MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Mar 30 2017, 6:34 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Gregory L. Fumarolo Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Katherine Cooper
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Walik L. Whiteside, March 30, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
02A05-1607-CR-1659
v. Appeal from the Allen Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Frances C. Gull,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
02D04-1503-FB-3
Baker, Judge.
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[1] Walik Whiteside appeals his convictions for Attempted Rape, 1 a class B felony,
and two counts of Criminal Deviate Conduct, 2 a class B felony, arguing that the
trial court erred by permitting him to waive his right to counsel and that the
trial court should have granted his pretrial motion for a continuance. Whiteside
also appeals the sentence imposed by the trial court, contending that it is
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offenses and his character. We find
no error on the first two issues but we agree that the sentence is inappropriate.
Therefore, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions to
revise Whiteside’s sentence to three consecutive ten-year terms.
Facts
[2] During the morning hours of September 22, 2012, A.B. went for a run along the
River Greenway in Fort Wayne. As A.B. approached an overpass, she saw a
man later identified as then-fifteen-year-old Whiteside standing on the path. As
A.B. ran past Whiteside, he grabbed her from behind and placed his arm
around her neck. They fell to the ground. Whiteside removed his pants and
attempted to insert his penis into A.B.’s vagina but was unable to because he
did not have an erection. He inserted his fingers into her vagina, touched her
breasts underneath her bra, and forced his penis into A.B.’s mouth in an
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1 (2012).
2
Ind. Code § 35-42-4-2 (2012).
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attempt to achieve an erection. Within a few minutes, another runner
approached Whiteside and A.B., and Whiteside fled the scene.
[3] The other runner called 911 from A.B.’s cell phone and waited with her until
the police arrived. When they arrived, they found A.B. to be very shaken and
upset, and initially unresponsive to questions. A.B. was transported to a sexual
assault treatment center, where she underwent a forensic medical examination.
The examiner observed abrasions on A.B.’s mouth and knees and collected
DNA swab samples from A.B.’s neck, breasts, inner thighs, and external and
internal genitalia. This evidence was sent to the Indiana State Police but no
match for the DNA was found at that time.
[4] In the meantime, Whiteside committed another crime that resulted in a Class A
felony robbery conviction. In 2014, during Whiteside’s incarceration for that
crime, the State collected a DNA sample. When that sample was introduced
into the database, it appeared to be a match for the DNA that was collected
from A.B.’s body. Fort Wayne police officers then collected a new DNA swab
from Whiteside, and a forensic scientist confirmed that Whiteside’s DNA
matched the DNA collected from A.B.’s body.
[5] On March 23, 2015, the State charged Whiteside with Class B felony attempted
rape, two counts of Class B felony criminal deviate conduct, and class D felony
sexual battery. Before the State filed criminal charges against Whiteside, the
Allen County juvenile court found probable cause and issued an order of waiver
of jurisdiction to criminal court.
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[6] During the pendency of Whiteside’s case, he had four different public
defenders. Although the first public defender resigned through no fault of
Whiteside, he developed conflicts with his second, third, and fourth public
defenders, resulting in his request, made two weeks before trial, to proceed pro
se. The trial court conducted a hearing regarding Whiteside’s request, but the
transcript of that hearing has not been included in the record on appeal.
Following the hearing, the trial court issued an order finding that Whiteside
“knowingly, and voluntarily is waiving his right to counsel and can proceed pro
se.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 94.
[7] Four days before the scheduled trial, Whiteside filed a motion for a
continuance. The trial court denied the motion. On May 17, 2016, the date
that the trial was scheduled to begin, Whiteside renewed the motion. The
following discussion occurred:
Whiteside: I haven’t—I haven’t had the proper time to build a
defense. . . .
Court: Okay, well we had our hearing last time and the
only complaint that you were lodging about not
being ready for trial was the fact that the jail had
you on—I think you indicated the jail had you on
lockdown, that you weren’t being treated fairly at
the jail, that you had complaints about your
treatment at the jail.
Whiteside: Yes.
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Court: You didn’t even really discuss the trial. You just
kept saying you weren’t ready for trial, but you
didn’t give me any answers why you weren’t ready
for trial.
***
Court: Okay, but again Mr. Whiteside here’s the problem
I’m having. You’re just saying I’m not ready.
You’re not giving me a basis for it, . . . [y]ou’re not
telling me what it is that more time will produce
something different. All I’m hearing is I’m not
ready, I’m not ready.
Whiteside: Um, I—I haven’t fully—I need time to fully, um,
assess my discovery, look over all my discovery. . . .
I need time to do a deposition. . . . Um, there are
about seven (7) witnesses that I never heard of. . . . I
would like to do my own DNA test—have my own
DNA test done. And, you know, just really work
on my case and research. . . .
Tr. Vol. I p. 4-7. The trial court noted that Whiteside’s fourth public defender
had retained a DNA expert who examined all of the DNA evidence and was
prepared to testify, but at a prior hearing, Whiteside adamantly stated that he
did not want that expert to testify, so no subpoena was issued. Additionally,
the trial court noted that there were multiple witnesses who had been
subpoenaed by Whiteside’s final attorney who were present and prepared to
testify; furthermore, his attorneys had provided all discovery to Whiteside and
gone over it with him in the past. Consequently, the trial court denied the
motion and trial proceeded as planned.
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[8] On May 18, 2016, the jury found Whiteside guilty as charged. The trial court
vacated the sexual battery conviction based on double jeopardy concerns.
Following a sentencing hearing, on July 16, 2016, the trial court sentenced
Whiteside to consecutive twenty-year terms on each of the three Class B felony
convictions, for an aggregate sentence of sixty years imprisonment. The
sentence in this matter is to be served consecutively to the sentence Whiteside is
serving for his unrelated Class A felony robbery conviction. Whiteside now
appeals.
Discussion and Decision
I. Waiver of Counsel
[9] First, Whiteside argues that the trial court erred by granting his request to
proceed pro se. A defendant who wishes to waive the constitutional right to
counsel must do so knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Hopper v. State,
957 N.E.2d 613, 617 (Ind. 2011). Therefore, a defendant who wishes to
proceed pro se should be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-
representation such that the record will show that he “knows what he is doing
and his choice is made with eyes open.” Id. Our Supreme Court has held that
courts considering whether a waiver of counsel was knowing and intelligent
must evaluate (1) the extent of the court’s inquiry into the defendant’s decision,
(2) other evidence in the record that establishes whether the defendant
understood the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, (3) the
background and experience of the defendant, and (4) the context of the
defendant’s decision to proceed pro se. Id. The trial court is in the best position
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to assess whether the defendant has made a knowing and intelligent waiver, and
we will affirm if the trial court “has made the proper inquiries and conveyed the
proper information, and reaches a reasoned conclusion.” Drake v. State, 895
N.E.2d 389, 393 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).
[10] Here, Whiteside concedes that the inquiries made by the trial court regarding
his waiver of counsel was proper and sufficient. Indeed, as he has not included
the transcript of that hearing in the record on appeal, we have no way of
reviewing that conversation in any event. The first factor, therefore, weighs in
favor of the trial court’s decision. As for the second factor—other evidence in
the record that establishes whether the defendant understood the dangers and
disadvantages of self-representation—we note that the record reveals that
Whiteside had extensive experience in the juvenile and criminal justice system,
indicating that he was aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-
representation. Likewise, the third factor—the background and experience of
the defendant—weighs in favor of the trial court’s ruling. While Whiteside was
young at the time of his trial, he was an adult (nineteen years old at the time of
trial) with substantial experience in the criminal justice system. He has a high
school degree and speaks English, and nothing in the record indicates any sort
of mental or intellectual disability. Finally, as for the context of his decision to
proceed pro se, the record reveals that three of his four assigned public
defenders withdrew from the case because of conflicts with Whiteside. Having
been unable to work with 75% of his public defenders, he asked to proceed pro
se because all four of his prior attorneys were “ineffective[.]” Tr. Vol. I p. 12.
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Under these circumstances, the trial court did not err by granting his request to
proceed pro se.
[11] Whiteside makes much of the fact that the trial court’s order stated that his
waiver was knowing and voluntary, but omits a conclusion that the waiver was
intelligently and unequivocally made. Initially, we note that it is entirely
possible that the trial court made oral findings to this effect at the hearing, but
we have no way of knowing whether or not that occurred as we do not have the
transcript to review. And in any event, the evidence in the record supports a
conclusion that Whiteside did, in fact, intelligently and unequivocally waive his
right to counsel. The fact that those words were omitted from the trial court’s
order does not change the outcome.
II. Motions to Continue
[12] Next, Whiteside argues that the trial court erred by denying his motions to
continue—the first made four days before trial, the second made the morning of
trial. We will reverse a trial court’s ruling on a motion to continue only where
the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances
before the court or where the record demonstrates prejudice to the defendant
from a denial of the continuance. Tharpe v. State, 955 N.E.2d 836, 843 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2011). Continuances to allow additional time for preparation are
generally disfavored in criminal cases. Id.
[13] We do not have the transcript from the hearing at which Whiteside’s first
motion to continue was discussed, but based on the trial court’s comments on
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the morning of trial, it sounds as though Whiteside had no genuine arguments
regarding his need for a continuance or what a continuance would accomplish.
The morning of trial, when pushed by the trial court for an answer, Whiteside
identified several concrete things he would do, given more time: (1) review
discovery provided by the State; (2) depose witnesses; (3) perform another
DNA test; and (4) do further research. Tr. Vol. I p. 7.
[14] As for discovery provided by the State, Whiteside’s prior attorneys had
provided him with all discovery and had even gone over it all with him. 3 As for
deposing witnesses, Whiteside did not identify which witnesses he would
depose nor why he wished to conduct depositions. Regarding DNA evidence,
his prior public defender had retained a DNA expert to testify about the State’s
DNA evidence but Whiteside adamantly told the trial court that he did not
want that expert to testify; consequently, no subpoena was issued for that
individual. Finally, as for “further research,” Whiteside did not offer anything
specific that he wished to learn, nor did he identify what goals he would be able
to accomplish if he had been given more time.
[15] It was Whiteside’s decision to request to proceed pro se a mere twelve days
before his trial was scheduled to take place. He was unable, until the day trial
was to begin, to articulate a single reason why a continuance was warranted.
3
There was some last-minute discovery provided by the State in the weeks leading up to the trial, but the
State told the trial court that it did not intend to rely on or introduce that discovery into evidence at trial.
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The trial court, which had the benefit of personal interaction with Whiteside
throughout the pretrial proceedings, was wholly unpersuaded:
You cannot have it both ways sir. You cannot tell me in [sic] the
one hand that you are smarter than everybody in the room and
can represent yourself and have filed multiple pro se motions and
multiple letters with the Court that indicate that you clearly
understand your case, that you clearly understand what’s going
on, that you have a very good understanding of the discovery in
the State’s case against you, and then in the next breath tell me
I’m sorry Judge I don’t know what’s going on. You cannot and I
will not allow you to manipulate the system in that fashion sir.
We are here, we are ready for trial. You are ready for trial Mr.
Whiteside, you’ve told me that repeatedly in your letters and in
your conversations with the Court.
Tr. Vol. I p. 27. We will not second-guess the trial court’s assessment of the
situation, and find no error in the denial of Whiteside’s last-minute motions to
continue the trial.
III. Sentencing
[16] Finally, Whiteside argues that the sentence imposed by the trial court is
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offenses and his character. Indiana
Appellate Rule 7(B) provides that this Court may revise a sentence if it is
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the
offender. We must “conduct [this] review with substantial deference and give
‘due consideration’ to the trial court’s decision—since the ‘principal role of
[our] review is to attempt to leaven the outliers,’ and not to achieve a perceived
‘correct’ sentence . . . .” Knapp v. State, 9 N.E.3d 1274, 1292 (Ind. 2014)
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(quoting Chambers v. State, 989 N.E.2d 1257, 1259 (Ind. 2013)) (internal
citations omitted).
[17] Whiteside was convicted of three Class B felonies. For each, he faced a
sentence of six to twenty years imprisonment, with an advisory term of ten
years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-5(a). The trial court imposed three maximum
twenty-year terms, for an aggregate sentence of sixty years.
[18] With respect to the nature of the offenses, Whiteside assaulted a woman who
was out on a run. He attempted to put his penis in her vagina and successfully
put his penis in her mouth and his fingers in her vagina. The encounter was not
a protracted one as they were quickly interrupted by another runner. While we
do not intend to minimize these crimes, and have no doubt that they will
impact the victim for the rest of her life, we cannot say that these offenses are
the worst of the worst or that they are particularly heinous.
[19] With respect to Whiteside’s character, as a juvenile he was adjudicated
delinquent for possession of marijuana, criminal conversion, and burglary.
When he committed the instant offenses he was a mere fifteen years old. At the
time of the juvenile waiver hearing in this case, he had been convicted of Class
A felony robbery and sentenced to twenty-five years for that offense. While
incarcerated and awaiting trial, he committed and was convicted of Level 6
felony battery on a fellow inmate.
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[20] We find Whiteside’s young age to be of particular importance and agree with
the United States Supreme Court that there are at least four significant
differences between juveniles and adults:
As compared to adults, juveniles have a “‘lack of maturity and an
underdeveloped sense of responsibility.’” Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48,
68 (2010) (quoting Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 569 (2005)).
Juveniles “are more vulnerable or susceptible to negative influences and
outside pressures, including peer pressure.” Roper, 543 U.S. at 569.
Juveniles have limited control over their own environments and often
“lack the ability to extricate themselves from horrific, crime-producing
settings.” Miller v. Alabama, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 2458 (2012).
A juvenile’s character “is not as well formed as an adult’s and his actions
are less likely to be evidence of irretrievable depravity.” Roper, 543 U.S.
at 570.
In sum, “because juveniles have lessened culpability they are less deserving of
the most severe punishments.” Graham, 560 U.S. at 68. In other words,
“juvenile offenders cannot with reliability be classified among the worst
offenders.” Roper, 543 U.S. at 569.
[21] It is evident that Whiteside is far from a model citizen and that prior attempts at
rehabilitation have been unsuccessful. We cannot say, however, that he is the
worst of the worst or that he is a defendant who deserves the maximum possible
term. Given our analysis above regarding the nature of the offenses and given
his youthful age at the time he committed them, we believe that a sixty-year
aggregate sentence was an inappropriate outlier. We do believe, however, that
an aggregate term above the advisory sentence is warranted given Whiteside’s
significant criminal history. Therefore, we revise Whiteside’s sentence to three
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consecutive ten-year terms, to be served consecutively to the sentence he is
currently serving for robbery.
[22] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed in part with
instructions to revise Whiteside’s sentence to three consecutive ten-year terms.
Mathias, J., concurs.
Pyle, J., concurs in part, dissents in part with a separate opinion.
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IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Walik L. Whiteside, Court of Appeals Case No.
02A05-1607-CR-1659
Appellant-Defendant,
v.
State of Indiana,
Appellees-Plaintiff.
Pyle, Judge, concurring in part, dissenting in part.
[23] I concur with the majority that the trial court did not commit error by allowing
the defendant to represent himself and denying his motion to continue the trial
date. However, I respectfully disagree that the sentence imposed was
inappropriate. The majority correctly points out that it is often very appropriate
for judges to be merciful and compassionate when administering justice. On
the other hand, it also incumbent upon us as appellate judges to be particularly
deferential to the weight given to the evidence and witness credibility by a
sentencing judge. As I have noted in prior cases, the trial and sentencing judges
are in the best position to make determinations about who and what to believe.
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They get to see the facial expressions of witnesses; they get to hear the pain or
remorse in the voices of victims, family members, and defendants; they get to
watch body language; and they get to make judgments based on the intonation
in a witness’s voice. None of these critical decision making factors are reflected
in an appellate record. Love v. State, 61 N.E.3d 290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (Pyle,
J., dissenting), trans. pending.
[24] In this case, the Defendant opted to exercise his constitutional right to represent
himself during a jury trial, giving him the opportunity to cross-examine his
victim. The sentencing judge observed the entire trial and presided over the
sentencing hearing. The sentencing judge heard the victim describe her pain;
heard her describe the shock she felt while getting choked and wrestled to the
ground; heard her remember pleading for her life; heard her recount thinking
that she would never see her children again; and heard her recount “this cannot
be happening to me.” (Sent. Tr. 15).
[25] The sentencing judge also heard and considered evidence of this young
defendant’s criminal history. A criminal history accumulated before his
sixteenth birthday. A criminal history that includes juvenile adjudications for
possession of marijuana, criminal conversion, and battery as class A
misdemeanors. In addition, the Defendant committed the offense of burglary
on September 22, 2012 (which would have been a class B felony if committed
by an adult) and was sentenced to the Indiana Boys School. However, before
committing that offense, the Defendant committed the instant offenses in this
case. Following his release from Boys School, the Defendant also committed
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and was convicted of a class A felony robbery during which he had shot and
paralyzed another victim. (Sent. Tr. 17).
[26] Yes, it is true, there are significant differences between adults and juvenile
offenders. However, I respectfully disagree with my colleagues’ belief that this
Defendant is not the worst of the worst deserving of the maximum sentence. I
believe the record supports the sentence imposed by the sentencing judge.
Remember, the question posed by Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) is not whether
the sentence is appropriate, but whether the sentence is inappropriate.
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Walik L. Whiteside v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion