PRESENT: All the Justices
BOASSO AMERICA CORPORATION, d/b/a
GREENSVILLE TRANSPORT CO.
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 160202 JUSTICE STEPHEN R. McCULLOUGH
March 2, 2017
ZONING ADMINISTRATOR OF THE
CITY OF CHESAPEAKE, ET AL.
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
Timothy S. Wright, Judge
This appeal calls upon us to construe Code § 15.2-2314, which governs appeals from a
board of zoning appeals to a circuit court. We conclude that to initiate a proceeding under Code
§ 15.2-2314, a litigant must name the local governing body as a necessary party in the petition,
and the litigant must do so within the 30-day window provided by Code § 15.2-2314. We further
hold that a litigant may not amend the petition after the 30-day period to belatedly add the local
governing body. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court, which dismissed a
petition for writ of certiorari for failure to name the local governing body in the petition and
denied leave to amend after the 30-day period had expired.
BACKGROUND
Following an adverse decision by the Zoning Administrator for the City of Chesapeake,
Boasso America Corporation appealed to the Board of Zoning Appeals. See Code § 15.2-2311.
Because the Board of Zoning Appeals was equally divided, the split vote resulted in affirmance
of the Zoning Administrator’s decision. The Board of Zoning Appeals made its decision on
April 23, 2015. Boasso next sought to appeal the decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals by
filing a petition for writ of certiorari. It did so on May 21, 2015, in the Circuit Court for the City
of Chesapeake. As required by the first paragraph of Code § 15.2-2314, the petition was styled:
IN RE: April 23, 2015, Decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals
for the City of Chesapeake, Virginia.
The petition did not identify the City Council for the City of Chesapeake as a party.
On June 30, 2015, the Zoning Administrator moved to dismiss the petition on the ground
that Boasso had “failed to timely name or serve the City Council for the City of Chesapeake, a
necessary party by statute.” In response, Boasso moved to “amend/clarify as to additional
parties” and averred that on July 1, 2015, Boasso requested that a summons be issued for service
of the petition on the City Council and the City Attorney for the City of Chesapeake, and that
service was made on both on July 9, 2015. Boasso contended that under Rules 1:8, 3:12, and
3:16, the trial court could grant leave to amend to include these additional parties. Boasso also
filed an amended petition for a writ of certiorari, which stated that “[p]ursuant to Code of
Virginia § 15.2-2314, necessary parties to this case are, in addition to Petitioner, the City of
Chesapeake City Council, as a Defendant-Respondent, and the landowners of the Property, as
interested parties.”
In response, the Acting City Clerk, on behalf of the Mayor, moved to quash service of
process and filed a plea in bar contending that the failure to name or serve the City Council
within 30 days of the decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals was fatal to the petition. Boasso
opposed the motion. The circuit court agreed with the Acting City Clerk and the Mayor. The
court concluded that Boasso’s failure to name in the petition all necessary parties in accordance
with Code § 15.2-2314 was indeed fatal to the petition. The court dismissed Boasso’s petition
with prejudice, and we thereafter granted this appeal.
ANALYSIS
This case presents a question of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo on
appeal. Renkey v. County Board, 272 Va. 369, 373, 634 S.E.2d 352, 355 (2006). In construing a
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statute, “[o]ur central focus is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the General
Assembly.” Miller v. Highland County, 274 Va. 355, 364, 650 S.E.2d 532, 535 (2007). “We
determine that legislative intent from the words used in the statute.” Id.
A litigant must follow a number of formal requirements when appealing from one
adjudicative body to another. These requirements vary based on the type of proceeding. For
example, appeals to this Court are instituted by filing a notice of appeal pursuant to Rule 5:9.
Code § 15.2-2314 governs appeals from the decision of a board of zoning appeals to a circuit
court. To institute a proceeding under Code § 15.2-2314, a litigant must file a petition for a writ
of certiorari with the clerk of the circuit court. The petition must be filed within 30 days of the
decision of the board of zoning appeals, and it must specify the grounds upon which the
petitioner is aggrieved. Code § 15.2-2314. 1
We held, under a predecessor version of Code § 15.2-2314, that to institute such a
proceeding, a petitioner must file a “proper petition” within the prescribed time period. Board of
Supervisors v. Board of Zoning Appeals, 225 Va. 235, 238, 302 S.E.2d 19, 21 (1983). Under this
prior version of the statute, we identified the Board of Zoning Appeals as the only necessary
party contemplated by the statute at the petition filing stage. Id.
In 2010, the General Assembly amended Code § 15.2-2314 to state that the petition for a
writ of certiorari “shall be styled ‘In Re: [date] Decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals of
[locality name].’” 2010 Acts ch. 241. The General Assembly also added this paragraph,
presently the third paragraph of the statute:
1
We note parenthetically our decision in West Lewinsville Heights Citizens Ass’n v.
Board of Supervisors, 270 Va. 259, 267, 618 S.E.2d 311, 315 (2005), in which we held that the
date that triggers the 30-day filing requirement under Code § 15.2-2314 is the date of the final
decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals, not an official “filing date” under a Board of Zoning
Appeals’ bylaws.
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Any review of a decision of the board [of zoning appeals] shall not
be considered an action against the board and the board [of zoning
appeals] shall not be a party to the proceedings; however, the board
shall participate in the proceedings to the extent required by this
section. The governing body, the landowner, and the applicant
before the board of zoning appeals shall be necessary parties to the
proceedings in the circuit court. The court may permit intervention
by any other person or persons jointly or severally aggrieved by
any decision of the board of zoning appeals.
Although the amendment makes clear that the governing body of a locality is a necessary party,
it does not specify whether or how that necessary party must be identified in the petition.
We examined the impact of the 2010 amendments in Frace v. Johnson, 289 Va. 198, 200,
768 S.E.2d 427, 429 (2015). We concluded that to properly institute an action under Code
§ 15.2-2314, the governing body of a locality, in that instance, the County Board of Supervisors,
is a necessary party to the proceeding. Id. at 201, 768 S.E.2d at 430. A litigant who appeals
under Code § 15.2-2314 “must give timely notice to the necessary parties identified by statute.”
Id. The only difference between the present case and Frace is that Boasso formally asked the
circuit court to permit it to amend its petition for a writ of certiorari to list the governing body,
whereas the petitioner in Frace, although arguing that the circuit court could grant leave to
amend, did not actually move for leave to amend her petition in the circuit court. Boasso argues
that this difference is critical, and that it should have been granted leave to amend its petition
after the 30-day period had expired. We disagree.
The requirements for filing a petition to appeal the decision of a board of zoning appeals
are controlled by the specific provisions of Code § 15.2-2314 and by our decisions interpreting
this statute, rather than default rules that apply to the initiation of ordinary actions. In Frace, we
held that the petition must identify the local governing body in the petition in order to institute a
proceeding under Code § 15.2-2314, and that it must do so in the 30-day period specified by the
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statute. 289 Va. at 201, 768 S.E.2d at 430. We concluded in Frace that “the circuit court did not
err when it dismissed the certiorari proceeding because the petitioner failed to timely name the
Board of Supervisors of Fairfax County as a party.” 289 Va. at 198, 768 S.E.2d at 428.
Our decision in Miller, 274 Va. at 367, 650 S.E.2d at 537, is consistent with the
understanding that Code § 15.2-2314 requires that the local governing body be named as a
necessary party in the petition and that a court lacks the discretion to allow the filing of an
amended petition when the petition does not so name the local governing body. Miller involved
a different but similar statute, Code § 15.2-2285(F). Code § 15.2-2285(F) governs appeals of
certain zoning matters. It provides in relevant part:
Every action contesting a decision of the local governing body
adopting or failing to adopt a proposed zoning ordinance or
amendment thereto or granting or failing to grant a special
exception shall be filed within thirty days of the decision with the
circuit court having jurisdiction of the land affected by the
decision.
The litigants in Miller filed a complaint under Code § 15.2-2285(F) naming Highland County –
not the Board of Supervisors of Highland County. We explained that there is a difference in the
law between naming a locality and naming the governing body of a locality. We stated that the
local governing body “is a required party defendant against whom suit must be initiated within
the time limit specified in the statute.” Id. at 367, 650 S.E.2d at 537. The failure to timely name
a necessary party in the complaint, we concluded, required dismissal. Id. We also rejected the
petitioner’s argument that the Board of Supervisors could be added as a party after the 30-day
period had run. Id.
Like the litigants in Miller, Boasso failed to name the local governing body as a
necessary party within the 30 days specified by statute and, accordingly, failed to properly
institute a proceeding under Code § 15.2-2314. Boasso’s position is that it should be allowed
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leave to amend under the Rules of Court to add the governing body. This view would effectively
stretch the 30-day period specified by Code § 15.2-2314 to institute a proceeding into a far
lengthier period. This position cannot be squared with legislative intent manifested by the
language of Code § 15.2-2314. By the time a petition for a writ of certiorari is filed under Code
§ 15.2-2314, the Zoning Administrator has rendered a decision, as has the Board of Zoning
Appeals. In addition to the 30-day window, Code § 15.2-2314 specifies that the default period
for the board of zoning appeals to issue its return to the writ of certiorari is a relatively short 10
days. The statute does not evince a legislative intent to further extend an already lengthy review
process.
The text of Code § 15.2-2314, when read through the prism of our precedent, leads us to
conclude that the local governing body that is expressly identified in this section as a necessary
party must be included in the petition within 30 days of the final decision of the board of zoning
appeals, not at some undefined future date by amendment to the petition. Code § 15.2-2314
specifies that “[t]he governing body” of a locality is a “necessary part[y] to the proceedings in
the circuit court.” The “proceedings” begin with the timely filing of the petition for a writ of
certiorari. We agree with the circuit court that to initiate a proceeding, Boasso was required to
give notice to the Chesapeake City Council, a necessary party, by identifying it as a party in the
petition. 2 We further conclude that the trial court correctly determined that it could not grant
leave to amend to add a necessary party after the expiration of the 30-day period. 3
2
Code § 15.2-2314 also identifies the landowner as a necessary party. The landowner’s
initial absence from the petition for a writ of certiorari is not an issue in this case.
3
Additional necessary parties, beyond the necessary parties specifically identified in the
statute, can be added after the filing of a proper petition under Code § 15.2-2314. Friends of
Clark Mount. Found. v. Board of Supervisors, 242 Va. 16, 21, 406 S.E.2d 19, 22 (1991).
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Boasso correctly notes that a failure to give timely notice to a governing body is not a
defect that implicates the circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction. As a consequence, defects in
the institution of a proceeding under Code § 15.2-2314, such as the failure to name a necessary
party, are subject to waiver. 4 Frace, 289 Va. at 202, 768 S.E.2d at 430. Cf. Board of
Supervisors, 271 Va. at 343-44, 347-48, 626 S.E.2d at 378-79, 381 (failure to file the petition for
a writ of certiorari within the required 30 days was not a defect of subject matter jurisdiction and,
consequently, could be waived if not timely raised). Nevertheless, the failure to name the
governing body as a necessary party within the 30-day window contemplated by Code
§ 15.2-2314 remains a defect and, when timely raised (as it was here), requires dismissal of the
petition.
Compliance with this requirement does not impose a heavy burden on the petitioner. The
petitioner can name the governing body in a separate heading or caption or name it in the body of
the petition, so long as “a reasonable reader would understand either from the petition’s text or
context or both that the [necessary party] is being mentioned not as a mere historical reference
within the larger background of the case, but as the party against whom the appeal is being
taken.” Christian v. Virginia Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 45 Va. App. 310, 316, 610 S.E.2d 870, 873
(2005); see also Frace, 289 Va. at 202, 768 S.E.2d at 430. 5
4
For this reason, State Water Control Board v. Crutchfield, 265 Va. 416, 578 S.E.2d 762
(2003) does not aid Boasso. Assuming that Code § 15.2-2314 can be analogized to the rules at
issue in Crutchfield, the local governing body in that case (a county) did not object to being
added to the petition for appeal after the expiration of the 30-day period specified by Rules 2A:2
and 2A:4. Id. at 425, 578 S.E.2d at 766. Here, however, the local governing body (the City
Council) does object.
5
This case does not call upon us to resolve when the petition for a writ of certiorari must
be served upon the necessary parties identified in Code § 15.2-2314.
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Nor are these requirements empty formalities. A pleading should signal to opposing
parties that they are the subject of a legal action and that they must protect their interests.
Identifying the necessary parties also alerts the court as to the identity of the necessary parties – a
crucial step, because “a court lacks the power to proceed with a suit unless all necessary parties
are properly before the court.” Asch v. Friends of Mt. Vernon Yacht Club, 251 Va. 89, 91, 465
S.E.2d 817, 818 (1996).
We conclude, in accord with Frace and Miller, that a litigant who appeals the judgment
of a board of zoning appeals under Code § 15.2-2314 must identify the governing body as a
necessary party in the petition, and must do so within 30 days of the board of zoning appeals’
final decision. If that is not done, the circuit court lacks the discretion to permit amendment of
the petition to add the governing body once the 30 days have passed. Furthermore, if under these
circumstances the circuit court is asked to dismiss the case for lack of a necessary party, the court
must grant the motion.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we will affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Affirmed.
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