1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: February 27, 2017
4 NO. 33,961
5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
6 Plaintiff-Appellee,
7 v.
8 ANTHONY W. PATTERSON,
9 Defendant-Appellant.
10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY
11 Jerry H. Ritter Jr., District Judge
12 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
13 Santa Fe, NM
14 Elizabeth Ashton, Assistant Attorney General
15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
18 Sergio Viscoli, Appellate Defender
19 Matthew J. O’Gorman, Assistant Appellate Defender
20 David Henderson, Assistant Appellate Defender
21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant
1 OPINION
2 FRENCH, Judge.
3 {1} A jury convicted Defendant Anthony Patterson of two counts of trafficking
4 oxycodone by distribution, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-31-20(A)(2), (B)(1)
5 (2006). Defendant argues that the district court committed reversible error by denying
6 him the opportunity to: (1) cross-examine an undercover narcotics enforcement agent
7 (Undercover Agent), about a prior instance of untruthfulness and about a
8 conversation between Undercover Agent and a confidential informant; and (2) present
9 an entrapment defense. Defendant also argues that the district court’s order to return
10 the computer projector he received as payment in one of the drug transactions was
11 improper. We agree with Defendant that the district court improperly limited
12 Defendant’s cross-examination, contrary to Rule 11-608 NMRA. Accordingly, we
13 reverse Defendant’s convictions. We leave Defendant’s other arguments unexamined.
14 BACKGROUND
15 {2} We focus our background discussion on the subset of facts relevant to the issue
16 we reach in this opinion. Defendant was arrested in connection with two sales of
17 narcotic pills. The transactions took place principally between Defendant, Undercover
18 Agent, and a confidential informant.
1 {3} At trial, Undercover Agent testified that on October 26, 2011, Defendant
2 exchanged five oxycodone pills for a backpack with a computer projector in it and,
3 on November 18, 2011, sold five oxycodone pills. The confidential informant did not
4 testify.
5 {4} On cross-examination of Undercover Agent, Defendant sought to inquire about
6 an occasion that the Undercover Agent purportedly admitted in court to
7 misrepresentation in a police report:
8 Counsel: [R]egarding these reports that you make. And you’re
9 saying that they’re accurate except in this case you said
10 there may be some typos on these two reports, is that
11 correct?
12 Undercover Agent: That’s correct.
13 Counsel: Okay. Now, were you involved with [the confidential
14 informant] on [another case]?
15 Undercover Agent: I was, yes.
16 Counsel: And actually, that charge went federal [be]cause there was
17 a gun charge, right?
18 State: Objection, Judge: relevance.
19 Court: Counsel approach, please.
20 [at the bench conference]
21 Court: Where are we going now, [counsel]?
2
1 Counsel: Now, we’re going into testimony under oath in a federal
2 preliminary hearing that [Undercover Agent] was
3 untruthful in his report [in another case]. I believe its—
4 State: [interrupting] [inaudible] improper impeachment.
5 Counsel: [inaudible] . . . the accuracy of his report.
6 State: It’s an improper impeachment.
7 Without presenting an opportunity for Defendant to respond, the district court
8 sustained the State’s objection.
9 {5} The jury found Defendant guilty of two counts of trafficking of oxycodone.
10 He was sentenced to nine years of incarceration, suspended to five years of
11 supervised probation conditioned on, among other terms, the return of the projector
12 received by Defendant in exchange for drugs. Defendant appeals.
13 DISCUSSION
14 1. Excluded Cross-Examination Regarding a Purported Prior Act of
15 Misrepresentation
16 {6} Defendant contends that it was error for the district court to prevent him from
17 cross-examining Undercover Agent regarding a purported prior act of
18 misrepresentation in a police report from another case. Defendant argues that the
19 district court’s ruling was contrary to Rule 11-608 and violated Defendant’s
20 confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution
21 and Article II, Section 14 of the New Mexico Constitution. We first review the
3
1 exclusion of the Undercover Agent’s testimony about a prior misrepresentation under
2 our evidentiary rules. We review evidentiary decisions of the district court for an
3 abuse of discretion. State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 41, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d
4 829. Evidentiary error is not grounds for a new trial unless harmful. State v. Tollardo,
5 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 32, 275 P.3d 110. Error under the rules of evidence is harmful
6 where there is any reasonable probability that the error contributed to the verdict. Id.
7 ¶ 36.
8 {7} “All relevant evidence is generally admissible, unless otherwise provided by
9 law[.]” State v. Balderama, 2004-NMSC-008, ¶ 23, 135 N.M. 329, 88 P.3d 845.
10 “Evidence that reflects on a [witness’s] credibility is relevant.” State v. Johnson,
11 2010-NMSC-016, ¶ 41, 148 N.M. 50, 229 P.3d 523. “Any doubt whether the evidence
12 is relevant should be resolved in favor of admissibility.” Balderama, 2004-NMSC-
13 008, ¶ 23. Pursuant to Rule 11-608(B)(1), cross-examination about specific instances
14 of conduct probative of the witness’s character for truthfulness is generally
15 admissible, although extrinsic evidence is not admissible to prove such conduct. See
16 id. Evidence that is otherwise admissible may be excluded if its probative value is
17 substantially exceeded by danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues, waste of
18 time, delay, or presentation of cumulative evidence. See Rule 11-403 NMRA.
4
1 {8} At trial, neither Defendant, the State, nor the district court mentioned any rule
2 of evidence when discussing Defendant’s proffer. The State objected on grounds of,
3 in turn, relevance and improper impeachment. The district court sustained one or,
4 perhaps, both of the State’s objections without explanation. On appeal, Defendant
5 argues that: preventing him from questioning the Undercover Agent about a
6 misrepresentation in a police report was an abuse of discretion under Rule 11-
7 608(B)(1), the evidence was not excluded as unfairly prejudicial under Rule 11-403,
8 and reversal is required because there is a reasonable probability that the district
9 court’s erroneous exclusion contributed to Defendant’s convictions. The State does
10 not counter by arguing that the evidence was inadmissible under Rule 11-608(B);
11 that, if admissible, exclusion of the evidence was within the court’s discretion under
12 Rule 11-608(B); or that, if there was error, it was harmless. Instead, the State argues
13 that the evidence was not relevant and was not admissible under Rule 11-404(B)(1)
14 NMRA, which prohibits evidence of a prior wrong or other act to demonstrate that
15 a person was more likely to have acted in accordance with the character revealed by
16 the wrong or act. We begin by examining the State’s arguments.
17 {9} Because untruthfulness in a police report recently authored by a witness is
18 probative of that witness’s credibility, testimony about such a report is relevant. See
19 Baum v. Orosco, 1987-NMCA-102, ¶¶ 23, 26, 106 N.M. 265, 742 P.2d 1 (allowing,
5
1 in a case involving purported excessive force, questioning about an officer’s prior
2 untruthfulness directed at the officer’s credibility). The State’s second
3 argument—that Defendant’s line of questioning would be inadmissible under Rule
4 11-404(B)(1)—is without consequence for our analysis because the inadmissibility
5 of evidence under one rule of evidence does not preclude the admissibility of the
6 evidence for another purpose under another rule. See State v. Omar-Muhammad,
7 1987-NMSC-043, ¶ 29, 105 N.M. 788, 737 P.2d 1165 (“Evidence admissible for one
8 purpose is not to be excluded because it is inadmissible for another purpose.”). We
9 move on, then, to Defendant’s arguments, beginning with whether Rule 11-608(B)
10 permits the questioning of the Undercover Agent about a specific prior act of
11 untruthfulness in a different police report involving another arguably related case.
12 {10} Rule 11-608(B)(1) permits cross-examination of a witness about a specific
13 incident or act that is probative of his or her character for truthfulness. We think
14 testimony about a purported recent admission under oath by Undercover Agent of an
15 untruthful or inaccurate police report he authored is probative of his character for
16 truthfulness. Cf. United States v. Bocra, 623 F.2d 281, 288 (3d Cir. 1980) (“The
17 classic example of a permissible inquiry [pursuant to federal Rule 608(b)] would be
18 an incident in which the witness had lied.”). Such testimony is unlike a line of inquiry
19 that might place a witness or defendant in a bad light but is not probative of character
6
1 for truthfulness. See, e.g., State v. Padilla, 1994-NMCA-067, ¶¶ 30-31, 118 N.M.
2 189, 879 P.2d 1208 (holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion under
3 Rule 11-608(B) by preventing cross-examination of a police officer about a charge
4 of criminal sexual penetration against the officer because the charge was not a
5 specific instance of conduct bearing on credibility). Because the excluded line of
6 inquiry lies squarely within the scope of evidence permitted under Rule 11-608(B)(1),
7 we turn to the question of whether the district court’s exclusion of that line of inquiry
8 was an abuse of discretion.
9 {11} A court abuses its discretion when it makes an evidentiary ruling that “is
10 clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances of the case” and
11 “clearly untenable or not justified by reason.” State v. Samora, 2016-NMSC-031,
12 ¶ 37, 387 P.3d 230 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Factors that
13 inform a court’s exercise of discretion under Rule 11-608(B) include:
14 (1) whether the witness’s testimony is crucial or unimportant, (2) the
15 relevancy of the act of misconduct to truthfulness, (3) the nearness or
16 remoteness of the misconduct to the time of trial, (4) whether the matter
17 inquired into is likely to lead to time-consuming, distracting
18 explanations on cross-examination or re-examination, and (5) whether
19 there will be unfair humiliation of the witness and undue prejudice to the
20 party who called the witness.
7
1 1 Kenneth S. Broun et al., McCormick on Evidence § 41 (7th ed. 2016).1 We review
2 the district court’s exercise of discretion through the prism of those five factors.
3 {12} It is important to our analysis that Undercover Agent’s testimony was crucial
4 to the case against Defendant. See Gordon v. United States, 344 U.S. 414, 417 (1953)
5 (“[W]here . . . the [g]overnment’s case may stand or fall on the jury’s belief or
6 disbelief of one witness, his credibility is subject to close scrutiny.”); accord United
7 States v. Morales-Quinones, 812 F.2d 604, 613 (10th Cir. 1987) (“Where the
8 testimony of a witness is critical to the [g]overnment’s case, the defendant has a right
9 to attack the [witness’s] credibility by wide[-]ranging cross-examination.”); United
10 States. v. Dennis, 625 F.2d 782, 798 (8th Cir. 1980) (“Where the testimony of one
1
11 Although we observe that, prior to this case, New Mexico appellate courts
12 have not applied enumerated factors to a Rule 11-608 abuse of discretion analysis,
13 our appellate courts have applied enumerated factors when analyzing for an abuse of
14 discretion under Rule 11-609 NMRA. See State v. Trejo, 1991-NMCA-143, ¶¶ 9, 16,
15 113 N.M. 342, 825 P.2d 1252 (enumerating six factors relevant to a district court’s
16 analysis of whether to admit evidence pursuant to Rule 11-609 and, after analyzing
17 under those factors, determining that the district court did not abuse its discretion
18 admitting evidence). Rule 11-609 is related to Rule 11-608 in that both provide
19 avenues for the cross-examination of a witness for the purpose of attacking the
20 witness’s character for truthfulness. Compare Rule 11-609 (providing for cross-
21 examination under limited circumstances about a witness’s prior conviction for the
22 purpose of attacking the witness’s character for truthfulness), with Rule 11-608
23 (providing for cross-examination under limited circumstances about a witness’s prior
24 bad acts not resulting in conviction for the purpose of attacking the witness’s
25 character for truthfulness). Given the relatedness of the two rules, the use by our
26 appellate courts of enumerated factors for a Rule 11-609 analysis informs our
27 decision to enumerate factors for a Rule 11-608 analysis.
8
1 witness is critical to the government’s case, the defendant has a right to attack that
2 witness’s credibility by a wide-ranging cross-examination.”); United States v. Fortes,
3 619 F.2d 108, 118 (1st Cir. 1980) (“[W]hen a case turns to a large extent on the
4 credibility of [the] defendant’s accuser, broad cross-examination of that principal
5 witness should be allowed.”). The State has not made an argument that anyone other
6 than Undercover Agent testified as an eyewitness to Defendant’s role in the
7 transactions for which Defendant was convicted, nor has the State pointed to other
8 testimony linking Defendant to the oxycodone pills. Undercover Agent’s credibility
9 and character for truthfulness, which Defendant sought to challenge, was thus
10 axiomatically central to this case. As a result, the first abuse of discretion factor
11 firmly favors Defendant’s argument. See United States v. Torres, 569 F.3d 1277,
12 1283 (10th Cir. 2009) (“While the admission of [Rule 608(b)] evidence is at the
13 discretion of the district court, it may well be an abuse of discretion not to allow such
14 cross-examination in a criminal case where the vast majority of inculpatory evidence
15 is based on a lone witness’s testimony.” (internal quotation marks and citation
16 omitted)).
17 {13}
We next turn to abuse of discretion factors two through five. A
18 misrepresentation in a police report is the kind of specific incident of misconduct
19 relevant to truthfulness. With regard to the temporal relationship between the
9
1 purportedly untruthful report in another case and the trial in this case, the record is
2 insufficient to determine whether the police report or the purported admission was
3 remote in time, nor has the State argued that the other case was old. Although the
4 inquiry into Undercover Agent’s previous report in the federal case would involve a
5 new factual inquiry, we will not speculate regarding whether such inquiry would be
6 time-consuming, distracting, or unreasonable. Regardless, Undercover Agent’s
7 testimony was cardinal, and therefore his credibility was not a collateral matter; a
8 valid challenge to his credibility, which merited trial time and attention. See Gordon,
9 344 U.S. at 417 (“[W]here . . . the [g]overnment’s case may stand or fall on the jury’s
10 belief or disbelief of one witness, his credibility is subject to close scrutiny.”); See
11 also Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316 (1974) (“Cross-examination is the principal
12 means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are
13 tested.”). Finally, we do not perceive that this narrow, police report type of inquiry
14 would be, on its face, unfairly humiliating to Undercover Agent or unduly prejudicial.
15 {14} We conclude that the district court’s ruling to exclude Defendant’s inquiry into
16 the truthfulness of Undercover Agent’s police report in the federal case was error.
17 Any material misstatement in Undercover Agent’s police report was highly relevant
18 to the agent’s credibility and character for truthfulness under Rule 11-608(B). We
19 also conclude that, based upon the five abuse of discretion factors, the district court’s
10
1 ruling was clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances in this
2 case. Accordingly, the district court’s ruling was clearly not justified by reason and
3 resulted in abuse of discretion under Rule 11-608(B). See State v. Samora, 2016-
4 NMSC-031, ¶ 37 (stating that a court abuses its discretion when it makes an
5 evidentiary ruling that “is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
6 circumstances of the case” and “clearly untenable or not justified by reason.” (internal
7 quotation marks and citation omitted)). However, that conclusion does not end our
8 inquiry into the district court’s exercise of discretion.
9 {15} Under Rule 11-403, a court has discretion to exclude otherwise admissible
10 evidence if the “probative value [of the evidence] is substantially outweighed by a
11 danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
12 wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Id. Neither at trial nor
13 on appeal has the State made an argument that the evidence at issue was or should be
14 excluded under Rule 11-403. Nor do we have any evidence in the record that the
15 district court applied Rule 11-403 to exclude the evidence. Accordingly, we do not
16 conclude that Defendant’s proffered line of inquiry was excluded under Rule 11-403.
17 Nevertheless, we may affirm if the district court was right for any reason, State v.
18 Astorga, 2015-NMSC-007, ¶ 44, 343 P.3d 1245, including proper exclusion under
11
1 Rule 11-403. We therefore continue with an analysis of the exclusion under Rule 11-403.
2 {16} The five factors that informed our Rule 11-608(B) analysis also speak to a Rule
3 11-403 analysis.2 The first three factors—whether the witness’s testimony is crucial
4 or unimportant, the relevancy of the act of misconduct to truthfulness, the nearness
5 or remoteness of the misconduct to the time of trial—all relate to the probative value
6 of the evidence. The final two—whether the matter inquired into is likely to lead to
7 time-consuming, distracting explanations on cross-examination or re-examination,
8 and whether there will be unfair humiliation of the witness and undue prejudice to the
9 party who called the witness—relate to prejudice, confusion, or waste of time. In all,
10 our analysis of the Rule 11-608(B) factors does not indicate that the probative value
11 of the proffered evidence would be substantially outweighed by the enumerated
12 dangers of Rule 11-403.
13 {17} Also important to our Rule 11-403 analysis is whether there was a good-faith
14 basis for Defendant’s line of questioning. See 1 Broun, supra, at § 41 (“[T]he cross-
15 examiner may not pose the question unless she has a good[-]faith basis in fact for the
16 inquiry.”); State v. Robinson, 1983-NMSC-040, ¶ 5, 99 N.M. 674, 662 P.2d 1341 (“In
2
17 In fact, an evidence treatise refers to the federal equivalent of New Mexico
18 evidentiary Rule 11-403 and Rule 11-611 NMRA as “codify[ing] the wide discretion
19 of the court in controlling impeachment” under the federal equivalent to Rule 11-608.
20 4 Jack B. Weinstein et al., Weinstein’s Federal Evidence, § 608.02[3][c] (Mark S.
21 Brodin, ed., Matthew Bender 2d ed. 2016) (footnote omitted); see also Bocra, 623
22 F.2d at 288, (“[Federal] Rule 608(b) is meant to tie into [federal] Rule 403[.]”).
12
1 considering the character of the prior conduct, the [district] court must take care to
2 distinguish actual misconduct from a mere accusation of misconduct.”). Without at
3 least a good-faith basis for an inquiry, the inquiry would likely have little, if any,
4 probative value relative to prejudicial effect. See id. ¶ 7 (“The impeachment of a
5 witness by insinuations based on unsubstantiated allegations of prior misconduct
6 provides the trier of fact with no information relevant to the witness’s credibility and
7 carries a great potential for prejudice.”). Put another way, a baseless inquiry might be
8 no more than a smear. See id. ¶ 8 (stating that a line of inquiry about mere suspicions
9 of prior misconduct was innuendo and admitted erroneously). In this case, the State
10 did not challenge the basis for Defendant’s inquiry that involved Undercover Agent’s
11 “testimony under oath in a federal preliminary hearing.” Nor did the district court
12 inquire any further. Nor does the State raise this issue on appeal. Therefore, we have
13 no basis in the record to conclude that Defendant’s inquiry was without a good-faith
14 factual basis.
15 {18} Lastly, we observe that some holdings rely heavily on whether the credibility
16 of the witness was challenged adequately on cross-examination without the excluded
17 evidence offered as probative of the witness’s truthfulness. See Fortes, 619 F.2d at
18 118 (stating that “the extent to which the excluded question bears upon character
19 traits that were otherwise sufficiently explored” is to be considered when analyzing
13
1 whether the evidence was properly excluded under the federal equivalent of Rule 11-
2 608(B)); see also Fortes, 619 F.2d at 118 (holding that the district court did not abuse
3 its discretion in excluding cross-examination of an important witness about his
4 truthfulness in a prior incident because “extensive inquiry” was made into the
5 witness’s credibility through inquiry into other conduct and statements). In this case,
6 the State has not made the argument that Undercover Agent’s credibility was
7 adequately challenged without the excluded line of questioning. It appears that the
8 district court did not tailor the scope of cross-examination directed at Undercover
9 Agent’s credibility but, instead, forestalled entirely that line of inquiry. Moreover, it
10 did so summarily and without analysis on the record. Defendant’s excluded inquiry
11 did not overlap with an alternative challenge to Undercover Agent’s credibility, nor
12 is this a case in which Defendant challenges only the scope of an inquiry that was
13 permitted but limited by the district court. See United States v. Estell, 539 F.2d 697,
14 699-700 (10th Cir. 1976) (holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion
15 where the district court tailored the scope of an inquiry about a witness’s drug dealing
16 by allowing defense counsel “wide latitude” for questioning on the subject but
17 preventing inquiry into the source of the drugs). In sum, we do not find any reason
18 that Defendant’s inquiry could be properly excluded pursuant to Rule 11-403.
14
1 {19} Having determined that the exclusion of Defendant’s line of inquiry was error,
2 we examine whether there was any reasonable probability that the error contributed
3 to the verdict in order to determine whether reversal is required. See Tollardo, 2012-
4 NMSC-008, ¶¶ 25, 36 (stating that harmless error does not require reversal and error
5 under our evidentiary rules is harmless unless there is a reasonable probability that
6 the error contributed to the verdict). We observe that the State has not made any
7 argument that the error was harmless. This puts the State at a disadvantage. See Elane
8 Photography, LLC v. Willock, 2013-NMSC-040, ¶ 70, 309 P.3d 53 (“We will not
9 . . . guess at what a party’s arguments might be.” (alteration, internal quotation marks,
10 and citation omitted)); State v. Duran, 2015-NMCA-015, ¶¶ 19-20, 343 P.3d 207
11 (stating that “[t]he [s]tate bears the burden to prove the error was harmless” when
12 analyzing for non-constitutional evidentiary error).
13 {20} Defendant argues that the error was not harmless. It is undisputed that the State
14 relied solely upon the testimony of Undercover Agent to establish all the critical
15 elements of its case against Defendant. The jury’s assessment of Undercover Agent’s
16 credibility was therefore the lens through which the jury evaluated the State’s case.
17 Because Undercover Agent’s testimony was indispensable and the jury’s perception
18 of his credibility critical, we are not in the position to say that there was no reasonable
19 probability that the erroneous exclusion of Defendant’s challenge to Undercover
15
1 Agent’s character for truthfulness contributed to Defendant’s conviction. See United
2 States v. Whitmore, 359 F.3d 609, 622-23 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (holding that evidentiary
3 error was not harmless where the defendant was precluded from challenging the
4 character for truthfulness of the “sole and critical eye-witness” and the corroborating
5 evidence was minimal); State v. Smith, 2001-NMSC-004, ¶ 16, 130 N.M. 117, 19
6 P.3d 254 (“[I]n New Mexico, it is the fact[-]finder that determines credibility.”).
7 Accordingly, the error was not harmless. See Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 36
8 (stating that error under the rules of evidence is not harmless where there is any
9 reasonable probability that the error contributed to the verdict). We do not reach
10 Defendant’s claim of constitutional error on this issue, see Allen v. LeMaster, 2012-
11 NMSC-001, ¶ 28, 267 P.3d 806 (stating that courts avoid constitutional questions not
12 necessary to the disposition), or Defendant’s other arguments.
13 CONCLUSION
14 {21} We reverse Defendant’s convictions and remand to the district court.
15 {22} IT IS SO ORDERED.
16 ___________________________________
17 STEPHEN G. FRENCH, Judge
16
1 WE CONCUR:
2 ___________________________________
3 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
4 ___________________________________
5 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
17