ROBINSON, DALVAN, PEOPLE v

SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department

275
KA 13-01770
PRESENT: PERADOTTO, J.P., LINDLEY, DEJOSEPH, NEMOYER, AND TROUTMAN,

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, RESPONDENT,

V MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

DALVAN ROBINSON, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

ANTHONY J. LANA, BUFFALO, FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

THEODORE A. BRENNER, DEPUTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY, LOCKPORT (THOMAS H.
BRANDT OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.

Appeal from a judgment of the Niagara County Court (Sara S.
Farkas, J.), rendered August 19, 2013. The judgment convicted
defendant, upon a jury verdict, of rape in the first degree, sexual
abuse in the first degree and rape in the third degree.

It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is
unanimously modified on the law by vacating the sentence and as
modified the judgment is affirmed, and the matter is remitted to
Niagara County Court for resentencing in accordance with the following
memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him, upon a
jury verdict, of rape in the first degree (Penal Law § 130.35 [2]),
sexual abuse in the first degree (§ 130.65 [2]), and rape in the third
degree (§ 130.25 [3]). We reject defendant’s contention that the
evidence is legally insufficient to establish that the victim was
“incapable of consent[ing]” to the intercourse or the sexual contact
by reason of being “physically helpless,” as required to convict
defendant under sections 130.35 (2) and 130.65 (2). Penal Law
§ 130.00 (7) states that a person is “physically helpless” when that
“person is unconscious or for any other reason is physically unable to
communicate unwillingness to an act.” The “definition of physically
helpless is broad enough to cover a sleeping victim” (People v Smith,
16 AD3d 1033, 1034, affd 6 NY3d 827, cert denied 548 US 905),
“particularly where the sleep was drug and alcohol induced” (People v
Fuller, 50 AD3d 1171, 1174, lv denied 11 NY3d 788 [internal quotation
marks omitted]; see People v Kessler, 122 AD3d 1402, 1403, lv denied
25 NY3d 990). Here, the victim testified that she woke up after a
night of drinking and being sick to her stomach to find that all of
her clothing was off and that defendant was penetrating her vaginally.
That evidence is legally sufficient to demonstrate that the victim was
physically helpless at the time of the offenses and thus is legally
sufficient to support the jury’s verdict of guilty on the first two
counts (see Kessler, 122 AD3d at 1403; People v Yontz, 116 AD3d 1242,
1242-1243, lv denied 23 NY3d 1026; Fuller, 50 AD3d at 1174). Further,
 -2- 275
KA 13-01770

viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged
to the jury (see People v Danielson, 9 NY3d 342, 349), we conclude
that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence with
respect to all three counts (see Kessler, 122 AD3d at 1403; Yontz, 116
AD3d at 1243; see generally People v Bleakley, 49 NY2d 490, 495).

We agree with defendant that he was improperly sentenced as a
second felony offender on the basis of his 2005 federal conviction of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 50 kilograms or more
of marihuana (21 USC § 846; see § 841 [a] [1]; [b]). In order to be
subject to sentencing as a second felony offender, defendant’s prior
out-of-state conviction must have been “of an offense for which a
sentence of imprisonment in excess of one year or a sentence of death
was authorized and is authorized in this state irrespective of whether
such sentence was imposed” (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [i]). Thus, the
predicate conviction, if rendered by another jurisdiction, must be
equivalent to a New York felony (see People v Jurgins, 26 NY3d 607,
613; People v Muniz, 74 NY2d 464, 467). The “general rule limits
th[e] inquiry ‘to a comparison of the crimes’ elements as they are
respectively defined in the foreign and New York penal statutes’ ”
(Jurgins, 26 NY3d at 613, quoting Muniz, 74 NY2d at 467-468).

Here, as the People concede, defendant’s 2005 federal conviction
is not equivalent to a New York felony because there is a “conspicuous
difference” between the pertinent federal statute and its New York
counterpart (People v Ramos, 19 NY3d 417, 419). The New York crime of
conspiracy requires proof of an overt act by one of the conspirators
in furtherance of the conspiracy (see Penal Law § 105.20), but the
federal drug conspiracy statute has no such element or requirement
(see Ramos, 19 NY3d at 419-420). “Because New York law requires proof
of an element that federal law does not,” the federal conviction
cannot serve as a predicate felony conviction (id. at 420). We
therefore modify the judgment by vacating the sentence, and we remit
the matter to County Court for resentencing as a nonpredicate felon
(see id. at 421).

Entered: March 24, 2017 Frances E. Cafarell
Clerk of the Court