State of New York
Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Third Judicial Department
Decided and Entered: February 23, 2017 522513
________________________________
JOHN C. HALL JR.,
Appellant,
v
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
QUEENSBURY UNION FREE SCHOOL
DISTRICT et al.,
Respondents.
(And a Third-Party Action.)
________________________________
Calendar Date: January 10, 2017
Before: Garry, J.P., Rose, Devine, Clark and Mulvey, JJ.
__________
Brennan & White, LLP, Queensbury (Joseph R. Brennan of
counsel), for appellant.
Goldberg Segalla, LLP, Syracuse (Heather Zimmerman of
counsel), for respondents.
__________
Clark, J.
Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court (Krogmann, J.),
entered September 30, 2015 in Warren County, which granted
defendants' motion for, among other things, summary judgment
dismissing the complaint.
Plaintiff is a plumber and pipefitter who was employed by
third-party defendant, Collette Mechanical, Inc., on a heating
renovation project for defendant Queensbury Union Free School
District. Defendant Turner Construction Company served as the
construction manager for the project. In the early afternoon of
February 10, 2011, while descending a staircase into the basement
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of the building where Collette stored its tools, plaintiff fell
and sustained a fracture of his right femur, requiring surgery.
Plaintiff thereafter commenced this personal injury action
alleging causes of action for, as relevant here, negligence and
violations of Labor Law §§ 200 and 241 (6).1 Defendants answered
and, upon completion of discovery, moved for, among other things,
summary judgment dismissing the complaint. Supreme Court granted
defendants' motion in its entirety, and plaintiff now appeals.
Summary judgment is a drastic remedy that "should not be
granted where there is any doubt as to the existence of [triable]
issues [of fact], or where the issue is arguable" (Sillman v
Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 3 NY2d 395, 404 [1957]
[internal quotation marks and citations omitted]). "It is not
the function of a court deciding a summary judgment motion to
make credibility determinations or findings of fact, but rather
to identify material triable issues of fact (or point to the lack
thereof)" (Vega v Restani Constr. Corp., 18 NY3d 499, 505 [2012];
see Matter of Suffolk County Dept. of Social Servs. v James M.,
83 NY2d 178, 182 [1994]). In the summary judgment stage,
evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party, who is afforded the benefit of every reasonable inference
(see Nomura Asset Capital Corp. v Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft
LLP, 26 NY3d 40, 49 [2015]; McKenna v Reale, 137 AD3d 1533, 1534
[2016]).
"Labor Law § 200 is a 'codification of the common-law duty
imposed upon an owner or general contractor to provide
construction site workers with a safe place to work'" (Gadani v
Dormitory Auth. of State of N.Y., 43 AD3d 1218, 1220 [2007],
quoting Comes v New York State Elec. & Gas Corp., 82 NY2d 876,
877 [1993]; see Christiansen v Bonacio Constr., Inc., 129 AD3d
1156, 1159 [2015]). Liability for a violation of Labor Law § 200
and common-law negligence arises where, as here, a plaintiff
establishes that the underlying injury arose from a dangerous
1
Plaintiff also alleged a violation of Labor Law § 240,
but that claim was subsequently dismissed on consent of the
parties.
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condition on the work site and the defendant had actual or
constructive notice of the condition and failed to remedy it
within a reasonable amount of time (see White v Village of Port
Chester, 92 AD3d 872, 876 [2012]; Harrington v Fernet, 92 AD3d
1070, 1071 [2012]; Gadani v Dormitory Auth. of State of N.Y., 43
AD3d at 1220). Relatedly, Labor Law § 241 (6) "imposes a
nondelegable duty of reasonable care upon owners and contractors
'to provide reasonable and adequate protection and safety' to
persons employed in, or lawfully frequenting, all areas in which
construction, excavation or demolition work is being performed"
(Rizzuto v L.A. Wenger Contr. Co., 91 NY2d 343, 348 [1998],
quoting Labor Law § 241 [6] [emphasis omitted]; see Copp v City
of Elmira, 31 AD3d 899, 899 [2006]). To prevail on a Labor Law §
241 (6) claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate "'the violation of a
regulation setting forth a specific standard of conduct
applicable to the working conditions which existed at the time of
the injury' and that the violation was the proximate cause of the
injury" sustained (Scribner v State of New York, 130 AD3d 1207,
1210 [2015], quoting Lawyer v Hoffman, 275 AD2d 541, 542 [2000]
[internal citation omitted]; see Copp v City of Elmira, 31 AD3d
at 899).
Here, with respect to his Labor Law § 200 and common-law
negligence claims, the hazardous condition alleged by plaintiff
was the purported lack, or inadequacy, of lighting in the
stairwell where he sustained his injury. Similarly, plaintiff
premised his Labor Law § 241 (6) claim on 22 NYCRR 23-1.30, a
regulation codifying the minimum amount of illumination required
at construction work sites.
In support of their motion for summary judgment dismissing
the complaint, defendants proffered the deposition testimony of
Turner's project manager, Collette's foreperson and one of the
school's employees in the maintenance and technology department,
all of whom responded to the scene shortly after plaintiff
sustained the injury and consistently and unequivocally testified
that the lights were on and functioning in the stairwell when
they arrived. In addition, they each testified that they did not
have any difficulty seeing in the stairwell, and two of the
individuals stated that, at the time of the accident, plaintiff
was uncertain as to the precise cause of his fall. Further, the
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combined testimony of the responding individuals established that
they had not received any prior complaints as to the adequacy of
the lighting in the stairwell, that there were no prior reported
injuries sustained in the stairwell and that there were no known
issues with the existing light fixtures at the top or bottom of
the stairs.
Defendants also tendered the deposition testimony of
plaintiff, who testified that the light at the top of the stairs
was on and that he could see the bottom of the stairs from the
top, but that it seemed to get "darker and darker" as he
descended. Plaintiff testified that he had traversed the stairs
without incident on many prior occasions, including at least two
times on the day of the accident, and that the fall could have
been caused by "snow blindness" resulting from entering the
building from outside. The foregoing testimony of plaintiff and
the individuals present at the scene immediately after the
accident was sufficient to establish the adequacy of the lighting
in the stairwell on the day of the accident and, thus, the
absence of the alleged hazardous condition and the alleged
violation of 22 NYCRR 23-1.30. Moreover, the proof demonstrated
that, even if there were inadequate lighting and a violation of
22 NYCRR 23-1.30, defendants did not have actual or constructive
notice of any such condition. Accordingly, defendants
established their prima facie entitlement to summary judgment
dismissing the complaint (see Remes v 513 W. 26th Realty, LLC, 73
AD3d 665, 666 [2010]).
However, plaintiff raised triable issues of fact in
opposition to defendants' motion. In particular, plaintiff
submitted the sworn affidavit of a coworker, who asserted that he
had descended the stairwell on the morning of the accident and
noticed that "the light at the bottom of the stairwell was not
working" and that, as a result, he "could not tell when [he]
reached the bottom" of the stairs. He averred that "[t]he only
light in the bottom area, which was minimal, was from a room
beyond the doorway at the bottom of the stairs." In addition, he
stated that, on the day before the accident, he observed that
there was no light bulb in the light fixture at the bottom of the
stairs and that he was able to make such observation because he
was performing work on the same wall on which the disputed light
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fixture was located. He further stated that the light at the
bottom of the stairs had been out for "several months." This
evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff,
presented triable issues of fact as to the sufficiency of the
lighting in the stairwell and whether defendants had constructive
notice of the alleged inadequate lighting. While the affidavit
of plaintiff's coworker was contradicted by other evidence in the
record, such contradictions presented credibility determinations,
which Supreme Court should have left to be resolved by the trier
of fact (see generally Ferrante v American Lung Assn., 90 NY2d
623, 631 [1997]; Glick & Dolleck v Tri-Pac Export Corp., 22 NY2d
439, 441 [1968]).
Defendants raise several alternative grounds for
affirmance, which are properly before this Court (see generally
Parochial Bus Sys. v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 60 NY2d 539,
545-546 [1983]), including that Turner is not liable under Labor
Law § 241 (6) because it was not a general contractor, owner or
agent of the owner. However, triable issues of fact exist as to
whether Turner had supervisory control and authority over job-
site safety, given the testimony of Collette's foreperson that he
would have brought any safety concerns to the attention of
Turner's project manager, as well as an accident report detailing
Turner's investigation into the circumstances surrounding
plaintiff's fall (see Barrios v City of New York, 75 AD3d 517,
519 [2010]; Lodato v Greyhawk N. Am., LLC, 39 AD3d 491, 493
[2007]). We have examined defendants' remaining alternative
grounds for affirmance and find them to be without merit.
Accordingly, Supreme Court should have denied defendants' motion
for summary judgment dismissing the complaint.
Garry, J.P., Rose, Devine and Mulvey, JJ., concur.
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ORDERED that the order is modified, on the law, without
costs, by reversing so much thereof as granted defendants' motion
for summary judgment dismissing the complaint; motion denied;
and, as so modified, affirmed.
ENTER:
Robert D. Mayberger
Clerk of the Court