J-S93045-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
MICHAEL ALLEN,
Appellant No. 1076 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 10, 2014
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at Nos.: CP-51-CR-0003272-2012
CP-51-CR-0007389-2012
CP-51-CR-0008821-2012
CP-51-CR-0010494-2013
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., SOLANO, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 22, 2017
Appellant, Michael Allen, appeals from the judgment of sentence
imposed after his jury conviction of four counts of robbery, 1 three counts of
terroristic threats,2 and one count each of intimidation,3 and retaliation.4
The charges stemmed from four robberies that the court consolidated for
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1).
2
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706(a)(1).
3
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4952(a)(1).
4
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4953(a).
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trial. Specifically, the jury convicted Appellant at Docket No. 3272-2012, of
robbery (F1); at Docket No. 7389-2012, of robbery (F1) and terroristic
threats (M1); at Docket No. 8821-2012, of robbery (F2) and terroristic
threats (M1); and at Docket No. 10494-2013, of robbery (F2), intimidation
(F1), retaliation (F3), and terroristic threats (M1). Appellant challenges his
removal from the courtroom during trial, the admission of lay opinion
testimony, and both the legality and discretionary aspects of his sentence.
Upon review, we vacate Appellant’s sentence, and remand to the trial court
for resentencing.
We take the factual and procedural history from the trial court opinion
and our review of the certified record in this matter. The facts underlying
the charges at Docket No. 8821-2012, are as follows. On February 22,
2012, at approximately 7:00 p.m., Appellant entered Los Charales Market
located at 9th Street and Snyder Avenue in South Philadelphia, where
Antonia Rojas was working the cash register. When Appellant entered the
store, he said that he had a gun and held his right hand inside his pocket.
Appellant reached into the cash register and grabbed between $800 and
$1,000 before fleeing from the store. Mr. Rojas waived down a police officer
to report the robbery, and give officers a description of the man who robbed
him. (See Trial Court Opinion, 10/29/15, at 4).
The facts underlying the charges at Docket No. 7389-2012, are as
follows. On February 25, 2012, at approximately 8:30 p.m., Appellant
entered the Rite Aid at 7th and Dickenson Streets in South Philadelphia
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where Chefra Mao was working as a cashier. Appellant screamed at Ms. Mao
to open the register. She assumed that he had a gun because he kept his
right hand in his pocket and kept pointing it at her. Ms. Mao was scared for
her life, and could not enter her code to open the register. Appellant then
told Ms. Mao that he was going to come back and get her and fled from the
store. Ms. Mao described Appellant to police. Police then drove her in their
police car to where they had apprehended Appellant, and she stated that his
clothing appeared different. Ms. Mao later identified Appellant at a police
lineup and at trial. (See id. at 3-4).
The facts underlying the charges at Docket No. 3272-2012, are as
follows. On February 25, 2012, within minutes of the Rite Aid robbery,
Appellant approached Salvador Hernandez, who was walking on 6th Street
from Morris Street toward Tasker Street in South Philadelphia, pressed an
object against his back, and told him to put his hands up or he would blow
off his head. Appellant searched Mr. Hernandez’s pockets and stole $20,
keys, a pack of cigarettes, and a Rite Aid card. While Appellant was robbing
Mr. Hernandez, a police officer approached them. The officer raised his
weapon after Appellant refused to remove his hands from his pockets, and
when the officer eventually lowered his weapon, Appellant ran away. After a
chase involving several officers, Appellant was apprehended and the items
stolen from Mr. Hernandez were recovered. Mr. Hernandez then told police
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about the robbery and identified Appellant as the man who robbed him.5
(See id. at 4-5).
The facts underlying the charges at Docket No. 10494-2013, are as
follows. On July 16, 2013, at approximately 3:00 a.m., Appellant
approached Mr. Hernandez and grabbed him by the arm. Appellant told Mr.
Hernandez that he remembered who he was, and then took $60 from his
wallet. Appellant threatened to kill Mr. Hernandez if he continued to testify
against him concerning the earlier robbery. (See id. at 5).
On August 19-25, 2014, Appellant was tried by a jury for the above
four robberies. At trial, each of the victims, investigating officers, and
officers involved in the February 25, 2012 chase all testified. Detective
Michael McKenna, who was assigned to investigate the February 22, 2012,
Los Charales Market robbery, testified that he viewed video surveillance
from the market. After learning about the February 25, 2012, Rite Aid
robbery, Detective McKenna also viewed video surveillance from that
incident. He testified that he observed several similarities between the facial
features, mannerisms, movements and body posture of the individual
involved in both robberies. (See N.T. Trial, 8/22/14, at 29-30). Based on
his observations comparing the two videos, Detective McKenna prepared a
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5
On November 6-8, 2012, Appellant was tried for the above three robberies.
The trial ended in a hung jury. Appellant was released on June 3, 2013,
after his motion for release pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 was granted. (See
Trial Ct. Op., at 2).
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photo array for the Los Charales robbery and obtained an arrest warrant for
Appellant.6
Throughout the course of the trial, Appellant was disruptive and often
argued with the trial court judge. The record also reflects that on August
19, 2014, the trial court reprimanded Appellant for commenting out-loud
within the hearing of the jury while the assistant district attorney was
questioning her witnesses. (See N.T. Trial, 8/19/14, at 179-82). The trial
court judge told Appellant that, if he continued to argue with her, she would
find him in contempt.
On August 21, 2014, Appellant was again disruptive during witness
testimony, arguing that the witness should not be able to answer the court’s
question. (See N.T. Trial, 8/21/14, at 74). The judge excused the jurors
from the courtroom, and found Appellant in contempt. (See id. at 75). The
court directed two sheriffs to escort Appellant to the back of the courtroom.
While he was being escorted away, he reached for a water container on the
table, apparently intending to throw it, and referred to the court as “Nut-ass
bitch.” (Id. at 76). Defense counsel then went in to the back and tried to
calm Appellant down. After speaking with Appellant, counsel reported to the
court that
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6
Mr. Rojas, the Los Charales robbery victim, was not able to identify
Appellant from the photo array. (See N.T. Trial, 8/22/14, at 35).
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[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, as counsel, I find myself in a
very awkward position, to say the least, in that I’ve become
aware of, without divulging the source, that there may be
intentions that are disruptive of the legal process, and things
that I cannot countenance if . . . I am aware that they’re about
to come about. . . . I am certainly not going to risk anybody’s
health or safety in this courtroom, because I know things that I
should divulge but I am not going to divulge them at this point
because I still owe a duty to this gentleman to remain solid as to
whatever he says to me. . . .
(Id. at 80).
The court then had a discussion with counsel concerning its options
with regard to Appellant’s violent and disruptive behavior. The trial court
judge stated that if Appellant continued to engage in outbursts, she would
consider removing him from the courtroom to view the rest of the
proceedings on closed-circuit television. (See id. at 82-83). Defense
counsel agreed explaining that it was in an abundance of caution because he
could not say what his client might do. (See id. at 84, 97). The court noted
that it would not have the capacity to set up the closed circuit television until
the next day. The court considered gagging and shackling Appellant, and
allowing him to remain in the courtroom; however, defense counsel objected
to gagging. (See id. at 88). Defense counsel discussed these options with
Appellant. (See id. at 97-98).
When Appellant returned to the courtroom, he also objected to
gagging. (See id. at 104). The trial court judge again warned Appellant
that if he continued to disrupt trial, she would take steps to ensure the trial
continued undisrupted, which might include shackles and gagging for the
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rest of the trial. (See id. at 104-05). The court told Appellant that it now
had four sheriffs in the room, to which Appellant responded: “You’re going
to need more than that, for the record.” (Id. at 106; see id. at 105-06).
Later that day, Appellant again commented out-loud during testimony, and
the court again warned him not to have any outbursts. (See id. at 147-48).
On the next day of trial, August 22, 2014, trial commenced with
Appellant seated at the table with his counsel; however, within the first
twenty-minutes of the first witness’s testimony, he again spoke out. (See
N.T. Trial, 8/22/15, at 15). He then interrupted the court and asked for his
counsel to be fired. (See id.). The court removed Appellant to a room in
the back of the courtroom, where the closed circuit television had been set
up in anticipation of a disruption, and where Appellant would be able to see
and hear everything going on in the courtroom. (See id. at 16). Defense
counsel objected, for the record, that the court was forcing Appellant out of
the courtroom, arguing that he should be present for all proceedings. (See
id. at 23-24). The court instructed the jury that Appellant was relocated to
another room where he could watch all proceedings because he “was
engaging in verbal inappropriate behavior that was disruptive of the trial[.]”
(Id. at 25).
The jury convicted Appellant on all charges. On November 10, 2014,
at the sentencing hearing, the court stated that Appelant “was found guilty
on several counts of robbery, three counts of F1 robbery, one count of F2
robbery, one count of F1 intimidation, one count of F3 retaliation, and three
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counts of M1 terroristic threats.” (N.T. Sentencing, 11/10/14, at 41). The
court then sentenced Appellant as follows:
7 and-a-half to 15 years state prison on the F1 intimidation
charge. On the three counts of F1 robbery, the same sentence
is 7 and-a-half to 15 years to run concurrent on the three counts
for a total aggregate sentence of 30 to 60 years. In addition,
those sentences will run consecutive on each count. In addition,
with regards to the one count of the F2 robbery, the sentence is
5 to 10 years in state prison consecutive. So the total
aggravated sentence on the F1 and F2 counts in this case is 35
to 70 years in state prison.
On the remaining counts, the three counts of terroristic
threats, the sentence is 2 and-a-half to 5 years. These–the
sentence is the same on all three counts. Those are to run
concurrent with each[ ]other and to run concurrent with the 35
to 70 already imposed. In addition, on the one count of
retaliation, the sentence is 3 and-a-half to 7 to run concurrent
with the terroristic threats counts and to run concurrent with the
F1 counts and the F2 count.
(Id. at 41-42).7
Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion on November 20, 2014,
which was denied by operation of law on March 20, 2015. He filed a timely
notice of appeal on April 13, 2015, and pursuant to the court’s order, filed a
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal on May 13, 2015. See
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7
We quote extensively from the sentencing transcript to refer to the
sentence originally imposed by the trial court because the certified record
does not contain the original sentencing orders for each docket. As
discussed below, (see infra at n.8), because the original sentencing orders
were removed from the certified record and replaced by the trial court’s
corrected orders, the only contemporaneous record of the original sentence
imposed by the trial court is the notes of testimony from the sentencing
hearing.
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Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The trial court entered an opinion on October 29, 2015.
See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).8
Appellant raises five issues on appeal.
1. Did the [trial] court improperly order [A]ppellant to be
physically removed from the courtroom during his trial; fail to
warn [A]ppellant in advance that he could be removed and that
removal would be prejudicial to the trial; and fail to instruct the
jury that [A]ppellant’s removal was unrelated to guilt?
2. Did the [trial] court violate due process and the rules of
evidence and invade the province of the jury by permitting a
police detective to testify that he compared the surveillance
videos from two separate robberies and concluded that the
robber of the Los Charales grocery store (a person never
identified as [A]ppellant) was the same person as the robber of a
Rite Aid (identified as [A]ppellant), and, further, allowed the
detective to display still photographs from the two surveillance
videos alongside a photograph of [A]ppellant, leaving no doubt
that the detective believed [A]ppellant was the person depicted
in both videos?
3. Did the [trial] court impose an illegal sentence above the
statutory maximum by sentencing [A]ppellant to [not less than
seven and one-half nor more than fifteen] years for robbery, a
felony of the second degree, in [Docket No. ]10494-2013?
4. Are not the [trial] court’s new, back-dated sentencing orders
issued with its Rule 1925 [o]pinion a nullity and should they not
be vacated, a position at least partially adopted by the lower
court in its [s]upplemental [o]pinion?
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8
We observe that, after Appellant filed his notice of appeal in this matter,
and without conducting a sentencing hearing or notifying Appellant or his
attorney, the trial court issued several corrected sentencing orders,
attempting to correct errors in the original sentence. (See Docket No.
8821-2012, entries D8/1 and 2, 11/10/14; Docket No. 10494-2013, entries
D6/2 and 2, 11/10/14). As discussed below, (see infra at 15-17), we
conclude that the trial court’s corrected sentencing orders are a nullity.
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5. Did the [trial] court abuse its discretion, violate general
sentencing principles and disregard the needs of [A]ppellant and
the community, when it imposed excessive, consecutive
sentences totaling [not less than] thirty-five [nor more than]
seventy years, a de facto life sentence?
(Appellant’s Brief, at 4-5).
In his first issue, Appellant claims that the court erred when it
removed him from the courtroom during trial. (See id. at 32-42).
Specifically, he argues that the court failed to warn him that he would be
removed if he continued to disrupt trial, and that the court failed to instruct
the jury that his removal was unrelated to guilt. We disagree.
The United States Constitution[,] the Pennsylvania
Constitution[,] and Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure
1117(a) guarantee the right of an accused to be present in the
courtroom at every stage of a criminal trial. However, in
Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337 (1970), the United States
Supreme Court determined that the right to be present in the
courtroom is not absolute and explicitly held,
that a defendant can lose his right to be present at trial if,
after he has been warned by the judge that he will be
removed if he continues his disruptive behavior, he
nevertheless insists on conducting himself in a manner so
disorderly, disruptive, and disrespectful of the court that
his trial cannot be carried on with him in the courtroom.
Once lost, the right to be present can, of course, be
reclaimed as soon as the defendant is willing to conduct
himself consistently with the decorum and respect inherent
in the concept of courts and judicial proceedings.
Commonwealth v. Basemore, 582 A.2d 861, 866–67 (Pa. 1990), cert.
denied, 502 U.S. 1102 (1992) (footnotes and most citations omitted;
citation formatting provided).
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In Basemore, our Supreme Court considered whether a trial court
abused its discretion in removing an appellant from the courtroom during
trial when he had been disrupting proceedings by verbally attacking the
judge and berating jurors. The Court held that the trial court “followed the
guidelines set forth in Allen, supra by warning [the a]ppellant before
removing him from the courtroom and by giving [the a]ppellant the
opportunity to return at any time provided he agreed to conduct himself
properly.” Id. at 868.
Here, Appellant disrupted the testimony of several witnesses and was
warned by the trial court that if he continued to disrupt trial he would be
held in contempt. (See N.T. Trial, 8/19/14, at 179-82; N.T. Trial, 8/21/14,
at 74-76). Appellant verbally abused the court and attempted to reach for a
water container on a table, which the court considered a threat, while being
led out of the room. (See N.T. Trial, 8/21/14, at 76). Defense counsel
informed the court that he was concerned about further disruptions and
requested that his client be allowed to view the rest of the proceedings on
closed circuit television.9 (See id. at 80-84). Defense counsel met with
Appellant and discussed the court’s plan, after which the trial court again
warned Appellant that if he continued to disrupt trial it would take steps to
ensure that the trial continued uninterrupted. (See id. at 104-06). The
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9
Defense counsel later objected, for the record, that Appellant was being
forced out of the room. (See N.T. Trial, 8/22/14, at 23-24).
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court removed Appellant on the following day after he again disrupted trial,
and instructed the jury that he was removed because of the disruptions.10
(See N.T. Trial, 8/22/14, at 15-16).
After careful review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in removing Appellant from the courtroom. The trial court
followed the guidelines set forth in Allen by warning Appellant that he could
be removed if he continued to be disruptive.11 Appellant’s first issue does
not merit relief.
In his second issue, Appellant claims that the trial court abused its
discretion in permitting Detective McKenna to testify concerning the
surveillance videos from the Rite Aid and Los Charales robberies. (See
Appellant’s Brief, at 43-51). Specifically, he argues that Detective
McKenna’s testimony was impermissible lay opinion testimony because he
did not have personal knowledge as to the identity of the person in the
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10
To the extent that Appellant argues the court’s instruction to the jury
following his removal was insufficient, he has waived such claim for failure to
object at trial. See Commonwealth v. McCloskey, 835 A.2d 801, 812
(Pa. Super. 2003) (holding appellant waived challenge to jury instruction
when he failed to make specific and timely objection).
11
Appellant has claimed that the warning was not sufficient, because the
record does not reflect Appellant specifically being told that removal was an
option. However, the record is clear that, not only did the court tell defense
counsel about its intent to remove Appellant if he continued to disrupt, and
then ask counsel to speak to Appellant about his behavior, defense counsel
joined in the request to remove Appellant. (See N.T. Trial, 8/21/14, at 82-
84, 97-98).
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surveillance videos. (See id. at 44-48). Furthermore, he argues that the
testimony was highly prejudicial because the detective who testified is a
veteran of the police force. (See id. at 50-51). We disagree.12
In reviewing a challenge to the admissibility of evidence,
we note that such matters are within the sound discretion of the
trial court and thus, we will reverse the trial court’s decision only
if the appellant sustains the heavy burden to show that the trial
court has abused its discretion.
It is not sufficient to persuade the appellate court
that it might have reached a different conclusion; it is
necessary to show an actual abuse of the discretionary
power. An abuse of discretion will not be found based on a
mere error of judgment, but rather exists where the court
has reached a conclusion that overrides or misapplies the
law, or where the judgment exercised is manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or
ill-will.
Commonwealth v. Brown, 134 A.3d 1097, 1105–06 (Pa. Super. 2016),
appeal denied, 145 A.3d 161 (Pa. 2016) (citations and quotation marks
omitted).
A lay witness may offer testimony as to his opinion if the opinion is
“(a) rationally based on the witness’s perception; (b) helpful to clearly
understanding the witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and
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12
Although Appellant’s second question presented contends the court erred
by allowing Detective McKenna to display still photographs from the videos
alongside a photograph of him, he did not develop an argument in support of
this claim with any pertinent legal discussion or authority. See Pa.R.A.P.
2119(a)-(b). Thus, we conclude it is waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2101.
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(c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within
the scope of Rule 702.” Pa.R.E. 701.
“[E]vidence may be excluded if its probative value is outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste
of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
Pa.R.E. 403 (emphasis added). Evidence is not unfairly
prejudicial simply because it is harmful to the defendant’s case.
Rather, exclusion of evidence on this ground is limited to
evidence so prejudicial that it would inflame the jury to make a
decision based upon something other than the legal propositions
relevant to the case.
Commonwealth v. Foley, 38 A.3d 882, 891 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal
denied, 60 A.3d 535 (Pa. 2013) (case citations and some quotation marks
omitted; citation formatting provided).
Here, the trial court explained that it permitted Detective McKenna to
testify about similarities he observed between the videos, because it served
as the basis for preparing a photo array and procuring an arrest warrant for
Appellant for the Los Charales robbery. (See Trial Ct. Op., at 15). The
court reasoned that Detective McKenna’s testimony was essential for the
jury to understand his testimony and why he considered Appellant a suspect
in connection with the Los Charales robbery. (See id. at 17).
Upon review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in permitting Detective McKenna to testify about viewing the two
surveillance videos and the similarities he noticed. See Brown, supra at
1105-06. The detective’s testimony was based on his viewing of the videos
in connection with his investigation, was helpful for the jury to understand
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his testimony and why he connected Appellant with the robbery, and was
not based on scientific or specialized evidence. See Pa.R.E. 701.
Furthermore, the fact that the testimony came from a detective who was a
veteran of the police force, does not make it unfairly prejudicial. See Foley,
supra at 891; Pa.R.E. 403. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
permitting Detective McKenna’s testimony; therefore, Appellant’s second
issue does not merit relief.
Because our holding with respect to Appellant’s fourth issue impacts
our analysis with respect to Appellant’s third issue, we have considered
Appellant’s fourth issue first, for ease of disposition. In his fourth issue,
Appellant argues that the trial court’s corrected sentencing orders, issued
October 13, 2015,13 are a nullity. (See id. at 54-61). We agree.
Appellant’s issue presents a question of law for which our scope of
review is plenary and our standard of review is de novo. See
Commonwealth v. Borrin, 12 A.3d 466, 471 (Pa. Super. 2011), affirmed,
80 A.3d 1219 (Pa. 2013).
The law is clear that a court may modify or rescind any
order within 30 days after its entry, if no appeal has been taken.
[See] 42 Pa.C.S.[A] § 5505; Pa.R.A.P. 1701(a). Thus, where a
Notice of Appeal has been filed, the trial court cannot act further
in the matter. However, this rule must be read in conjunction
with a court’s inherent powers to amend its records, to correct
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13
Because the trial court dated the corrected sentencing orders November
10, 2014, the same date as the original sentencing orders, we refer to the
date the docket entries were printed for reference.
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mistakes of the clerk or other officer of the court, inadvertencies
of counsel, or supply defects or omissions in the record, even
after the lapse of the term. . . . Thus, under limited
circumstances, even where the court would normally be divested
of jurisdiction, a court may have the power to correct patent and
obvious mistakes.
Commonwealth v. Klein, 781 A.2d 1133, 1135 (Pa. 2001) (citations and
quotation marks omitted). 14
Furthermore, this Court has long held that “when a judgment has been
vacated . . . the rights of the parties are left as though no judgment has
been entered. . . . [and] de novo [re-]sentencing resuscitates the duties of
the sentencing court and the rights of the defendant, including the
defendant’s right to personally address the court.” Commonwealth v.
Anderson, 603 A.2d 1060, 1063 (Pa. Super. 1992) (citations and quotation
marks omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Hobson, 452 A.2d 22, 23
(Pa. Super. 1982) (concluding that trial court is empowered to modify
sentence, yet “a criminal defendant and his attorney should be present
during all aspects of sentencing.”) (citations omitted).
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14
The law regarding what constitutes patent or obvious mistakes is less than
clear. See e.g. Klein, supra at 1135 (concluding, although order entered
greater than thirty-days prior, court permitted to modify sentence at new
sentencing hearing when original intent was clear); Commonwealth v.
Borrin, 80 A.3d 1219, 1227 (Pa. 2013) (holding that court could not modify
sentencing order, which had been entered greater than thirty-days prior,
with respect to consecutive or concurrent nature of sentences to correct
ambiguity in original sentence); Commonwealth v. Holmes, 933 A.2d 57,
67 (Pa. 2007) (holding court permitted to correct “clear errors in the
imposition of sentences that were incompatible with the record . . . or black
letter law . . . .”).
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In the instant case, the trial court imposed sentence on November 10,
2014. After denial of his post-sentence motions, Appellant filed a timely
notice of appeal on April 13, 2015. On October 13, 2015, while this appeal
was pending, the trial court sua sponte issued corrected sentencing orders,
without notifying Appellant or his counsel and without holding a hearing.
Because the trial court vacated the original sentence and imposed a new
sentence, without holding a hearing or notifying Appellant, we conclude that
the court erred in modifying his sentence. See Anderson, supra at 1063.
We further conclude the corrected sentencing orders are improper and
require a remand to the trial court for resentencing. Therefore, it is not
essential for us to determine whether the trial court had jurisdiction to
modify the original sentence because of patent or obvious errors, and we
conclude that the corrected sentencing orders are a nullity.15
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15
Moreover, we note that the trial court candidly conceded that the original
sentencing error at Docket No. 10494-2013 was the result of confusion with
respect to whether the robbery was a felony of the first or second degree,
and was not a clerical error. (See Supplemental Trial Ct. Op., 4/07/16, at
2). The court compounded this initial sentencing error when it issued its
October 13, 2015 orders, which not only altered the sentence at Docket No.
10494-2013, but also significantly altered the sentence at Docket No. 8821-
2012, and increased the grading of the robbery charge in that case. The
court has recognized its error with regard to Docket No. 8821-2012, and
explained that the sentence imposed November 10, 2014, for that robbery
was correct, and the October 13, 2015 corrected sentencing order is an
error. These compound errors were all done outside the presence of
Appellant and his counsel.
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In his third issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it
sentenced him on November 10, 2014, to a term of not less than seven-and-
one-half, nor more than fifteen years of imprisonment for his robbery
conviction at Docket No. 10494-2013. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 51-54).
Specifically, he contends that he was convicted of robbery as a second-
degree felony, thus the sentence imposed, which is above the maximum
permitted for felonies of the second degree, is an illegal sentence. (See
id.).16 We agree.
The scope and standard of review applied to determine the
legality of a sentence are well established. If no statutory
authorization exists for a particular sentence, that sentence is
illegal and subject to correction. An illegal sentence must be
vacated. In evaluating a trial court’s application of a statute, our
standard of review is plenary and is limited to determining
whether the trial court committed an error of law.
Commonwealth v. Leverette, 911 A.2d 998, 1001–02 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(citations omitted).
Here, the jury returned a guilty verdict at Docket No. 10494-2013, for
robbery, fear of immediate bodily injury, which is a felony of the second
degree. (See Verdict Slip, 8/25/14); 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(a)(1)(IV), (b).
The statutory maximum sentence for a felony of the second degree is not
more than ten years’ imprisonment. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1103(2).
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16
We note that both the trial court and the Commonwealth concede that the
sentence imposed for robbery at Docket No. 10494-2013, was illegal. (See
Supplemental Trial Ct. Op., at 2; Commonwealth’s Brief, at 32-33).
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Therefore, the court’s sentence of not less than seven and one-half, nor
more than fifteen years of imprisonment, which is in excess of the
maximum, is an illegal sentence. See Leverette, supra at 1001-02.
Accordingly, we vacate the sentences imposed and remand for resentencing
in all four cases in accordance with the provisions of this memorandum,
because our vacation may upset the trial court’s sentencing scheme.
Finally, in his fifth issue, Appellant challenges the discretionary aspects
of his sentence. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 62-66). However, because we
have vacated his sentence, Appellant’s challenge to the discretionary aspects
of the sentence is moot.
Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded to the trial court for
resentencing. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judge Dubow did not participate in the consideration or decision of this
case.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/22/2017
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Com. v. Allen, M.
Combined Opinion