SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department
1273
KA 14-01338
PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, CARNI, DEJOSEPH, AND CURRAN, JJ.
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, RESPONDENT,
V MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
MICHAEL C. KRAATZ, ALSO KNOWN AS MICHAEL KRAATZ,
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
THE LEGAL AID BUREAU OF BUFFALO, INC., BUFFALO (TIMOTHY P. MURPHY OF
COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
LAWRENCE FRIEDMAN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, BATAVIA (WILLIAM G. ZICKL OF
COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
Appeal from a judgment of the Genesee County Court (Robert C.
Noonan, J.), rendered July 24, 2014. The judgment convicted
defendant, upon a jury verdict, of robbery in the second degree.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is
affirmed.
Memorandum: On appeal from a judgment convicting him upon a jury
verdict of robbery in the second degree (Penal Law § 160.10 [2] [a]),
defendant contends that the conviction is not supported by legally
sufficient evidence that the victim sustained a physical injury. We
reject that contention. The victim testified that defendant grabbed
her arm during the robbery and kept “squeezing and squeezing” while
threatening to kill her. She further testified that she felt like the
bones in her arm were going to break, that the resulting pain was
“excruciating” and “like 9 to 10 to 11” on a scale of one to ten, and
that her arm was bruised afterward. We conclude that her testimony is
legally sufficient to establish that her pain was substantial, i.e.,
“more than slight or trivial,” and thus that she sustained a physical
injury (People v Chiddick, 8 NY3d 445, 447; see Penal Law § 10.00 [9];
People v Henderson, 77 AD3d 1311, 1311, lv denied 17 NY3d 953; cf.
People v Lunetta, 38 AD3d 1303, 1304, lv denied 8 NY3d 987). Viewing
the evidence in light of the elements of the crime as charged to the
jury (see People v Danielson, 9 NY3d 342, 349), we also reject
defendant’s further contention that the verdict is against the weight
of the evidence on the issue of physical injury (see generally People
v Bleakley, 69 NY2d 490, 495). Although the victim did not seek any
medical treatment as a result of the incident or miss any time from
work, the jury was entitled to credit her testimony concerning the
extent of the pain she experienced (see People v Guidice, 83 NY2d 630,
636; People v Smith, 45 AD3d 1483, 1483, lv denied 10 NY3d 771; see
-2- 1273
KA 14-01338
also People v Spratley, 96 AD3d 1420, 1421).
We reject defendant’s contention that he was denied effective
assistance of counsel by his attorney’s failure to make certain
objections at trial (see generally People v Taylor, 1 NY3d 174, 176-
177; People v Benevento, 91 NY2d 708, 712-714), and we conclude that
the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.
All concur except CURRAN, J., who dissents and votes to modify
in accordance with the following memorandum: I respectfully dissent.
In my view, the People failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt
that the victim suffered a physical injury, i.e., either “impairment
of physical condition or substantial pain” (Penal Law § 10.00 [9]), as
is required for a conviction of robbery in the second degree under
Penal Law § 160.10 (2) (a). I would therefore modify the judgment by
reducing the conviction to robbery in the third degree (§ 160.05; see
CPL 470.15 [2] [a]) and vacating the sentence, and I would remit the
matter to County Court for sentencing on the conviction of robbery in
the third degree (see CPL 470.20 [4]).
In my view, the majority’s decision conflicts with the decisions
reached by this Court in People v Coleman (134 AD3d 1555, 1556, lv
denied 27 NY3d 963), People v Haynes (104 AD3d 1142, 1143, lv denied
22 NY3d 1156), and People v Lunetta (38 AD3d 1303, 1304, lv denied 8
NY3d 987). The majority relies on People v Chiddick (8 NY3d 445, 447-
448), but that reliance is misplaced. That case is distinguishable
inasmuch as the defendant in Chiddick bit and broke the victim’s
finger, thereby causing the victim to bleed. Thus, although the Court
of Appeals considered the victim’s subjective pain as an important
factor, the injury defendant inflicted, viewed objectively, was
“[p]erhaps [the] most important [factor]” (Chiddick, 8 NY3d at 447).
Moreover, unlike here, the victim in Chiddick “sought medical
treatment for the wound defendant inflicted—an indication that his
pain was significant” (id.). Finally, the Court in Chiddick noted
that “the whole point of the bite was to inflict as much pain as
[defendant] could” (id. at 448). I have no doubt that this was a
frightening event for the victim, but to the extent that the
majority’s decision endorses an entirely subjective standard for
determining whether a victim suffered a physical injury, I cannot
agree with it.
Entered: February 10, 2017 Frances E. Cafarell
Clerk of the Court