his friends gathered about the scene; no expert to advise what ought to be done to accomplish his intentions. Such a situation calls generally for the intervention of a third party, to hold the stake until the event be determined. We think too much nicety may be exercised in determining who the third man exactly represents. If it be possible to do so, the law ought to be construed not too logically, but to meet the common transactions of our people in their homes. In the instant case the third person was the friend and kinsman of Ellen, his trust was to deliver to her, if the contemplated event shall happen, as it did.
It is true that had the donor recovered, it would have been the duty of the third person to return the money to the donor; but as before suggested that is not decisive of the question, for had the transaction been betwixt the donor and donee, without the intervention of a third person, the same duty under the same circumstances would have rested on the donee. Enough was done to accomplish that which the donor intended; there was a sufficient delivery.
The cases on the subject are not in harmony, of course. Our own case of Gilmore v. Whitesides, 13 S.C. Eq. (Dud. Eq.) 23, 31 Am. Dec. 563, was based largely on what the third person said; he said he acted for the donor. And that case involved the force and effect of a written instrument which was plainly not a gift causa mortis.
One case from Minnesota is on all fours with that at bar; and there the gift was sustained. Varley v. Sims,100 Minn. 331, 111 N.W. 269, 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 828, 117 Am. St. Rep. 694, 10 Ann. Cas. 473. And there are others of like import. The Courts put the case upon a presumption of fact, that it will be presumed, nothing else appearing, that *Page 468 the third party acts for the donee. 12 R.C.L. 960. The respondent insists that gifts of this character ought to be looked in the mouth; that the Courts ought to be jealously distrustful of them. Judge Butler said as much in Hall v.Howard, supra; but other Judges have not expressed that view. Trenholm v. Morgan, 28 S.C. 278, 5 S.E. 721. Gifts causa mortis are older than the republic; and if they be satisfactorily proven, it is the duty of the Court to give effect to them.
We have not considered the suggestion of the respondent that the transaction was of a suspicious character; the decree below settled that issue, and there is no appeal from it.
Our opinion is that the judgment below be modified, and the cause remanded to the Circuit Court to carry our views herein expressed.