IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
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In re the Detention of ) No. 71292-6-1
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COX, J. — Mark Black challenges his order of commitment as a sexually
violent predator. In our August 2015 decision, we reversed the order on due
process grounds because he had not been present during portions of jury
selection.1
The supreme court granted the State's petition for review and denied
Black's.2 The supreme court then reversed our decision on the basis that Black
waived his right to be present during the relevant portions of jury selection. The
court remanded the case to this court for further proceedings consistent with its
opinion.
Two issues remain for decision. First, whether there was sufficient
evidence to prove that Black's disorders caused him serious difficulty controlling
his behavior. Second, whether the court abused its discretion in admitting certain
In re Det. of Black, 189 Wn. App. 641, 357 P.3d 91 (2015).
2 In re Det. of Black, No. 92332-9, slip op. at 1 (Wash., Dec. 15, 2016),
https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/923329.pdf.
No. 71292-6-1/2
expert opinion. We hold there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's
decision. And there was no evidentiary error requiring reversal. We affirm.
We need not repeat here the factual and procedural background detailed
in our prior opinion. Rather, we only discuss facts insofar as necessary to
address the remaining issues for decision.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Black argues that the State failed to prove that each of the alternative
means of commitment caused the lack of volitional control required for civil
commitment. We hold there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict.
The right to a unanimous jury verdict applies in SVP commitment
proceedings.3 When the defendant stands charged with and the jury is instructed
on an alternative means crime, the jury must determine unanimously the means
by which the defendant committed the crime.4
To show the mental illness element for an SVP determination, the State
can present proof that the respondent "suffers [either]from a 'mental abnormality'
or proof that such a respondent suffers from a 'personality disorder.'"5 These
"are the two factual alternatives set forth in the relevant statute."6
3 In re Det. of Halgren, 156 Wn.2d 795, 809-11, 132 P.3d 714(2006).
4 State v. Owens, 180 Wn.2d 90, 95, 323 P.3d 1030 (2014).
5In re Det. of Pouncy, 144 Wn. App. 609, 618, 184 P.3d 651 (2008)
(quoting HaIgren, 156 Wn.2d at 811).
6 Id.
2
No. 71292-6-1/3
"[W]hen there is sufficient evidence to support each of the alternative
means of committing the crime, express jury unanimity as to which means is not
required."7 But the jury's finding must be unanimous when there is insufficient
evidence to support any individual alternative means.8
Thus, where a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant suffered from both a mental abnormality and a
personality disorder, the defendant's constitutional right to jury unanimity is not
violated.9
A "mental abnormality" is defined as "a congenital or acquired condition
affecting the emotional or volitional capacity which predisposes the person to the
commission of criminal sexual acts in a degree constituting such person a
menace to the health and safety of others."1°
Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if, viewed "in the light most
favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt."11 In so construing the evidence, we draw "all reasonable
inferences ... in favor of the State."12 We interpret it "most strongly against the
7 Owens, 180 Wn.2d at 95.
8 Id.
9 1:22L_Incy, 144 Wn. App. at 620.
19 RCW 71.09.020(8).
11 State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068(1992).
12 id.
3
No. 71292-6-1/4
defendant."13 And we defer to the trier of fact on issues of conflicting testimony,
credibility of witnesses, and the persuasiveness of evidence.14
Here, through the testimony of Dr. Dale Arnold, the State presented
sufficient evidence to prove both alternative means to support commitment—
personality disorder and mental abnormality.
First, Dr. Arnold testified that Black has a personality disorder not
otherwise specified (NOS)with antisocial and narcissistic traits.15 These traits
include a sense of entitlement, manipulation of others, deceiffulness, lack of
remorse, and irresponsible behavior.16 Dr. Arnold made this diagnosis after an
evaluation of Black and consultation with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders 1V-Text Revision (DSM-1V TR).17
Dr. Arnold further testified that Black's personality disorder was "severe"
according to the psychopathy checklist.15 And he testified that individuals who
score in the high range of the psychopathy checklist, like Black,"tend to reoffend
more quickly" and "have more violent offenses."19 He also testified that Black's
13 1d
14 State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 874-75, 83 P.3d 970 (2004).
15 Report of Proceedings Vol. 5(Oct. 28, 2013) at 382.
16 Id. at 405-06.
17 Id.
18 Id. at 406.
18 Id. at 408-09, 427.
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No. 71292-6-1/5
personality disorder had a "direct link" to sexual reoffending.2° He opined that
this was because Black likes "the adventure.. . of finding someone on the
internet" and "the process of grooming the child for victimization."21 Further, Dr.
Arnold testified Black's personality disorder caused Black serious difficulty
controlling his behavior because he lacks concern for others and enjoys
exploiting others.22
Second, the State presented sufficient evidence to prove that Black has a
mental abnormality. Specifically, the evidence showed that Black has two mental
abnormalities—sexual sadism and paraphilia NOS, persistent sexual attraction to
pubescent females (paraphilia NOS).23 Dr. Arnold also made these diagnoses
after the evaluation of Black and consultation with the DSM-IV.24
Dr. Arnold based his paraphilia NOS diagnosis on the fact that Black was
"sexually excited by the budding breasts [of young females]."25 Dr. Arnold
testified that this paraphilia caused stress and dysfunction in Black's life.26 Dr.
Arnold opined that paraphilia NOS is a mental abnormality that affected Black's
20 Id. at 427.
21 Id. at 427-28.
22 Id. at 444-45.
23 Id. at 382.
24 Id.
25 Id. at 430.
26 Id. at 433.
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No. 71292-6-1/6
emotional and volitional contro1.27 And he testified that it caused Black serious
difficulty in controlling his sexually violent behavior.28
Dr. Arnold also testified that Black has sexual sadism.29 He based this
diagnosis on the fact that Black was sexually aroused by abuse.3° He testified
that Black continued to have sex with girls even though they were crying and did
not like it.31 Further, Dr. Arnold testified that Black told him that this caused
dysfunction in his relationships.32 Dr. Arnold opined that sexual sadism is also a
mental abnormality that affected Black's emotional and volitional contro1.33 And
he testified that it also caused Black serious difficulty in controlling his sexually
violent behavior.34
In sum, through the testimony of Dr. Arnold, the State presented sufficient
evidence to establish both alternative means for the jury to convict.
Black argues that there was no evidence that the personality disorder
caused him serious difficulty controlling his sexually dangerous behavior. This is
27 Id. at 441,442-44.
28 Id. at 444.
29 Id. at 382, 436.
30 Id. at 439.
31 Id. at 438.
32 Id.
33 Id. at 441-44.
34 Id. at 444.
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No. 71292-6-1/7
incorrect. Dr. Arnold expressly testified that Black's personality disorder "in and
of itself" caused him serious difficulty controlling his behavior, due to the fact that
Black lacks concern for others and enjoys exploiting others.35
Black relies on State of New York v. Donald DD.36 to argue that "[m]erely
committing similar offenses more than once does not show the offender is unable
to control predatory sexual conduct due to a personality disorder."37 There, the
court held that a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder and evidence of
sexual crimes, alone, is an insufficient basis for commitment.38 It did so because
such a diagnosis does "not distinguish the sex offender whose mental
abnormality subjects him to civil commitment from the typical recidivist convicted
in an ordinary criminal case."39
In contrast, there was more than just evidence of Black's personality
disorder and evidence of sexual crimes in this case. Specifically, Dr. Arnold
testified that there was a "direct link" between Black's personality disorder and
sexual reoffending, and he explained how the disorder affected Black's ability to
control his sexually dangerous behavior.40 In short, Donald DD. is
distinguishable.
35 Report of Proceedings Vol. 5(Oct. 28, 2013) at 445.
36 24 N.Y.3d 174, 21 N.E.3d 239, 996 N.Y.S.2d 610 (2014).
37 Appellant's Opening Brief at 44.
38 Donald DD,24 N.Y.3d at 190.
39 Id.
40 Report of Proceedings Vol. 5(Oct. 28, 2013) at 427.
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No. 71292-6-1/8
Black next argues that his actions toward teenage girls did not constitute a
mental abnormality over which he lacked volitional control. He argues that
"[w]hile he took advantage of teenagers who trusted him, he exhibited control
over these behaviors."'" But Dr. Arnold testified to the contrary. He testified that
the mental abnormalities affected Black's volitional control "in that[Black is]
unable to sort of appreciate the harmfulness of his actions and to keep himself
from doing the very same thing."42
This argument is wholly unpersuasive. It presumes that we reweigh
evidence on appeal. We do not. There was sufficient evidence to sustain on
appeal the jury's verdict as the finder of fact at trial.
Finally, Black argues that Dr. Arnold could not explain how the sexual
sadism disorder caused him serious difficulty controlling his sexually sadistic
behavior. But as just stated, Dr. Arnold testified that Black's mental
abnormalities, which included sexual sadism, affected his volitional control by
preventing him from appreciating the harmfulness of his actions and keeping
himself from doing the very same thing.
In sum, Black's arguments are not persuasive. There was sufficient
evidence to support the jury's verdict. And there is simply no unanimity problem.
41 Appellant's Opening Brief at 41.
42 Report of Proceedings Vol. 5(Oct. 28, 2013) at 443.
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No. 71292-6-1/9
EVIDENTIARY RULINGS
Black finally argues that the trial court improperly admitted expert opinion
testimony that he suffers from paraphilia NOS. He also contends that the trial
court deprived him of his ability to challenge this diagnosis when it excluded
evidence of "hebephilia." We hold that any evidentiary error in this respect was
harmless.
We need not address Black's arguments based on the claimed failure to
satisfy the Frye standard.43 Even had the evidence failed to meet that standard,
Black must also show its admission resulted in prejudice." An error is prejudicial
if "'within reasonable probabilities, had the error not occurred, the outcome of the
trial would have been materially affected.'"45 When the trial court improperly
admits evidence, but the jury can review alternative evidence establishing the
same element, the improper admission is likely harmless.46
Here, the admission of the paraphilia NOS diagnosis was harmless. That
is because this was not the only diagnosis ascribed by Dr. Arnold. As we already
discussed in this opinion, Dr. Arnold also diagnosed Black with sexual sadism
and a personality disorder. There was sufficient evidence to support each of
these diagnoses. Further, Dr. Arnold testified that any of these diagnoses in and
of itself was sufficient to cause Black serious difficulty in controlling his behavior.
43 In re Det. of Thorell, 149 Wn.2d 724, 72 P.3d 708 (2003).
44 In re Det. of West, 171 Wn.2d 383,410, 256 P.3d 302(2011).
45 Id. (quoting State v. Neal, 144 Wn.2d 600, 611, 30 P.3d 1255 (2001)).
46 Id. at 410-11.
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No. 71292-6-1/10
In short, given this evidence, there is not a reasonable probability that the
outcome of the trial would have been different because of the admission of the
challenged evidence.
The admission of the evidence was harmless, given the evidence that
Black suffered from sexual sadism and a personality disorder, each of which was
sufficient to cause Black serious difficulty in controlling his behavior.
We affirm the order of commitment.
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WE CONCUR:
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10
In Re The Detention Of Mark A. Black
Combined Opinion