TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 95-104
of :
: May 16, 1995
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
CLAYTON P. ROCHE :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE MICHAEL C. FITZPATRICK, COUNTY COUNSEL, TRINITY
COUNTY, has requested an opinion on the following question:
Is a non-incumbent candidate for the office of justice court judge elected at the June
1994 primary election for the term commencing on January 3, 1995, entitled to the office of municipal
court judge commencing on January 3, 1995?
CONCLUSION
A non-incumbent candidate for the office of justice court judge elected at the June 1994
primary election for the term commencing on January 3, 1995, is entitled to the office of municipal
court judge commencing on January 3, 1995.
ANALYSIS
In 1950 the Constitution was amended to reform the trial court system in California.
From 1950 until 1995, each county had a superior court and municipal and justice courts depending
upon its current population. The county boards of supervisors were empowered to establish judicial
districts within their respective counties. In any judicial district containing a population of 40,000 or
more, a municipal court with at least one judge was established by operation of law. Prior to 1995
section 5 of Article VI of the Constitution provided in part:
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"The Legislature shall provide for the organization and prescribe the
jurisdiction of municipal and justice courts. It shall prescribe for each municipal court
and provide for justice courts the number, qualifications, and compensation of judges,
officers and employees."
The Legislature carried out this constitutional mandate as well as other constitutional provisions by
prescribing the organizational details to be followed upon a possible redistricting of judicial districts by
the board of supervisors within a county (see Gov. Code, ' 71040)1 or upon the establishment by
operation of law of a new municipal court by virtue of a population increase in an existing justice court
district (see ' 71043).
At the November 8, 1994 general election, the people adopted Proposition 191,
amending sections 1 and 5 of article VI of the Constitution as follows:
"SEC. 1. The judicial power of this State is vested in the Supreme Court,
courts of appeal, superior courts, and municipal courts, and justice courts. All courts
are courts of record."
"SEC. 5. (a) Each county shall be divided into municipal court and justice
court districts as provided by statute, but a city may not be divided into more than one
district. Each municipal and justice court shall have one or more judges. Each
municipal court district shall have no fewer than 40,000 residents; provided that each
county shall have at least one municipal court district. The number of residents shall
be determined as provided by statute.
"(b) On the operative date of this subdivision, all existing justice courts shall
become municipal courts, and the number, qualifications, and compensation of judges,
officers, attaches, and employees shall continue until changed by the Legislature.
Each judge of a part-time municipal court is deemed to have agreed to serve full time
and shall be available for assignment by the Chief Justice for the balance of time
necessary to comprise a full-time workload.
"There shall be a municipal court in each district of more than 40,000 residents
and a justice court in each district of 40,000 residents or less. The number of residents
shall be ascertained as provided by statute,
"(c) The Legislature shall provide for the organization and prescribe the
jurisdiction of municipal and justice courts. It shall prescribe for each municipal court
and provide for each justice court the number, qualifications, and compensation of
judges, officers, and employees.
"(b)
1
All references hereafter to the Government Code are by section number only.
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"(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (a), any city in San Diego
County may be divided into more than one municipal court or justice court district if
the Legislature determines that unusual geographic conditions warrant such division."2
Accordingly, Proposition 191 abolished justice courts in California on January 1, 1995, the operative
date of the constitutional amendment.
Significantly, Proposition 191 retained the requirement that "[e]ach municipal court
district shall have no fewer than 40,000 residents," but added a new requirement that "each county shall
have at least one municipal court district." Prior thereto, because of population constraints, a rural
county might have only one justice court, or as many as determined by the board of supervisors under
its power to create judicial districts.
With this background in mind, we proceed to the facts which give rise to this request
for our opinion. At the June 1994 primary election, the office of justice court judge for the Trinity
County Justice Court was on the ballot. A candidate who was not the incumbent judge received a
majority of the votes cast and was thus elected for the new term to commence on January 3, 1995. ('
71145; Brailsford v. Blue (1962) 57 Cal.2d 335, 338.) However, on the operative date of Proposition
191 (January 1, 1995), the Trinity County Justice Court became a municipal court. The issue
presented for resolution is whether the incumbent judge of the justice court or the individual elected at
the June 1994 primary election was entitled to the office of judge of the municipal court on January 3,
1995. We conclude that the non-incumbent candidate-elect was entitled to the new office.
It must be conceded that on January 1, 1995, by operation of law, the incumbent justice
court judge of the Trinity County Justice Court became the judge of the municipal court in Trinity
County, and that he remained the municipal court judge at least through January 2, 1995. Furthermore,
the person elected at the June primary election was elected to a justice court, not a municipal court.
Based upon the statutes enacted before the adoption of Proposition 191 (and which currently exist), it
might well appear that the incumbent justice court judge in Trinity County was entitled to the office of
municipal court judge on January 3, 1995, and thereafter.
Section 71084 provides:
"Whenever a municipal court is established in a district in which a justice court
was previously established or in a district formed from territory formerly included in
justice court districts, the justice court shall cease to exist within the district for which
the municipal court is established, and the term of office of the judges of justice courts
situated wholly within such district shall terminate upon the selection and qualification
of the first judges of the municipal court. The selection shall be made pursuant to
Sections 71080 and 71081."
2
Additions are in italics, and deletions are shown by strikeover.
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Section 71080 states:
"(a) Upon the establishment of a municipal or justice court, the judges of
existing courts inferior to the superior court in any city, township, or judicial
subdivision situated wholly or partly in the district or city and county for which a
municipal or justice court is established shall, if eligible, become the judges of the
municipal or justice court until the election or appointment and qualification of their
successors. The time for election and qualification of their successors shall be that
previously fixed for the election and qualification of their successors for the court and
office superseded, had such courts not been superseded, but in no event shall that
election of successors be held within 10 months of succession to the office of the new
court.
"(b) If the number of eligible incumbent judges who have not filed a written
statement with the county elections official disclaiming their desire to succeed to office
exceeds the number of judicial offices provided by law for the municipal or justice
court, the incumbents shall not automatically succeed to judicial positions in the
municipal or justice court, and the existing courts shall continue to function within the
district until the first judge or judges of the municipal or justice court are elected by the
qualified electors of the district at the first statewide general election held following the
expiration of 90 days and qualify.
"In any election for the first judge or judges of that municipal or justice court,
only those incumbents may appear on the ballot and be elected, and Article 1
(commencing with Section 8200) of Chapter 2 of Division 8 of the Elections Code shall
not apply. If only one incumbent is to be elected, the incumbent receiving the highest
number of votes cast shall be declared elected. If two or more incumbents are to be
elected, those incumbents equal in number to the number to be elected who receive the
highest number of votes for the office shall be declared elected. The incumbents
elected shall become the judges of the municipal or justice court until the election or
appointment and qualification of their successors. The time for election and
qualification of their successors shall be that previously fixed for the election and
qualification of their successors for the court and office superseded, had the courts not
been superseded, but in no event shall that election of successors be held within 10
months of succession to the office of the new court."3
Section 71180 provides in part:
"(a) Any vacancy in the office of judge of a municipal court shall be filled by
appointment by the Governor, but no vacancy shall be deemed to exist in any office
before the time fixed in Sections 71080, 71082, and 71083 for the selection of the
3
Section 71081 concerns judges who become eligible to more than one office and their selection of which court upon
which to serve.
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judges of that court and the time fixed by law for their qualification. The appointee
shall hold office for the remainder of the unexpired term of his or her predecessor and
until his or her successor is elected and qualifies.
"If the office to which any person so appointed was not previously occupied, he
or she shall hold office until his or her successor is elected at the general state election
next succeeding the occurrence of the vacancy and qualifies. No successor to the
appointee shall be elected at any election held within 10 months of the date of the
occurrence of the vacancy."
If a new municipal court was established on January 1, 1995, in Trinity County by the adoption of
Proposition 191 for purposes of section 71084, no vacancy in that court arose or existed on January 3,
1995, when the incumbent's term expired; the provisions of section 71080 would therefore govern. ('
71180; see Phelps v. Brennan (1976) 16 Cal.3d 508; cf. Caldwell v. Bruning (1966) 64 Cal.2d 111.)
Furthermore, the election in 1994 could not be deemed to have been the election for the "new"
municipal court. Absent a special law, the "time for the election and qualification of the successor" for
the superseded judicial office, as stated in section 71080, is to be given prospective operation. (See
Phelps v. Brennen, supra, 16 Cal.3d at 512.) Thus, pursuant to section 71080, the incumbent judge as
of January 3, 1995, would have the right to remain in office.
However, in our view section 71180 and the related statutes do not govern here. These
statutes concerning the succession of justice and municipal courts were intended to operate under a
different judicial system, which included justice courts and the discretion of boards of supervisors to
redistrict their counties and change justice courts to municipal courts and vice-versa. As we stated in
67 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 296, 299-300 (1984):
". . . Under the provisions of article VI, section 5 of the California Constitution,
as implemented by statute (see Gov. Code. ' 71040) boards of supervisors are
empowered as public convenience requires to divide the county into judicial districts.
The net effect of such districting is to create or abolish municipal or justice courts and
their attendant judgeships. As we explained in 62 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 32 (1979), the
board of supervisors has wide discretion as to the division or consolidation of districts
when it redistricts. It may do so at any time, whether during an election year, during a
nonelection year, during the term of incumbents, or at the end of their terms. In so
doing it can create or abolish courts and their attendant judgeships. . . ." (Fn. omitted.)
Proposition 191, on the other hand, abolishes justice courts and provides for its own future
implementation by the Legislature.
The rules for interpreting constitutional amendments are well established. "When
construing a constitutional provision enacted by initiative, the intent of the voters is the paramount
consideration." (Davis v. City of Berkeley (1990) 51 Cal.3d 227, 234; see San Francisco Taxpayers
Assn. v. Board of Supervisors (1992) 2 Cal.4th 571, 578-580.) In discerning the intent of the people in
adopting initiative measures, the ballot pamphlet may be used as an aid. (See Raven v. Deukmejian
(1990) 52 Cal.3d 336, 349; Amador Valley Joint Union High Sch. Dist. v. State Bd. of Equalization
5. 95-104
(1978) 22 Cal.3d 208, 245-246; White v. Davis (1975) 13 Cal.3d 757, 775, fn. 11.) Here, the ballot
pamphlet describes the steps previously taken (primarily through the approval of Proposition 91 at the
November 1988 general election) to equalize the administration of justice in rural areas, such as
equalizing the jurisdiction of municipal and justice courts, requiring judges of the two courts to have
the same legal experience, granting judgments of these courts equal footing, and making the judges of
both courts full-time judges with equal terms of office. The proponents of Proposition 191 explained:
"All of these changes have proven extremely successful. The full time justice
court judges' program saved the state the cost of more than two dozen new judgeships!
"Proposition 191 neither increases nor decreases the current number of judges,
courts, or judicial districts. But the time has come to reflect the full compliance of
justice courts with the standards of municipal courts by granting them the same title.
The label `municipal court' commands greater respect than the designation `justice
court,' and will increase respect for the court's authority. As the courts come to grips
with the increased work required to put the `3 strikes' felony sentencing legislation into
effect, the terms used in our courts should not raise doubts that erect barriers to the use
of all available judges.
"Under Proposition 191, Californians who appear in any of the 47 remaining
justice courts will no longer be given the false impression that they are receiving a
second-class brand of justice. Your Yes vote helps California fulfill the voter mandate
to provide citizens in our state's less populous counties with courts of equal stature and
judges of equal quality to those found in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and other cities."
(Supp. Ballot Pamp., Gen. Elec. (Nov. 8, 1994), argument in favor of Prop 191, p. 16.)
Accordingly Proposition 191 was not intended to "establish" new municipal courts in the sense used in
section 71084 and the related statutes. This was not the situation of two different types of local courts
continuing to exist with various organizational consequences. Rather, the constitutional amendment
was intended to abolish justice courts, changing them into municipal courts by operation of law.
In effect Proposition 191 was adopted to change the name and status of justice courts
without changing their existing officers and personnel. As of January 1, 1995, "all existing justice
courts shall become municipal courts, and the number, qualification, and compensation of judges,
officers, attaches, and employees shall continue until changed by the Legislature." (Cal. Const., art VI,
' 5, subd. (b).) On January 3, 1995, the non-incumbent candidate-elect for the justice court office in
Trinity County thus became the municipal court judge, since he had qualified for office by his election.
The will of the people as expressed at the June 1994 primary election was also thereby effectuated by
his assuming office. The voters at the November 1994 general election who approved Proposition 191
had no contrary intention; instead, they intended to continue such qualification for office "until changed
by the Legislature."
In answer to the question presented, therefore, we conclude that a non-incumbent
candidate for the office of justice court judge elected at the June 1994 primary election for the term
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commencing on January 3, 1995, is entitled to the office of municipal court judge commencing on
January 3, 1995.
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