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COURT OF APPEALS Dl'' I
STATE OF
2017 -6 I11 `6: 3'2
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
No. 74256-6-1
Respondent,
DIVISION ONE
V.
KEBEDE ABAWAJI, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: March 6, 2017
SPEARMAN, C.J. — Mandatory joinder applies only to charges based on
the same conduct within the jurisdiction of the same court. CrR 4.3.1. Kebede
Abawaji was convicted of attempted murder in the second degree and felony
harassment. On appeal, he contests the felony harassment conviction arguing
that the trial court erred when it refused to dismiss the charge as a violation of
mandatory joinder under CrR 4.3.1. Because mandatory joinder did not apply in
this case, we reject this argument. In a statement of additional grounds, Abawaji
also contests his conviction of attempted murder in the second degree, but the
arguments are without merit. We affirm.
FACTS
Kebede Abawaji and Tigist Belte married in Ethiopia in 1999. They
immigrated to the United States in 2003. The couple had five children together.
At some point, the couple separated. After their separation, the couple engaged
in disputes over Belte's alleged relationship with another man.
No. 74256-6-1/2
On November 1, 2014, Belte and Abawaji were in her upstairs bedroom.
Abawaji was angry and began arguing with Belte. At one point, he grabbed Belte
by her neck, threw her onto the bed and choked her. Abawaji told Belte that he
was going to kill her. Belte was able to get away and went downstairs. Abawaji
followed her. He then went to the kitchen got a large knife and came towards her.
Belte fled the home. After the couple's son was able to disarm Abawaji, Belte
returned to the house and called 911. Seattle Police Department officers
responded. Abawaji was taken into custody and the matter was referred to the
Seattle City Attorney's Office.
Based on this incident, Abawaji was charged in Seattle Municipal Court
with one count of assault in the fourth degree and one count of unlawful use of a
weapon. While the charges were pending, Belte's mother died. Members from
their Ethiopian community comforted Belte. They also convinced her to drop the
charges against Abawaji. The case against Abawaji proceeded to trial in Seattle
Municipal Court but was dismissed with prejudice when Belte did not appear for
trial. A short time later, Abawaji and Belte divorced. However, Abawaji remained
involved with Belte and the children.
On April 1, 2015, officers responded to a 911 call on the street near
Belte's home. Abawaji reported to the 911 operator that he hit his wife in the
head with a hammer because she pissed him off. When officers arrived, Abawaji
immediately lay on the ground and put his hands behind his back. The officers
arrested Abawaji.
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No. 74256-6-1/3
Abawaji was charged in King County Superior Court with attempted
murder in the first degree and assault in the first degree based on this incident.
He was also charged with felony harassment based on Abawaji's alleged threat
to kill Belte on November 1, 2014.
Prior to trial, Abawaji moved to dismiss the felony harassment charge. He
argued that the harassment charge and the two misdemeanor charges filed in
Seattle Municipal Court were "related offenses" as that term is defined in CrR
4.3.1, the mandatory joinder rule.1 He argued that because the harassment
charge was not joined with the misdemeanor charges, under the rule, it must be
dismissed.
The State argued that the mandatory joinder rule did not apply because
the offenses were not related. In the alternative, the State urged the court to deny
the motion because "the ends of justice would be defeated if the motion were
granted." CrR 4.3.1(b)(3). The State argued that the exception applied because
I CrR 4.3.1(b) provides in part:
(1)Two or more offenses are related offenses, for purposes of this rule,
if they are within the jurisdiction and venue of the same court and are
based on the same conduct.
(2)When a defendant has been charged with two or more related
offenses, the timely motion to consolidate them for trial should be granted
unless the court determines that because the prosecuting attorney does
not have sufficient evidence to warrant trying some of the offenses at that
time, or for some other reason, the ends of justice would be defeated if the
motion were granted. A defendant's failure to so move constitutes a waiver
of any right of consolidation as to related offenses with which the defendant
knew he or she was charged.
(3) A defendant who has been tried for one offense may thereafter
move to dismiss a charge for a related offense. . . . The motion to dismiss
must be made prior to the second trial, and shall be granted unless the
court determines that because the prosecuting attorney was unaware of
the facts constituting the related offense or did not have sufficient evidence
to warrant trying this offense at the time of the first trial, or for some other
reason, the ends of justice would be defeated if the motion were granted.
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No. 74256-6-1/4
the municipal court charges against Abawaji were dismissed only after Belte
succumbed to pressure from community members and did not testify against
him.
The trial court appeared to rely on both grounds argued by the State and
denied the motion to dismiss.
Following trial, the jury convicted Abawaji of the lesser-included offense of
attempted murder in the second degree, assault in the first degree, and felony
harassment. The trial court vacated the first degree assault conviction on double
jeopardy grounds. Abawaji appeals.
DISCUSSION
Abawaji claims that the trial court erred when it did not dismiss the felony
harassment charge because it violated the mandatory joinder rule. Application of
the mandatory joinder rule is a question of law that we review de novo. State v.
Kindsvopel, 149 Wn.2d 477, 480,69 P.3d 870(2003)(citing State v. Ledenko, 87
Wn. App. 39, 42, 940 P.2d 280 (1997)). We may affirm the trial court on any
basis supported by the record. State v. Henderson, 34 Wn. App. 865, 870-71,
664 P.2d 1291 (1983)(citing Pannell v. Thompson, 91 Wn.2d 591, 603, 589 P.2d
1235 (1979)).
The mandatory joinder rule requires that all related offenses be joined, "if
they are within the jurisdiction and venue of the same court and are based on the
same conduct." CrR 4.3.1(b)(1). Acts committed during a single criminal episode
constitute the "same conduct." State v. Gamble, 168 Wn.2d 161, 168, 225 P.3d
973(2010)(citing State v. Watson, 146 Wn.2d 947, 957, 51 P.3d 66(2002)). An
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No. 74256-6-1/5
exception to mandatory joinder exists when application of that rule would defeat
"the ends of justice." CrR 4.3.1(b)(3).
Relying on State v. Dixon, 42 Wn. App. 315, 711 P.2d 1046(1985),
Abawaji contends that under CrR 4.3.1(b)(1), the felony harassment charge is
related to the charges filed in Seattle Municipal Court. He argues that Dixon
"end[ed]the discussion that municipal court and superior court cannot be the
'same jurisdiction" for purposes of the rule. Brief of Appellant at 11. But Abawaji
misreads what was at issue in that case.
In Dixon, we did not consider whether a municipal court and a superior
court may be within the same jurisdiction. In that case, the State conceded that a
charge brought against the defendant in Seattle District Court was also within the
jurisdiction of King County Superior Court.(Emphasis added). Dixon, 42 Wn.
App. at 317. The only disputed issues were whether the defendant had waived
joinder or whether the rule applied at all because the misdemeanor charges had
been dismissed and not tried.
The State argues that the charges at issue in this case are not related
because Seattle Municipal Court and King County Superior Court do not share
the same jurisdiction. We agree. In State v. Fladebo, 53 Wn. App. 116, 119, 765
P.2d 1310 (1988), the defendant, Kathryn Fladebo, was arrested for driving while
intoxicated (DWI). Id. at 117. During the course of her arrest, she was found to
be in possession of heroin. Id. Fladebo was charged in Mount Vernon Municipal
Court with [DWI] in violation of Mount Vernon Municipal Code 10.04. Id. She was
subsequently charged in Skagit County Superior Court with possession of a
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No. 74256-6-1/6
controlled substance, a felony, under RCW 69.50.401(d). Id. Relying, in part, on
the mandatory joinder rule, Fladebo argued that the felony should have been
dismissed because it arose from the same conduct as the DWI. Id. at 118. We
rejected the argument, holding that the mandatory joinder rule:
does not apply to this case because the 'related offenses' must be
'within the jurisdiction and venue of the same court' . . . . CrR
4.3(c)(1)[recodified as CrR 4.3.1(b)(1)]. The Mount Vernon
Municipal Court has exclusive jurisdiction over the violation of a
Mount Vernon municipal ordinance, the driving while intoxicated
charge, but no jurisdiction over the violation of the Washington
Criminal Code, the possession charge.
Id. at 118-19.
Similarly, here, Seattle Municipal Court has "exclusive original criminal
jurisdiction of all violations of city ordinances. . . ." RCW 3.50.020. Thus, the
assault in the fourth degree charge and the unlawful use of a weapon charge,
were properly prosecuted in that court. But Seattle Municipal Court has no
jurisdiction over the felony harassment charge, because King County Superior
Court has original jurisdiction over "all criminal cases amounting to felony... ."
RCW 2.08.010. We conclude the mandatory joinder rule is inapplicable to this
case. The trial court did not err when it denied Abawaji's motion to dismiss on
that ground.2
Abawaji also asks that no costs be awarded on appeal. Appellate costs
are generally awarded to the substantially prevailing party on review. However,
when a trial court makes a finding of indigency, that finding remains throughout
2 Because we conclude that the mandatory joinder rule does not apply, we do not reach
Abawaji's arguments concerning the ends of justice exception to the mandatory joinder rule.
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No. 74256-6-1/7
review "unless the commissioner or clerk determines by a preponderance of the
evidence that the offender's financial circumstances have significantly improved
since the last determination of indigency." RAP 14.2. Here, Abawaji was found
indigent by the trial court. If the State has evidence indicating that Abawaji's
financial circumstances have significantly improved since the trial court's finding,
it may file a motion for costs with the commissioner.
Statement of Additional Grounds
Abawaji raises seven further challenges in a statement of additional
grounds(SAG). First, he asserts that tests were performed on the hammer, but
the jury was not provided with the results of those tests. He appears to argue that
the State performed testing on the hammer and hid the results from the jury.
There is nothing in the record to suggest that the State actually conducted testing
on the hammer or even if it did, that the test results would be favorable to
Abawaji. Indeed, the State claimed at trial that it did not conduct any such tests
because it did not need to in light of Abawaji's admission that he committed the
assault. If there is evidence that the hammer was tested with results favorable to
Abawaji, it is outside of the record before us and we are thus, unable consider it
on direct appeal.
Next, Abawaji asserts that the jury was not provided with his psychological
evaluation. He appears to argue that this was error because the evaluation
supported his claim that there was no connection between "the alleged weapon
and the crime" and "between the alleged weapon and me, the defendant." SAG
at 2. The record shows that defense counsel retained Dr. Spizman in preparation
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No. 74256-6-1/8
for the trial. Dr. Spizman interviewed and prepared a written evaluation of
Abawaji. But Dr. Spizman did not testify, and the evaluation was not offered as
evidence at tria1.3 But we can discern nothing in the evaluation that supports
Abawaji's claim that it contains evidence showing there is no connection between
the hammer, the crime, and himself. Accordingly, we reject the argument.
Abawaji also asserts that the State failed to provide an interpreter for one
of its witnesses, Mounira Boucenna. He claims that as a result, the State took
advantage of her during her testimony causing her to be upset and ask for an
interpreter, which prevented her from expressing "what was on her mind." SAG at
3. But the record does not reveal that Boucenna was upset or that she had any
particular difficulties during her direct testimony. Nor does it show that Boucenna
had testimony favorable to Abawaji that she was unable to give. To the extent
such evidence may exist, it is not part of the record on appeal and we cannot
consider it.
During cross examination, Boucenna did testify that she had asked for an
interpreter but that the request was denied. The exchange took place as follows:
[Defense]: It's fair to say you did not see what caused Ms. Belte's
injuries?
[Boucenna]: I don't understand with my English. I did ask for
interpreter.
[Defense]: You don't have one?
[Boucenna]: I did ask for Amharic. They said,"you are asking too
much," like that.
[Defense]: You asked for an interpreter?
[Boucenna]: Yes
[Defense]: One wasn't provided?
[Boucenna]: Yeah, like, last night, yesterday.
3 The evaluation is part of the record because it was attached to defense counsel's
presentence report submitted on behalf of Abawaji.
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No. 74256-6-1/9
[Defense]: Let me ask my question again. First, tell me if you
understand what I'm asking.
[Boucenna]: Okay
Verbatim Report of Proceedings(VRP)(9/30/15) at 489-90.
Boucenna did not appear to have any further difficulty understanding
defense counsel's questions. Id. In response to defense counsel's question about
whether she saw what caused Belte's injuries, Boucenna stated that she did not.
Id. at 490. Because the record gives no indication that Boucenna's proficiency in
English prevented her from giving testimony favorable to Abawaji, we reject his
claims.
Abawaji next contends that the jury did not have sufficient evidence to
prove that he assaulted Belte with the hammer. He argues that the officer who
collected the hammer from the scene testified that he did not see "no sight of
blood, body tissue,[or] hair" on the hammer, so the jury did not have sufficient
evidence to assume the hammer was used during the assault. SAG at 3.
Evidence is sufficient to support a criminal conviction when, viewed in the
light most favorable to the State, a reasonable fact finder could have found the
necessary elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Drum, 168
Wn.2d 23, 34-35, 225 P.3d 237(2010)(citing State v. Wentz, 149 Wn.2d 342,
347,68 P.3d 282(2003)). Seattle Police Officer McAuliffe, who responded to the
scene, testified that he did not notice any blood or tissue on the hammer when he
collected it from Abawaji's car. However, Belte testified that Abawaji assaulted
her with a hammer. And Abawaji told the 911 operator that he hit Belte with a
hammer. Additionally, a hammer was collected from Abawaji's car after he
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No. 74256-6-1/10
directed police officers where to find it. This evidence is more than sufficient to
support the jury's verdict. We reject Abawaji's claim.
Abawaji also asserts that the jury should not have relied on his statement
to law enforcement officers because those statements were made in fear due to
his cultural background. Abawaji testified he lied to the 911 operator about the
hammer to get help to Belte faster. He said that he did not change his story when
officers arrived on scene because he did not want officers to assault him. He
stated that "in [his] country, police beat you up to death." 2(VRP)(10/05/15)4 at
91. He stated that he did everything the police wanted because he did not want
to get beat. The jury considered his testimony on these issues and rejected it.
Because we do not reweigh evidence on appeal, we reject Abawaji's claim.
Next, Abawaji asserts that the jury was not in agreement, the jury was
pressured into accepting the verdict, and the trial court erred in not declaring a
mistrial. He appears to refer to a discussion that occurred when the trial court
polled the jury. Abawaji was charged with attempted murder in the first degree,
assault in the first degree, and felony harassment. The jury convicted Abawaji for
the lesser-included offense of attempted murder in the second degree, and as
charged for the other two offenses.
When the jury was polled after providing a verdict, two jury members were
confused on what the clerk was asking. Juror number eleven asked "May 1
inquire if by that do you mean did 1 agree on a greater count, but then it was—we
4 There are two Verbatim Report of Proceedings that took place on October 5, 2015, and
they have been numbered separately (they both start on page 1). The morning proceedings
hereinafter are referred to as 1VRP (10/05/15) and the afternoon proceedings hereinafter are
referred to as 2VRP (10/05/15).
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No. 74256-6-1/11
couldn't all agree, and so then we all agreed on the lesser count or—I guess I
don't understand the question." VRP (10/08/15) at 143. After a sidebar, the
question was rephrased to provide clarity for the jurors. The court Then asked
each juror". . . is the guilty verdict on Count I, attempted murder in the second
degree, your individual verdict?" Id. Both jurors agreed that it was their individual
verdict and the verdict of the jury. We reject Abawaji's claims that the jury was
not in agreement and was pressured into accepting a guilty verdict.
Finally, Abawaji asserts that testimony concerning the November domestic
violence incident was inaccurate or inconsistent. He contends that the State's
witnesses testified that he was holding a knife, but in fact, he was holding only a
plastic knife. Id. But for purposes of the felony harassment charge, whether the
knife was plastic is irrelevant. We reject Abawaji's argument.
Affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
Cee,afr.,&„ s
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