Opinion issued March 14, 2017
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-16-00099-CR
NO. 01-16-00100-CR
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RAINIER MONTE CONLEY, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 10th District Court
Galveston County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 15CR0005 & 15CR0210
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The State indicted Rainier Monte Conley on two charges, unlawful
possession of a firearm and assault with a deadly weapon. Conley pleaded guilty
to unlawful possession of a firearm and the jury assessed a sentence of 10 years’
confinement. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04 (West 2009). He went to trial
on the assault charge. The jury found him guilty of assault with a deadly weapon
and assessed a sentence of 50 years’ confinement. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§§ 22.01, 22.02 (West 2009). The trial court ordered that the sentences run
concurrently.
Conley appeals the conviction for the assault charge and the sentence for the
weapons charge, contending that (1) he was egregiously harmed by charge error
that failed to delineate the complainant and thus allowed for a conviction based on
a verdict that was not unanimous; (2) the trial court erred in denying his motion for
new trial due to the risk of a non-unanimous verdict; and (3) the trial court abused
its discretion by denying Conley’s motion for mistrial because a State’s witness
testified that Conley had rejected a plea bargain. We affirm.
Background
Conley’s aggravated assault charge arose from one of several encounters
with Daryl Horton. The first incident occurred on December 14, 2014, when
Horton swerved his car into Conley’s lane and almost hit Conley’s Dodge Charger.
The second incident occurred the next evening, when Horton and his
passenger, Billy Perdue, were at a gas station. Perdue was sitting next to Horton in
Horton’s Buick Regal. Conley drove his Charger alongside Horton and threatened
him with a gun. Horton drove away from the station. Conley followed Horton,
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pulled up beside the passenger side of the car, where Purdue was sitting, and
lowered the car’s windows. Conley and his three passengers shot repeatedly at
Horton’s car. Conley sped away when the police arrived at Horton’s location.
Although Horton and Purdue survived the shooting, Conley’s intimidation of
Horton continued. Sometime after the night of the shooting, Conley and his wife
called Horton and threatened to kill him.
On December 30, 2014, Conley pursued Horton in a black Cadillac until
chased away by the police. The police attempted to take Conley into custody, but
Conley evaded them and led them on a high-speed chase, which ended when
Conley abandoned the Cadillac and escaped on foot. The officers were unable to
apprehend Conley. They inventoried the Cadillac and learned that it belonged to
Conley’s parents.
More than a year later, in August 2016, police executed a traffic stop on the
black Cadillac for failure to signal. They identified Conley as the driver and
arrested him pursuant to a warrant. This time, when police inventoried the
Cadillac, they found a handgun, marijuana, and codeine. The State charged him
with illegal possession of a firearm, and Conley pleaded guilty to that charge. See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04. The State also charged Conley with assault with
a deadly weapon charge for the incident involving Horton and Perdue. At trial,
Horton identified three out of the four shooters in a line-up, including Conley.
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Discussion
A. Jury Unanimity
In his first issue, Conley complains that he was egregiously harmed because
the charge violated the unanimity requirement by failing to require the jury to
specify one or more victims. The charge asked the jury to determine whether
Conley “did then and there intentionally or knowingly threaten Daryl Wayne
Horton and or Billy Eugene Perdue . . . . ”
In all criminal cases, the jury must be unanimous in finding every
constituent element of the charged offense. See Jourdan v. State, 428 S.W.3d 86,
94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). The unanimity requirement is violated where the jury
is not required to specify one or more of the alleged victims. See Saenz v. State,
451 S.W.3d 388, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (holding that unanimity requirement
was violated where charge did not require jury to select specific victim from
among multiple alleged victims).
We review charge error raised for the first time on appeal, as it is here, for
“egregious harm.” See Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 777 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011). Charge error results in egregious harm when “it affects the very basis of the
case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive
theory.” See Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The
appellant must show actual rather than theoretical harm to support a finding of
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egregious harm. Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777; Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429,
433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). The Court of Criminal Appeals has noted that:
“When assessing harm based on the particular facts of the case, we consider: (1)
the charge; (2) the state of the evidence, including contested issues and the weight
of the probative evidence; (3) the parties’ arguments; and (4) all other relevant
information in the record.” See Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777. We address each of
these issues in turn.
1. Charge error
The State concedes that the jury charge contained error because it permitted
the jury to convict Conley for assault without identifying whether Horton or
Perdue was the victim. Saenz, 451 S.W.3d at 392. This factor weighs in favor of
finding egregious harm. See Arrington v. State, 451 S.W.3d 834, 841 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2015) (jury instructions weighed in favor of finding egregious harm because
they permitted non-unanimous verdicts).
2. State of the evidence
The evidence weighs against egregious harm where the defendant could not
have committed one offense without committing the other. See Jourdan, 428
S.W.3d at 96 (finding no egregious harm where unanimity error existed but
defendant could not have committed one offense without committing the other).
Since Horton and Perdue were sitting next to each other in the car’s front seats,
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Conley could not have assaulted Perdue by knowingly discharging a firearm in his
direction without simultaneously assaulting Horton. Conley argues that, since
Perdue was closer to the gunmen than Horton and one of the bullets struck
Perdue’s seat, Horton was not threatened by the gunfire into his car. Conley
proffers no evidence or authority to support this contention. The state of the
evidence weighs thus against finding egregious harm.
3. The parties’ arguments
In his closing argument, Conley relied primarily upon his wife’s alibi
testimony that he was not in the car during the shooting. She testified at trial that
Conley was at home on the night of the shooting and that Conley had lent the
Cadillac to two of his friends. Conley’s wife further testified that she owned the
gun found in the Cadillac and that she had placed it in the car without Conley’s
knowledge. But the jury manifestly rejected Conley’s all-or-nothing defense, and
this weighs against finding egregious harm. See Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 842.
Neither Conley, the State, nor the trial court contributed to the charge error
by telling the jury that it need not be unanimous. This factor weighs neither for nor
against finding egregious harm. See Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 844.
4. Other relevant information
Conley complains that some jurors might have wanted to convict Conley of
assault against Perdue but to nullify any charges for assaulting Horton because
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Horton had a prior drug conviction and his car had ostentatious rims. This
complaint is at best speculative, and theoretical harm does not support egregious
harm. See Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777.
Charge error is the only factor that weighs in favor of harm. The state-of-
evidence factor weighs in favor of finding no egregious harm, and the parties’
arguments and other relevant issues do not have a substantial bearing on the case.
Thus, we conclude that Conley was not egregiously harmed by the charge error.
See Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777–78 (finding no egregious harm where only charge
error factor weighed in favor of harm); Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 845 (same).
Because Conley did not suffer egregious harm, the trial court did not err in denying
Conley’s motion for new trial.
B. Mistrial
Next, Conley complains that the trial court erred in dismissing his motion for
mistrial based on a State’s witness’s testimony that Conley had rejected a plea
bargain. We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial for an abuse of
discretion. See Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, considering
only those arguments before the court at the time of its ruling. See Wead v. State,
129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). We uphold the ruling if it was
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within the zone of reasonable disagreement. See Bokemeyer v. State, 355 S.W.3d
199, 202 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.)
A mistrial is an appropriate remedy in extreme circumstances for a narrow
class of highly prejudicial and incurable errors. See Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d
72, 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000). A mistrial halts trial proceedings when error is so prejudicial that
expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful and futile. See Ladd v.
State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The particular facts of the case
determine whether an error requires a mistrial. See Bokemeyer, 355 S.W.3d at 202.
Because a mistrial is an extreme remedy, a trial court should grant it “only when
residual prejudice remains” after less drastic alternatives are explored. See Barnett
v. State, 161 S.W.3d 128, 134 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005), aff’d, 189 S.W.3d
272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “Less drastic alternatives include instructing the jury
‘to consider as evidence only the testimony and exhibits admitted through
witnesses on the stand,’ and, questioning the jury ‘about the extent of any
prejudice,’ if instructions alone do not sufficiently cure the problem.” See Ocon,
284 S.W.3d at 885.
Though the defendant need not request lesser remedies before moving for
mistrial, when the movant fails to request a lesser remedy, we will not reverse the
court’s judgment if the less drastic alternative could have cured the problem. See
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Young v. State, 137 S.W.3d 65, 70 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see also Wood, 18
S.W.3d at 648 (concluding that trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
defendant’s motion for mistrial when defendant had not requested less drastic
remedy of continuance). Jury instructions are sufficient to cure most improprieties
that occur during a trial. See Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009). We presume that a jury will follow those instructions. Id.; see also
Colburn v. State, 966 S.W.2d 511, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (jury presumed to
disregard evidence of parole status during deliberation when so instructed); Waldo
v. State, 746 S.W.2d 750, 754 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (jury presumed to follow
instruction to disregard testimony regarding defendant’s post-Miranda silence);
Gardner v. State, 730 S.W.2d 675, 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (jury presumed to
follow instruction to disregard accomplice witness’s testimony alluding to
defendant’s previous incarceration). A trial court acts within its discretion by
denying a motion for mistrial if, after improper admission of a rejected plea
bargain offer by the State, it instructs the jury to disregard the improperly admitted
evidence. See Keys v. State, 05-12-01040-CR, 2013 WL 3239548, at *3 (Tex.
App.—Dallas June 25, 2013, no pet.)
After the jury heard the State’s witness testify that Conley rejected a plea
bargain offer for 10 years, the trial court granted Conley’s motion to disregard but
denied his motion for a mistrial. The relevant portion of the record follows:
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CONLEY: Did she [Conley’s wife] tell you that—did she tell you
that her husband had nothing to do with this case?
HORTON: She never did say that. She said he was in the car. She
say—she tried to get him to tell on—Ranier [Rainier Conley] to tell
on Demarcus Chachere, but he won’t tell. That’s how I know that
they offered Demar—I know Mr. Ranier ten years Monday.
THE COURT: Okay. Let’s stick to the facts in questions [sic] here.
CONLEY: Judge, I’m going to ask for the Jury to be instructed to
disregard the last statement.
THE COURT: Jury will be instructed to disregard that last statement.
CONLEY: And just for the record, we’re asking for a mistrial.
THE COURT: Denied. Let’s stick to the facts of this case and we
won’t have these problems.
Because the trial court’s instruction to disregard cured the error, the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by denying Conley’s motion for mistrial. See Gamboa, 296
S.W.3d at 580; Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 77.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Jane Bland
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Bland, and Huddle.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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