J-A32040-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
CARRIE L. JACKSON, PERSONAL IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE ESTATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
ROBERT A. JACKSON,
Appellant
v.
CONSOLIDATED RAIL CORPORATION
AND NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY
COMPANY,
Appellees No. 3735 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment Entered January 13, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Civil Division at No.: March Term, 2014, No. 002160
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., RANSOM, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED MARCH 28, 2017
Appellant, Carrie L. Jackson, personal representative for the estate of
her late husband, Robert A. Jackson, appeals from the judgment entered in
favor of Appellee Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) following the jury
verdict for Conrail on her negligence claim under the Federal Employers’
Liability Act, §§ 1–10, as amended, 45 U.S.C.A. §§ 51–60 (FELA).1
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
Norfolk Southern Railway Company, co-defendant and nominal co-
Appellee, is a subsidiary of Norfolk Southern Corporation, operating
throughout the Eastern United States. Conrail provides local rail service for
CSX Corporation and Norfolk Southern, as well as track maintenance and
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Intermingling various legal theories and arguments, Appellant asks this
Court to reverse the jury verdict and remand for a new trial. We affirm.
We derive the facts of this case from the trial court’s opinion and our
independent review of the record. (See Trial Court Opinion, 6/08/16, at 1-
2). The underlying facts are not in substantial dispute, even though the
parties disagree on the applicable legal principles and the consequences.
On Monday, March 28, 2011, Mr. Jackson was employed by Conrail as
a foreman of a tie gang at its depot in Bayonne, New Jersey. In the late
afternoon of that day, Mr. Jackson picked up a hydraulic jackhammer to
replace tie spikes which had previously been removed from the track. When
he picked up the jackhammer, he felt something in his chest. (See N.T.
Deposition of Robert A. Jackson, 4/12/12, at 21). Mr. Jackson took an
aspirin from a co-worker and tried to “walk it off.” (Id.). He thought he
might have pulled a chest muscle. He felt sick to his stomach. He had “no
idea” what was the matter, (id. at 23), but he couldn’t catch his breath, and
he felt that he was coughing too much. (See id. at 24); (see also id. at
45) (“I didn’t know what it was.”). Mr. Jackson did not think he was having
a heart attack. (See id. at 64). His co-workers took him back to Conrail’s
local headquarters in Elizabeth, NJ.
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
related services, apparently by contract. The defendants took the position
that Norfolk Southern could not be liable as a matter of law because it had
no employment relationship with Mr. Jackson. The verdict slip referred to
Conrail only.
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At the Elizabeth office, Mr. Jackson turned down offers of immediate
nearby medical care from his fellow employees, several times, including
calling an ambulance, visiting a nearby hospital, and repeated suggestions
by his supervisor, John Falcao, to go to Concentra, a walk-in urgent care
medical facility half a block from the Elizabeth Conrail office where they
were, or to a nearby hospital. (See N.T. Trial, 6/23/15, at 135).
Mr. Jackson later testified that he wanted to go to a “regular hospital”
near his home. (N.T. Deposition of Robert A. Jackson, at 27; see also id. at
45 (“I told him I wanted to go to a hospital by my house.”); Trial Ct. Op., at
1). After refusing repeated offers by various Conrail employees of nearby
medical help, Mr. Jackson requested to be taken home. (See Trial Ct. Op.,
at 5).
A co-worker drove Mr. Jackson home. Before arriving home, however,
after talking with his wife by cell phone, he decided to go to the emergency
department of the Jersey Shore University Medical Center in Neptune, New
Jersey. (See N.T. Deposition of Robert A. Jackson, at 30). Mr. Jackson was
familiar with the Jersey Shore Medical Center, which was located near Route
33, the road he used on the way to his home in Freehold, NJ. He thought of
it as a “good hospital.” (Id.).
Medical staff at Jersey Shore diagnosed a heart attack (myocardial
infarction). (See Deposition of Donald Rubenstein, M.D., 5/12/15, at 10).
Mr. Jackson underwent surgery and post-surgical treatment.
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Mr. Jackson later filed suit. At his deposition, he admitted to a history
of heart problems going back to 2002, including an angioplasty, which he did
not disclose in his medical history when applying to Conrail. (See
Deposition of Robert A. Jackson, at 53-55). Mr. Jackson also admitted to a
half-a-pack a day cigarette smoking habit. (See id. at 55).
Mr. Jackson was eventually put on a waiting list for a heart transplant,
but kidney issues made it more difficult for him to get one. (See id. at 32).
After various complications, still awaiting a transplant, he died three years
later, on July 12, 2014, of congestive heart failure.2 Medical records at the
time of his death confirmed that Mr. Jackson had had a heart attack eight
years earlier.3
The essence of the complaint was that Conrail was negligent under
FELA for failure to provide Mr. Jackson with “timely and adequate emergency
medical care,” by calling 911, an ambulance, or taking him to “the closest
hospital.” (Complaint, 3/14/14, at unnumbered page 3, ¶¶ 20, 21, 22). The
complaint alleged that Conrail’s negligence contributed to or aggravated the
severity of Mr. Jackson’s heart attack, resulting in permanent damage to his
heart. (See id. at ¶¶ 15, 24, 33).
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2
Mrs. Jackson was substituted as plaintiff after the death of her husband.
3
Mr. Jackson’s cause of death was officially identified as congestive heart
failure with an onset of eight years earlier, as a consequence of
cardiomyopathy, also eight years previously. Hypotension was also listed as
a cause of death. (See Death Certificate of Robert A. Jackson, 7/22/14).
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The jury rendered a defense verdict of no negligence. Appellant’s
counsel filed a rambling twenty-five point post-trial motion, which, inter alia,
included a challenge to the weight of the evidence. (See Plaintiff’s Post-Trial
Motion, 7/02/15, at 1-5). The motion also asserted that “[t]he [c]ourt ruled
as a matter of law that Defendant had a duty to provide medical assistance
based upon the special circumstances of Robert A. Jackson post heart
attack.” (Id. at 2 ¶ 8).
The trial court denied the motion, after a hearing. Notably, in denying
the post-trial motion, the trial court rejected counsel’s numerous inter-
related assertions that the court had ruled explicitly that Conrail had a
specific duty to assist Mr. Jackson. This timely appeal followed.4
Appellant presents two questions on appeal:
I. Whether it was error for Attorney Hohn (defense
counsel) to disregard the trial court’s ruling and instructions that
Conrail had an affirmative non delegable duty to provide Robert
Jackson with timely medical assistance?
II. Whether it was error for the jury to disregard the trial
court’s instructions that Conrail had an affirmative non delegable
duty to provide Robert Jackson with timely medical assistance?
(Appellant’s Brief, at 8).
Both of the questions presented involve jury instructions.
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4
In response to court order, counsel for Appellant filed a rambling twenty-
two item statement of errors on December 22, 2015. The trial court filed an
opinion on June 8, 2016. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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In examining [jury] instructions, our scope of review
is to determine whether the trial court committed [a] clear
abuse of discretion or error of law controlling the outcome
of the case. Error in a charge is sufficient ground for a
new trial, if the charge as a whole is inadequate or not
clear or has a tendency to mislead or confuse rather than
clarify a material issue. A charge will be found adequate
unless the issues are not made clear to the jury or the jury
was palpably misled by what the trial judge said or unless
there is an omission which amounts to fundamental error.
A reviewing court will not grant a new trial on the ground
of inadequacy of the charge unless there is a prejudicial
omission of something basic or fundamental. In reviewing
a trial court’s charge to the jury, we must not take the
challenged words or passage out of context of the whole of
the charge, but must look to the charge in its entirety.
Stewart v. Motts, 539 Pa. 596, 606, 654 A.2d 535, 540 (1995)
(citations omitted).
Boutte v. Seitchik, 719 A.2d 319, 324–25 (Pa. Super. 1998).
Here, Appellant first claims defense counsel disregarded a ruling and
instructions from the trial court. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 16-29). We
disagree.
Preliminarily, we are compelled to note that counsel for Appellant
misstates the record. In Appellant’s Statement of the Case, counsel asserts
that the trial court “ruled as a matter of law that Defendant had a duty
to provide timely medical assistance based upon the special
circumstances of Robert Jackson post heart attack [sic].” (Appellant’s
Brief, at 10) (emphasis added). In support, counsel cites “N.T. [Trial],
06/23/2015, at 4:14-17.” (Id.).
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This is demonstrably inaccurate. The trial court never made the ruling
defense counsel allegedly ignored. All the trial court did in the cited passage
was to deny the defendants’ motion to preclude evidence that Conrail
allegedly failed to provide medical assistance, in effect leaving the issue for
the jury. (See id.).5 On this first claim, counsel for Appellant otherwise
fails to identify any specific ruling or instruction defense counsel supposedly
disregarded. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 16-29).
To the contrary, in a rambling argument consisting mostly of
deposition excerpts with no further analysis, counsel never raises the issue
of disregarded rulings at all. (See id.). At the end, counsel quotes defense
counsel’s final argument, referencing the duty of care, in anticipation of the
trial court’s jury charge. (See id. at 29; N.T. Trial, 6/25/15).6 Counsel did
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5
The defendants (Conrail and Norfolk Southern) argued in essence that
there was no duty to render medical assistance to Mr. Jackson because he
was not “helpless” within the meaning of the FELA, and there were no
“special circumstances” which applied. (See Defendants’ Motion in limine to
Preclude Evidence and Argument Regarding Their Alleged Failure to Provide
Medical Assistance,” 3/25/15, at 1-6). For clarity, we state the evidentiary
ruling verbatim:
Second motion, control N. 15033334, defendant’s motion
to preclude evidence regarding Conrail’s failure to provide
medical assistance. Likewise, we are denying that motion.
(N.T. Trial, 6/23/15, at 4 lines 14-17).
6
Counsel omits defense counsel’s conclusion:
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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not object at trial, and raises no objection on appeal.7 Accordingly,
Appellant’s first argument is waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a), (c), (d), and
(e).
Moreover, it would not merit relief. It is certainly true that the trial
court charged the jury that:
Under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, Conrail, the
defendant, had an affirmative non[-]delegable duty to use
reasonable care to furnish the plaintiff Robert A. Jackson with
a reasonably safe place to work and provide him with safe,
reasonably safe [sic] working conditions.
This duty to provide a safe workplace is an affirmative one.
(N.T. Trial, 6/25/15, at 78) (emphases added).
The trial court also instructed the jury, in pertinent part, as follows:
[5] In this case the plaintiff has the burden
[6] of proving that each of the following is more
[7] likely true than not: First, that the defendant
[8] Conrail was negligent; and, second, that the
[9] negligence of Conrail was a cause or contributed to
[10] bringing about the harms and damages that
[11] Mr. Jackson had.
[12] The plaintiff also has the burden of
[13] proving the extent of any damages caused by the
[14] defendant’s negligence.
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
There is no evidence in this case that the railroad breached
that duty or any evidence that it failed to do what a railroad
company is supposed to do and provide a reasonably safe place
to work for their [sic] employees.
(N.T. Trial 6/25/15, at 63).
7
In any event, we discern no legal error in defense counsel’s summary of
the law he anticipated the trial judge would give to the jury.
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[15] In your determination of the facts you
[16] consider only the evidence which has been presented
[17] in court and the inferences which flow and can be
[18] derived from that evidence. You don't rely on
[19] supposition. You don’t guess on any matters that
[20] are not in evidence. And you will not regard as
[21] true any evidence that you find to be incredible
[22] even if it wasn’t contradicted in court.
[23] Your determination of the facts ─ I know
[24] that you already know this ─ should not be based
[25] on empathy for any party or prejudice against any
[2] party in this case.
(N.T. Trial, 6/25/15 at 69 lines 5-25, 70 line 2) (emphasis in original).
Later in its instruction the trial court added:
In this case the plaintiff claims injury by the negligent
conduct of the defendant. You know that the plaintiff has
the burden of proving those claims.
The defendant in this case denies the plaintiff’s claims.
Defendant asserts that the plaintiff was negligent and the
plaintiff’s own negligence caused or contributed to his injuries.
The defendant has the burden of proving this affirmative
defense.
The issues for you to decide as a jury in accordance with
the law as I am instructing you is: Was the defendant negligent?
Did the defendant’s conduct cause or contribute to injury to the
plaintiff? Was the plaintiff negligent? Did the plaintiff’s conduct
cause or contribute to his own injury?
(N.T. Trial, 6/25/15 at 86 lines 8-14) (emphasis added).
What the trial court indisputably did not do, is decide the ultimate
issue for the jury. In point of fact, the trial court never ruled, as a matter of
law or otherwise, that Conrail had a duty to provide timely medical
assistance “based upon the special circumstances of Robert Jackson post
heart attack [sic].” (Appellant’s Brief, at 10). Indeed, if the trial court had
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done so, it would have improperly usurped the role of the jury as fact-finder.
We also note that the foregoing (proper) instructions are incompatible with
counsel’s claim that the trial court had already precluded consideration of
the issues as a matter of law. Appellant’s first issue is waived and would not
merit relief.
Appellant’s second claim fails for similar reasons. (See Appellant’s
Brief, at 29-30). Appellant argues the jury disregarded the trial court’s
instructions. (See id.). We disagree.
In support, Appellant cites three brief excerpts from the trial court’s
instructions, conflated into a single quotation. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 29-
30) (citing N.T. Trial, 6/25/15 at 69 lines 5-11; 78, lines 18-25; 80, lines 1-
11). None of them, taken together or separately, support the claim that the
trial court ruled as a matter of law that Conrail had a duty to provide timely
medical assistance based on the special circumstances of Mr. Jackson “post
heart attack.” (Appellant’s Brief, at 10).
We observe that the trial court’s instructions cover almost thirty pages
of the trial transcript. (See N.T. Trial, 6/25/15, at 66-95) It is well-settled
that we review a trial court’s charge to the jury in its entirety. See Boutte
v. Seitchik, supra at 325. On independent review, we find no support for
Appellant’s assertion that the trial court ruled or instructed the jury that
Conrail had a plaintiff-specific duty as a matter of law.
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The jury did not disregard the trial court’s proper and correct
instructions. There is no basis in the record to conclude otherwise. The trial
court never gave the dispositive instruction counsel for Appellant would have
us assume it did.8 Appellant’s second claim is waived, and, lacking any basis
in the facts or the law, would not merit relief.
We note that the trial court, in an apparent effort to address
Appellant’s rather convoluted twenty-two item statement of errors,
concluded that “the gravamen of Appellant’s appeal” was a challenge to the
weight of the evidence. (Trial Court Op., at 3 n.1).
We are sympathetic to the commendable efforts of the trial court to
impose some order on such consistently unfocussed claims. Nevertheless,
we are compelled to note that counsel for Appellant failed to include a
weight claim in the statement of questions presented. (See Appellant’s
Brief, at 8). Furthermore, he failed to develop even a semblance of an
argument in support of this claim.9 (See id. at 12-30). Accordingly, the
weight claim would be waived as well.
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8
Moreover, by not referencing where in the record the supposed instruction
appeared, counsel for Appellant fails to comply with Pa.R.A.P. 2119(c). It is
not the role of this Court to scour the record to find evidence to support a
litigant’s argument. See J.J. DeLuca Co., Inc. v. Toll Naval Assocs., 56
A.3d 402, 411 (Pa. Super. 2012).
9
Appellant’s Brief refers to weight of the evidence twice, both times in the
“Statement of Case.” (See Appellant’s Brief, at 9). There is no argument to
support a weight claim. As already noted, Appellant’s actual argument is
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Moreover, it would not merit relief.
The decision of whether or not to grant a new trial based upon a
claim that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence rests
with the trial court. On appeal the test is not whether the
appellate court would have decided the case in the same way
but, rather, whether the jury’s verdict was so contrary to the
evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice and to make the
award of a new trial imperative, so that right may be given
another opportunity to prevail.
Vattimo v. Eaborn Truck Serv., Inc., 777 A.2d 1163, 1164–65 (Pa. Super
2001), appeal denied, 796 A.2d 319 (Pa. 2002) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted). “[T]he fact finder is free to believe all, part or
none of the evidence, and the credibility of and the weight to be accorded
the evidence produced are matters within the province of the trier of fact.”
Rose v. Annabi, 934 A.2d 743, 747 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation omitted).
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
mostly narrative driven, heavily reliant on extensive quotes from fellow
Conrail workers, seriatim, with essentially no follow-up analysis or linkage to
legal principles. (See id. at 19-28). It posits, in effect, that decedent’s
fellow employees, some of whom had CPR training, knew or should have
known that Mr. Jackson’s condition was a heart attack (even though he
admitted he did not), or at least a serious condition requiring immediate
attention, despite his denials and refusal of nearby treatment. Even so, the
excerpts confirm that Mr. Jackson steadfastly refused treatment. For
example:
Q. What do you remember?
A. I asked him if he needed to go to the hospital.
Q. What did he say?
A. He said no.
(Id. at 26) (citation omitted).
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Here, the trial court decided that the jury’s verdict was not contrary to
the weight of the evidence and did not shock the conscience of the court.
(See Trial Ct. Op., at 6). On independent review, we discern no basis to
disturb the trial court’s decision. There was ample evidence in the trial
record for the verdict in favor of Appellee and against Appellant.
It bears continuing strong emphasis that the record supports a finding
that Mr. Jackson refused multiple offers of local medical care in North Jersey
in favor of going home and visiting his own doctor, or a hospital he
preferred. Conrail had no duty to impose local medical care on him against
his will, under FELA or otherwise. It could have been liable if it did.
Appellant claims that Mr. Jackson was so “out of it,” (Appellant’s Brief,
at 10), that he could not make decisions for himself. In the first place “out
of it” is neither a qualified medical diagnosis, nor, without more, proof he
was “helpless” under FELA. Furthermore, the jury was entitled to infer from
the evidence that the claim is belied by the choices Mr. Jackson made about
his own treatment. He refused local treatment, and, far from claiming
helplessness, defended that refusal in his deposition a year later. (See
Deposition of Robert A. Jackson, 4/12/12, at 27-28).
He re-assessed his choices as he proceeded back home and ultimately
decided, in talking by cell phone with his wife, to go to an emergency room
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instead of going directly home.10 Appellant failed to prove that Mr. Jackson
was “helpless” under the FELA such as to impose a duty on Conrail to
provide him with involuntary medical treatment.
Appellant also argues that some of the Conrail employees had CPR
training and should have known the signs and symptoms of a heart attack.
(See Appellant’s Brief, at 12, 14, 20). But CPR training, however beneficial,
does not convert a railroad track employee into a medical diagnostician, let
alone a certified cardiologist, such as to permit him or her to override the
will of an employee who declines treatment.
Notably, Dr. Howard Cobert testified it was inappropriate to expect rail
employees to diagnose someone who was acutely ill and required emergency
intervention. (See Deposition of Howard S. Cobert, M.D., 6/23/15, at 12).
Appellant places great weight on Cortes v. Baltimore Insular Lines,
Inc., 287 U.S. 367 (1932). (See Appellant’s Brief, at 12, 14, 30;
Appellant’s Reply Brief, 9, 11, 18). The reliance is misplaced. Cortes was a
Seaman’s Act case, long ago superseded by statute, 11 which refers to FELA
by analogy. Moreover, Cortes concludes that under FELA a common carrier
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10
Appellant claims the delay in treatment aggravated Mr. Jackson’s
condition. Even if this were true─which we need not decide for this
appeal─that was the choice Mr. Jackson made for himself. It is worth
remembering that Mr. Jackson repeatedly confirmed that at the time he did
not think he was having a heart attack (despite his own history of heart
problems).
11
See Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., 498 U.S. 19, 33 (1990).
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is not subject to a duty “to give maintenance or cure to sick or disabled
employees”. . . “except in special circumstances[.]” Id. at 376. Counsel for
Appellant, unsurprisingly, claims special circumstances, but never specifically
explains why or what the special circumstances are. (See Appellant’s Brief,
at 14). Appellant failed to meet her burden of proof.
In any event, on the very issues Appellant needed to establish liability
in this case, (viz., negligence and causal relationship), Cortes remanded to
the trial court. See Cortes, supra at 378. Appellant’s arguments do not
merit relief.
While on the job, Mr. Jackson suffered what was later diagnosed as a
heart attack. He did not think he was having a heart attack (even with his
own undisclosed cardiac history). He adamantly refused any and all offers
from his supervisor and fellow employees, of immediate medical help,
including to a clinic just down the street. He asked for a ride home and was
given one. On the way, he decided to visit a hospital emergency room
instead.
Any delay in Mr. Jackson’s obtaining medical treatment was the direct
result of the choices he made to decline treatment near work, and finally to
go to a hospital of his choice closer to home. The jury had ample evidence
to conclude Conrail violated no duty it had to Mr. Jackson. The jury did not
disregard the trial court’s instructions. The trial court properly denied
Appellant’s challenge to the weight of the evidence.
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Judgment affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/28/2017
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Jackson, C. v. Consolidated Rail Corporation
Combined Opinion