SUPERIOR COURT
OF THE
STATE OF DELAWARE
ABIGAIL M. LEGROW LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
JUDGE 500 N. KING STREET, SUITE 10400
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19801
TELEPHONE (302) 255-0669
February 28, 2017
Gary W. Aber, Esquire James D. Taylor, Jr., Esquire
Gary W. Aber, P.A. Gerard M. Clodomir, Esquire
704 King Street, Suite 600 Saul Ewing LLP
P.O. Box 1675 1201 N. Market Street, Suite 2300
Wilmington, DE 19801 Wilmington, DE 19801
RE: Al-Sameen T. Khan, Ph.D. v. Delaware State University
C.A. No.: N14C-05-148 AML____________________
Dear Counsel:
This dispute, scheduled for trial in April, has been simmering for three years.
After initially bringing his claims in arbitration, the plaintiff, Al-Sameen T. Khan,
Ph.D. (“Dr. Khan), filed this action against his former employer, Defendant
Delaware State University (“DSU”), and the dean of the college in which he
worked, Defendant Noureddine Melikechi (“Dean Melikechi,” collectively with
DSU, “Defendants”). Among other things, Dr. Khan claimed his suspension and
discharge violated a collective bargaining agreement between DSU and its
professors. DSU filed a counterclaim alleging Dr. Khan acted in bad-faith by
withdrawing from arbitration.
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 2
In September 2015, Dr. Khan moved for summary judgment as to his breach
of contract claims and DSU’s bad-faith counterclaim, and DSU filed a summary
judgment motion as to Dr. Khan’s age discrimination and tortious interference
claims. On June 24, 2016, this Court issued a decision: (1) granting Dr. Khan’s
motion as to DSU’s counterclaim, (2) denying summary judgment as to all other
counts, and (3) calling for supplemental briefing to address whether a crucial term
in the agreement is ambiguous (the “June Decision”).1 I now turn to that question:
is the term “professional responsibilities” ambiguous as it is used in the collective
bargaining agreement?
Background
The factual background of this dispute is discussed extensively in the June
Decision.2 To briefly summarize, Dr. Khan was a tenured professor in the College
of Mathematics, Natural Sciences & Technology (“CMNST”) at DSU. Dr. Khan’s
employment as a professor was governed by a collective bargaining agreement (the
“CBA”).3 In addition to a faculty position, Dr. Khan also was the CMNST
Director of IT, which was a supplemental paid position. After a dispute with Dean
Melikechi, who was the dean of CMNST, Dr. Khan resigned from his role as IT
1
Khan v. Del. State Univ., 2016 WL 3575524 (Del. Super. June 24, 2016).
2
Id. at *1-8.
3
The CBA was negotiated between the DSU Board of Trustees and the DSU chapter of the
American Association of University Professors.
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 3
Director on March 12, 2012. On March 16, 2012, the IP network Dr. Khan
developed for CMNST crashed. Shortly thereafter, DSU suspended and ultimately
discharged Dr. Khan from his faculty position. As the basis for Dr. Khan’s
discharge, DSU asserted Dr. Khan refused to carry out reasonable assignments that
contributed substantially to the network crash and failed to respond to reasonable
requests to provide information to restore the network.
The parties agree that as a tenured professor Dr. Khan only could be
discharged under the terms of the CBA. DSU takes the position that Dr. Khan was
discharged under two sections of the CBA: (i) Section 10.4.3(A), which permits
discharge proceedings for the “[f]ailure to perform professional responsibilities
either through incompetence, persistent negligence, refusal to carry out reasonable
assignments, or disregard for or failure to meet scholarly and professional
standards and ethics[,]” and (ii) Section 10.4.3(E), which authorizes discharge for
“[s]erious personal misconduct of such a nature as to warrant and evoke the
condemnation of the academic community.”
In September 2015, Dr. Khan moved for summary judgment as to his breach
of contract claims and DSU’s bad-faith counterclaim. Dr. Khan argued he was
entitled to summary judgment on his contract claims because, under the CBA,
DSU lacked just cause to terminate him since the charges brought against him did
not relate to his performance of “professional responsibilities” as that term is used
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 4
in the CBA. In that motion, Dr. Khan contended the term “professional
responsibilities” meant “Academic Load,” a term defined elsewhere in the CBA.
DSU did not squarely address that argument in its briefs, but appeared to contend
that “professional responsibilities” should be interpreted more broadly than
“Academic Load.”4
Through briefing and oral argument, it became apparent to the Court that the
parties disagreed over the meaning of the term “professional responsibilities,” but
it remained unclear “whether the parties contend[ed] the use of the term
‘professional responsibilities’ in the CBA is ambiguous.”5 Accordingly, in the
June Decision, the Court called for simultaneous supplemental briefing on the
narrow issue of whether “professional responsibilities” is an ambiguous term. The
parties submitted such briefing, and additional oral argument was held on
November 30, 2016.
The Parties’ Contentions
In the supplemental briefing, Dr. Khan abandoned his contention that
“professional responsibilities” is synonymous with “Academic Load,” and now
contends that the CBA unambiguously defines the term “professional
4
Khan v. Del. State Univ., 2016 WL 3575524, at *9 (“Plaintiff strongly contends that the term
‘professional responsibilities’ means ‘Academic Load,’ and . . . . [a]lthough the issue is not
expressly addressed in its briefs, DSU appears to contend that ‘professional responsibilities’
should be interpreted more broadly than ‘Academic Load.’”)
5
Id.
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 5
responsibilities” in Section 12.3. Section 12.3, titled “Faculty Responsibilities and
Obligations,” states:
[T]he Association and the University agree that accepting and
assuming a faculty position at Delaware State University entails the
following professional responsibilities and obligations:
A. To demonstrate and maintain professional competence
and knowledge of subject matter and strive to keep
informed of contemporary developments in the field of
specialization through reading and research, or other
means of expression appropriate to the discipline.
B. To meet each class as scheduled.
C. To aspire to excellence in teaching by conducting each
class according to the highest professional standards.
D. To distribute policies concerning attendance, course
requirements, and criteria for grading to each student at
the beginning of each semester.
E. To represent to students during the term and within a
reasonable time evaluations of their academic
performance and progress in the class.
F. To be available to students on a regular basis for advising
and counseling on matters regarding their academic
performance and progress in class.
G. To treat all students fairly, impartially, and with
understanding.
H. To improve, update, enrich, and revise courses
periodically to keep them current.
I. To maintain adherence to course descriptions in
accordance with the syllabus and the University Catalog.
J. To be available on a regular basis to students who have
been identified as advisees on matters pertaining to the
students’ program of study.
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 6
K. To accept willingly a fair share of Departmental and
University duties.
L. To accept willingly a fair share of committee
assignments and to serve conscientiously as a member of
committees appointed or elected to and fulfill the specific
duties of any chair or office accepted.
M. To adhere to deadlines and schedules established for the
timely reporting of grades and for other matters related to
student registration and record-keeping.6
Dr. Khan asserts that the items enumerated in Section 12.3 completely
encompass the “professional responsibilities” of a tenured faculty member. 7 Dr.
Khan argues that, under the principle of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, the
enumeration of this list, without any statement that other professional
responsibilities are assumed as a result of accepting a faculty position at DSU,
leads to the inference that any professional responsibilities other than those listed
are excluded.8 Dr. Khan contends the Court must give effect to the specific list
chosen and bargained for by the parties, which the parties were unwilling to leave
for later interpretation.9
In response, Defendants continue to dodge any attempt to define
“professional responsibilities,” arguing instead that: “The CBA does not limit
discipline to ‘academic responsibilities’ or to ‘those duties defined and described in
6
CBA § 12.3 (emphasis added).
7
Pl.’s Answering Br. 5.
8
Id. at 6.
9
Id.
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 7
the CBA.’”10 According to Defendants, the term “professional responsibilities” is
“broad” and “undefined.”11 Defendants contend the CBA “uses the intentionally
broad phrase ‘professional responsibilities’ to capture the full plethora of
obligations that a faculty member owes to the institution, regardless of their
source.”12 According to Defendants, “the task of articulating a comprehensive
definition of this term is daunting and it is not surprising that the parties left the
application of [the] term to the future, when the context would be a helpful
guide.”13 In other words, DSU argues, the term is “broadly written and undefined
for a reason – precisely so that the parties did not have to anticipate every scenario
where a faculty member owed a responsibility to his or her institution.”14
Defendants therefore contend the term is ambiguous and will need to be
defined by the jury through testimony and parol evidence.15 Defendants argue they
will demonstrate at trial that the term encompasses all of the obligations Dr. Khan
owed to DSU, including that on which his termination was based.16 Defendants
point to a witness’s deposition testimony to support the argument that the term
10
Defs.’ Opening Suppl. Br. Opp. Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. Br. 6.
11
Id. at. 5, 7; Defs.’ Reply Br. 5.
12
Defs.’ Opening Suppl. Br. Opp. Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. Br. 6.
13
Id. at 7.
14
Defs.’ Reply Br. 6.
15
Defs.’ Opening Suppl. Br. Opp. Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. Br. 2.
16
Id. at 7.
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 8
“professional responsibilities” has a broader meaning than Dr. Khan’s proffered
definition.17
Finally, Defendants argue that, no matter how the term “professional
responsibilities” is defined, material factual disputes remain regarding Dr. Khan’s
conduct before his discharge, and these disputes preclude summary judgment.
Defendants aver that the question of whether Dr. Khan’s conduct amounted to a
failure to perform his professional responsibilities is a question for the jury.18
Analysis
The proper construction of a contract, such as a collective bargaining
agreement, is a question of law for the Court.19 When interpreting a contract, the
Court gives priority to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the four corners of the
contract.20 In upholding the parties’ intentions, the Court must construe the
contract “as a whole, giving effect to all provisions therein.”21 Clear and
17
Id. at 6. Defendants acknowledge, however, that the Court must determine whether ambiguity
exists based solely on the contract and only may consider parol evidence if the Court first
concludes the contract is ambiguous.
18
Defs.’s Resp. Br. 6.
19
Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1195 (Del. 1992).
20
Paul v. Deloitte & Touche, LLP, 974 A.2d 140, 145 (Del. 2009) (citing E.I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co. v. Shell Oil Co., 498 A.2d 1108, 1114 (Del. 1985) (citing Radio Corp. of Am. v.
Phila. Storage Battery Co., 6 A.2d 329 (Del. 1939)); Nw. Nat'l Ins. Co. v. Esmark, Inc., 672 A.2d
41, 43 (Del. 1996)).
21
GMG Capital Invs. v. Athenian Venture P’rs I, L.P., 36 A.3d 776, 779 (Del. 2012) (citing E.I.
du Pont de Nemours & Co., 498 A.2d at 1113).
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 9
unambiguous language will be given its ordinary meaning.22 A contract is
ambiguous when a provision is susceptible to more than one interpretation,23 and
not “simply because the parties do not agree upon its proper construction.” 24 If the
contract is ambiguous, “the resolution of the ambiguity becomes a trial issue for
the jury,”25 which may consider extrinsic evidence to construe the contract or
determine the parties’ intent.26
A. The CBA is not ambiguous.
Dr. Khan contends his contractual “professional responsibilities” are limited
to the list of responsibilities contained in Section 12.3 of the CBA. Defendants
argue “professional responsibilities” include every duty reasonably assigned to a
faculty member. The initial question before me is whether the term “professional
responsibilities” fairly is susceptible to two different interpretations. I agree with
Dr. Khan that it is not.
22
Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159-60 (Del. 2010) (citing Rhone-Poulenc
Basic Chems. Co., 616 A.2d at 1195); GMG Capital Investments v. Athenian Venture Partners I,
L.P., 36 A.3d 776, 780 (Del. 2012).
23
GMG Capital Invs., 36 A.3d at 780 (citing Eagle Indus., Inc. v. DeVilbiss Health Care, Inc.,
702 A.2d 1228, 1232 (Del. 1997) (An ambiguity exists where “the provisions in controversy are
fairly susceptible of different interpretations or may have two or more different meanings.”)).
24
GMG Capital Invs., 36 A.3d at 780 (quoting Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co., 616 A.2d at
1196).
25
GMG Capital Invs., 36 A.3d 776, 783 (citing Eagle Indus., Inc., 702 A.2d at 1232; Lawrence
M. Solan, Pernicious Ambiguity in Contracts & Statutes, 79 Chi-Kent L.Rev. 859, 862 (2004);
United Rentals, Inc. v. RAM Hldgs., Inc., 937 A.2d 810, 841-42 (Del. Ch. 2007)).
26
Norton v. K-Sea Transp. P’rs L.P., 67 A.3d 354, 360 (Del. 2013).
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
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In my view, which DSU does not dispute directly, Dr. Khan’s interpretation
of the term is reasonable. First, the structure of the CBA supports the conclusion
that “professional responsibilities” is a defined term. Before disciplining a tenured
faculty member, Section 10.4.2 requires there be substantiated charges directly and
substantially related to the fitness of the faculty member to perform professional
responsibilities. Similarly, Section 10.4.3(A) states that discharge proceedings
may be instituted for the “[f]ailure to perform professional responsibilities either
through incompetence, persistent negligence, refusal to carry out reasonable
assignments, or disregard for or failure to meet scholarly and professional
standards and ethics.” It is reasonable to conclude the parties would have
negotiated a list of responsibilities for which one could be disciplined and
ultimately discharged. Section 12.3 provides just such a list.
In contrast, the definition (or, more accurately, the contention that there is no
definition) offered by Defendants is not a reasonable interpretation of the CBA.
Defendants seek to avoid the plain language of Section 12.3 by arguing it merely
lists examples of professional responsibilities, but is not an exhaustive list. Even if
the Court were to ignore the plain and unambiguous reading of Section 12.3, which
is devoid of any language to suggest an exemplary rather than exhaustive list of
terms, the other provisions of the contract make Defendants’ interpretation
untenable. When interpreting contracts, this Court construes the contract as a
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
Page 11
whole,27 “gives meaning to every word in the agreement[,] and avoids
interpretations that would result in ‘superfluous verbiage.’” 28 If the parties
intended Section 12.3 to be exemplary, one would expect to find language similar
to what is found in Section 12.3.2, which states: “The Association and the
University agree that accepting and assuming the responsibility of a Department
includes but is not necessarily limited to the following professional responsibilities
and obligations[.]”29 The use of “including but not limited to” language is a tool
commonly employed by contract drafters to avoid the application of the expressio
unius est exclusio alterius rule. Not only was the phrase not used in Section 12.3,
it was employed by the drafters for other, similar lists, including lists of the
professional responsibilities of non-faculty members covered by the CBA. If that
exemplary language were to be read into Section 12.3, as Defendants suggest, then
the language that is present in other sections of the CBA would be rendered
“superfluous verbiage,” a result this Court aims to avoid.
Furthermore, Defendants’ interpretation of “professional responsibilities” is
unreasonably broad, swallowing every conceivable duty a faculty member could or
should owe to DSU. That breadth and uncertainty is not consistent with the CBA’s
27
GMG Capital Invs., 36 A.3d at 779 (citing E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 498 A.2d at 1113).
28
Seidensticker v. Gasparilla Inn, Inc., 2007 WL 4054473, at *3 (Del. Ch. Nov. 8, 2007) (citing
NAMA Hldgs., LLC v. World Mkt. Ctr. Venture, LLC, 2007 WL 2088851, at*6 (Del. Ch. July 20,
2007)).
29
CBA § 12.3.2 (emphasis added); see also CBA § 10.5.6(9)(C): “Other specific measures taken
may include, but not be limited to, each of the following . . . .”
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
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purpose or the principles of tenure as a whole. It is unreasonable to conclude that
those negotiating the contract on the faculty members’ behalf would have left to
future “contextual” interpretation the scope of the responsibilities for which they
could be subjected to discipline. Accordingly, DSU has not shown the term
“professional responsibilities,” as it is used in the CBA, is susceptible to two
different meanings.
B. Dr. Khan’s Motion for Summary Judgment is denied.
Although the Court finds no ambiguity in the contested provision and agrees
with Dr. Khan’s reading of Section 12.3, summary judgment as to Dr. Khan’s
contract claims is not appropriate. A factual question remains as to whether DSU’s
evidence amounts to a failure by Dr. Khan to perform his professional
responsibilities as defined in Section 12.3. For example, a jury reasonably might
conclude Dr. Khan’s conduct in response to requests by DSU, including the
Provost of the University, was a failure “[t]o accept willingly a fair share of
Departmental and University duties,”30 or was “serious personal misconduct”
under Section 10.4.3(E). That question likely will turn on an evaluation of the
testimony and credibility of the witnesses, which is not this Court’s function on a
motion for summary judgment.
30
CBA § 12.3(K); see CBA § 10.4.3(A): “Failure to perform professional responsibilities . . . .”
Khan v. Del. State Univ.
February 28, 2017
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Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Dr. Khan’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to
Counts I and II is DENIED. IT IS SO ORDERED.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Abigail M. LeGrow
Abigail M. LeGrow, Judge
Original to Prothonotary
Khan v. Delaware State University
Combined Opinion