Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
March 14, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48259-2-II
Respondent,
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ELMER A. APAEZ-MEDINA,
Appellant.
MAXA, A.C.J. – Elmer Apaez-Medina appeals his conviction of second degree assault
with a special verdict finding of domestic violence for assaulting his intimate partner, Donna
Homan. Apaez-Medina argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct in his closing
argument when he (1) said Homan told the truth when she testified, (2) called Apaez-Medina’s
defense argument ridiculous, and (3) started to read from a letter Homan had written that had not
been admitted into evidence.
We hold that the first statement did not constitute misconduct and that Apaez-Medina
cannot show that the other conduct prejudiced him. Accordingly, we affirm Apaez-Medina’s
conviction.
FACTS
Apaez-Medina and Homan had an intimate relationship and resided together in Shelton.
In the early morning hours of June 21, 2015, Apaez-Medina returned home drunk and got into an
No. 48259-2-II
altercation with Homan. Apaez-Medina pushed Homan out of the garage and she fell onto the
pavement. Apaez-Medina was holding a pipe wrench in one hand and an oyster knife in the
other. Homan recalled that Apaez-Medina hit her in the shoulder with the wrench, but did not
remember anything else. Homan was under the influence of marijuana and methamphetamine at
the time of the fight.
Homan was diagnosed with a broken nose. She also had swelling and bruising around
her nose, a small laceration on her lower lip, a large bruise on her chest, bruising and tenderness
on her shoulder and upper arm, and an abrasion on her hip and buttocks.
The State charged Apaez-Medina with one count of second degree assault-domestic
violence for assaulting Homan. At trial, Homan acknowledged her statement to police that
Apaez-Medina broke her nose with his fist and hit her repeatedly. After becoming confused, she
gave the following testimony:
A. All I know is that I certainly didn’t break my own nose, and all I know is that
I don’t want to even be up here.
Q. Okay.
A. But I just know I’m telling the truth. It might not all be in sequence. I’m sorry.
But I am here trying to tell truth to you.
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 59 (emphasis added). Homan also stated that she still loved
Apaez-Medina.
During cross examination, defense counsel showed Homan a letter that she had written
after the incident. Homan testified that she wrote the letter after she had time to think about the
fight clearly and that in the letter she wrote that she also was in the wrong. She acknowledged
that the letter stated that it would not be right for Apaez-Medina to be convicted. The letter itself
was not admitted into evidence.
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Defense counsel told the jury in his closing argument that the entire case came down to
Homan’s credibility. Defense counsel argued that Homan lacked credibility because she had
difficulty remembering events, she was confused about the timeline of events, and she was under
the influence of drugs at the time. Defense counsel also argued that once Homan sobered up
after the fight, she wrote in her letter that she did not think it would be right if Apaez-Medina
was convicted.
In rebuttal, the prosecutor responded to defense counsel’s reference to Homan’s inability
to recall the order of events:
That was remarkable, frankly. . . . Because Donna Homan got the order of the events
maybe a little mixed up . . . . Because she got the events mixed up and said that I
didn’t break my own nose, [defense counsel] now is trying to suggest to you that
somehow that means she don’t - she didn’t know who broke her nose, and that,
plain and simple, is one of the most ridiculous ar--
RP at 107 (emphasis added). Defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial. The trial court
ordered the jury to disregard the prosecutor’s comment and reserved ruling on the mistrial. The
prosecutor resumed by saying “[T]hat argument is simply not based in reality.” RP at 107.
The prosecutor next talked about Homan’s credibility:
You saw Ms. Homan up on the stand, her testimony, and you heard her say she
loves the defendant still. Obviously, those feelings overcome, but she got up there
and she told the truth. What possible motive would she have to not tell the truth,
to say - or to tell the truth when she loves the defendant? I mean, why would she -
why wouldn’t she just say, oh, nothing happened? Of course that’s what she would
say. But she’s telling the truth even though she loves him.
RP at 108-09 (emphasis added). Defense counsel did not object to those comments.
Then the prosecutor began to read from the letter written by Homan: “I, Donna Homan,
would like for the courts to accept my statement. I hereby now write - I ask for any and all --.”
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RP at 109. Defense counsel objected, stating that the prosecutor was referencing facts not in
evidence. The trial court sustained the objection and instructed the jury to disregard the reading.
The jury found Apaez-Medina guilty of second degree assault and also found by special
verdict that he and Homan were members of the same household, making the crime domestic
violence.
The parties subsequently submitted briefing on Apaez-Medina’s motion for mistrial. The
trial court heard argument and denied the motion. The trial court then sentenced Apaez-Medina
to eight months confinement.
Apaez-Medina appeals his conviction.
ANALYSIS
A. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Apaez-Medina argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct in his closing argument
when he (1) said Homan told the truth when she testified, (2) called Apaez-Medina’s defense
argument ridiculous, and (3) read from a letter written by Homan that had not been admitted into
evidence.1 We hold that the first statement did not constitute misconduct and that Apaez-Medina
cannot show that the other conduct prejudiced him.
1
Apaez-Medina also assigns error to the trial court’s denial of his motion for mistrial, but his
brief does not contain any argument about how the trial court erred in denying the motion. RAP
10.3(a)(6) requires a brief to contain argument in support of each issue and citations to legal
authority. Apaez-Medina’s failure to comply with RAP 10.3(a)(6) results in waiver of that issue.
State v. Cox, 109 Wn. App. 937, 943, 38 P.3d 371 (2002).
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1. Legal Principles
To prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must show that in the
context of the record and all of the circumstances of the trial, the prosecutor’s conduct was both
improper and prejudicial. State v. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d 438, 442, 258 P.3d 43 (2011). During
closing argument, the prosecutor is given wide latitude to assert reasonable inferences from the
evidence. In re Pers. Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704, 286 P.3d 673 (2012). To
establish prejudice, a defendant must show that the misconduct had a substantial likelihood of
affecting the jury’s verdict. State v. Allen, 182 Wn.2d 364, 375, 341 P.3d 268 (2015).
When the defendant fails to object to the challenged portions of the prosecutor’s
argument, he or she is deemed to have waived any error unless the prosecutor’s misconduct was
so flagrant and ill-intentioned that an instruction could not have cured the resulting prejudice.
State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741, 760-61, 278 P.3d 653 (2012). The defendant must show that (1)
no curative instruction would have eliminated the prejudicial effect, and (2) the misconduct
resulted in prejudice that had a substantial likelihood of affecting the verdict. Id. at 761.
2. Comment on Credibility
Apaez-Medina argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by improperly vouching
for and commenting on the credibility of a witness when he said that Homan told the truth. We
disagree.
Improper vouching occurs if the prosecutor places the prestige of the government behind
the witness. State v. Robinson, 189 Wn. App. 877, 892-93, 359 P.3d 874 (2015). However,
there is a difference between the prosecutor’s personal opinion, as an independent fact, and an
opinion based upon or deduced from the evidence. State v. McKenzie, 157 Wn.2d 44, 53, 134
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P.3d 221 (2006). Misconduct occurs only when it is clear and unmistakable that the prosecutor
is not arguing an inference from the evidence, but is expressing a personal opinion. Id. at 54.
Here, the prosecutor said that Homan “got up there and she told the truth” and that “she’s
telling the truth even though she loves him.” RP at 108-09. Although those comments address
Homan’s credibility, they do not necessarily express the prosecutor’s personal opinion. Homan
testified, “But I just know I’m telling the truth. It might not all be in sequence. I’m sorry. But I
am here trying to tell truth to you.” RP at 59. And later she testified that she still loved Apaez-
Medina. Therefore, the prosecutor was arguing inferences from Homan’s express testimony.
We hold that the prosecutor’s comment was not improper.
Accordingly, we reject Apaez-Medina’s prosecutorial misconduct claim based on the
prosecutor stating that Homan told the truth.
3. Calling the Defense Argument “Ridiculous”
Apaez-Medina argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct because referring to
defense counsel’s argument as ridiculous essentially equated to an expression of the prosecutor’s
opinion that Apaez-Medina was guilty. We hold that even if the prosecutor’s statement was
improper, Apaez-Medina cannot show prejudice.
It is improper for a prosecutor to express an independent, personal opinion as to the
defendant’s guilt. McKenzie, 157 Wn.2d at 53. Stating that the defense’s argument is ridiculous
is not necessarily the same as stating that the defendant is guilty. But even the State recognizes
that the prosecutor probably should have used a different term.
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In any event, Apaez-Medina objected to the comment, and the trial court instructed the
jury to disregard the comment. We presume that jurors follow the court’s instructions. Emery,
174 Wn.2d at 766. Therefore, Apaez-Medina cannot show that the comment prejudiced him.
Accordingly, we reject Apaez-Medina’s prosecutorial misconduct claim based on the
prosecutor calling defense counsel’s argument ridiculous.
4. Reading from Homan’s Letter
Apaez-Medina argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by starting to read from
Homan’s letter because the letter was not in evidence. We hold that even if the prosecutor’s
conduct was improper, Apaez-Medina cannot show prejudice.
It is improper for a prosecutor to reference in closing argument facts not admitted as
evidence during the trial. Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d at 704-05. Here, the prosecutor read from only
the beginning of the letter, and the portion he read did nothing more than establish the fact that
Homan had written the letter – a fact that was already in evidence. But it is improper to actually
read from a document that is not in evidence. See id.
However, the brief portion of Homan’s letter that the prosecutor read had little likelihood
of affecting the jury’s verdict. First, Homan’s testimony had already established that she wrote
the letter and stated the general contents of the letter. Second, the brief portion of the letter read
by the prosecutor did not contain any significant information. It simply showed that Homan had
written the letter, which her testimony already had established. Third, the trial court sustained
Apaez-Medina’s objection and instructed the jury to disregard what the prosecutor read from the
letter. Again, we presume that jurors follow the court’s instructions. Emery, 174 Wn.2d at 766.
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Therefore, Apaez-Medina cannot show that the prosecutor’s reading from the letter was
prejudicial.
Accordingly, we reject Apaez-Medina’s prosecutorial misconduct claim based on the
prosecutor starting to read Homan’s letter.
B. CUMULATIVE ERROR
Apaez-Medina argues that, even if we find that none of the prosecutor’s comments from
his rebuttal amount to misconduct, when taken as a whole the comments amount to cumulative
error requiring reversal. We disagree.
Under the cumulative error doctrine, we may reverse when a prosecutor makes multiple
improper comments that together have a combined prejudicial effect that cannot be cured by any
series of instructions. State v. Walker, 164 Wn. App. 724, 737-38, 265 P.3d 191 (2011).
Here, the combined prejudicial effect of the three comments that Apaez-Medina alleges
were misconduct is minimal. As discussed above, the prosecutor’s comment about Homan’s
credibility was not improper. And the trial court instructed the jury to disregard both the
prosecutor’s comment that the defense’s argument was ridiculous and what the prosecutor read
from Homan’s letter. We have no reason to believe that the jury was incapable of following
those two curative instructions. And what the jury was instructed to disregard were insignificant
statements in the context of the entire trial.
Accordingly, we hold that the prosecutor’s comments did not amount to cumulative error.
CONCLUSION
We affirm Apaez-Medina’s conviction.
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A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
MAXA, A.C.J.
We concur:
LEE, J.
MELNICK, J.
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