J-A04011-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
MONAIRE WALKER,
Appellee No. 51 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Order November 25, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0000860-2015
BEFORE: SHOGAN, SOLANO, and PLATT,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED MARCH 31, 2017
Appellant, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, appeals from the
November 25, 2015 order granting the suppression motion filed by Appellee,
Monaire Walker.1 Following our careful review of the record and the law, we
reverse.
The trial court summarized the facts as follows:
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
The Commonwealth may appeal an interlocutory order suppressing
evidence when it provides a certification with its notice of appeal that the
order terminates or substantially handicaps the prosecution.
Commonwealth v. Whitlock, 69 A.3d 635, 636 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2013);
Pa.R.A.P. 311(d) (known as Dugger certification (Commonwealth v.
Dugger, 486 A.2d 382 (Pa. 1985)). The Commonwealth included the
required certification in its notice of appeal.
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The [victim], Ai Jiang, testified that on October 24, 2014,
at approximately 9:40 PM, he was making a phone call in front
of his house. From behind Mr. Jiang, someone grabbed the
phone from out of his hand. Mr. Jiang chased this person for
about five to seven blocks. Although it was well-lit, Mr. Jiang
only saw the person’s back and did not see his face.
Officer [Kevin] McGrorty and his partner were touring the
1900 block of Princeton Avenue in Philadelphia, PA. At
approximately 10:00 PM they received a Flash report that a
robbery of a cellphone occurred approximately six or seven
blocks away at the 7100 block of Castor Avenue. The CAD[2]
report indicated that the suspect was a “Black male, wearing all
black.” At the 1900 block of Princeton Avenue, they saw the
Appellee, Monaire Walker, wearing a black hooded sweatshirt
and black cut off sweat pants. Officer McGrorty and his partner
stopped him “given his close proximity” to the robbery and
because “he fit the description of the possible doer.” Officer
McGrorty also noted that [Appellee] was sweating heavily.
Because Officer McGrorty and his partner were out of
uniform and in an unmarked car, they exited their vehicle,
presented their badges, and identified themselves as police to
[Appellee]. The police ordered [Appellee] to stop for
investigation, and he complied. Officer McGrorty asked
[Appellee] whether he had any weapons, and he responded that
he only had two cellphones. Officer McGrorty proceeded to pat
[Appellee] down for weapons, but found none. However, Officer
McGrorty found and removed two cell phones from [Appellee’s]
pocket. One of the phones began to ring, and Officer McGrorty
noticed “Asian writing” on the screen of the phone. Officer
McGrorty went over the police radio and asked whether the
complainant who was robbed was of Asian descent. Officer
McGrorty was informed over the radio that the complainant was
indeed of Asian descent. Officer McGrorty then asked [Appellee]
if he had a gun and whether he had disposed of a gun on the
property of a school that was adjacent to their location.
According to Officer McGrorty, [Appellee] responded that he
____________________________________________
2
CAD refers to Computer–Aided Dispatch. Commonwealth v. McGhee, 52
EDA 2014, 2015 WL 7084116, at *1 (Pa. Super. May 6, 2015) (unpublished
memorandum) (not cited for precedential value).
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“didn’t have a gun” when he “took that phone off the guy.”
Officer McGrorty and his partner then placed [Appellee] in
handcuffs and called for the complainant of the robbery for an
ID.
According to Mr. Jiang, police brought him and his
daughter to where Officer McGrorty had detained [Appellee].
Once there, and using Mr. Jiang’s daughter as a translator, police
asked him whether he recognized [Appellee]. Mr. Jiang
indicated that he was not sure, because he did not see his
assailant’s face. However, Mr. Jiang recognized the phone
recovered from [Appellee] as being his own. Mr. Jiang also
indicated that the clothes worn by [Appellee] matched those that
were worn by his assailant. Officer McGrorty similarly testified
that Mr. Jiang was able to positively identify [Appellee] as his
assailant and the cellphone as his own.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/23/16, at 1–3 (citations to the record omitted).
The trial court summarized the procedural history as follows:
[Appellee] was charged with Robbery (F3), Theft by
Unlawful Taking (M2), and Receiving Stolen Property (M1)[3]. On
August 18, 2015, [Appellee] moved to suppress, arguing that
the cellphone was recovered by police without reasonable
suspicion and probable cause, that the identification made by the
complainant [w]as unduly suggestive and the fruit of the
unlawful stop and arrest, and that [Appellee’s] statement was
taken without Miranda rights while he was in custody and being
interrogated. The motion was heard and held under advisement.
On September 9, 2015, this [c]ourt denied [Appellee’s] motion
on all counts, and scheduled the case for trial. On September
16, 2015, a Motion to Reconsider was filed on behalf of
[Appellee]. Upon reconsideration, this [c]ourt reversed itself and
held that the police exceeded the scope of a permissible frisk
when they removed the cellphones from [Appellee’s] pocket, and
that the subsequent statement and identification were the fruits
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3
18 Pa.C.S. § 3701, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3921, and 18 Pa.C.S. § 3925,
respectively. We note that while the trial court referenced the theft charge
as a second-degree misdemeanor, the information lists the charge as a first-
degree misdemeanor. Information, 2/2/15.
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of an illegal search. On December 8, 2015, [the
Commonwealth] filed a Motion to Reconsider this [c]ourt’s
decision to grant the motion to suppress, arguing that the
cellphone would have inevitably been discovered. [Appellee]
filed a Brief in Opposition to the Motion to Reconsider on
December 9, 2015. Thereafter, this [c]ourt denied the
[Commonwealth’s] Motion to Reconsider, holding that absent the
illegal seizure of the cell phone, there would have been no
identification, incriminating statement, arrest, and search
incident to arrest. The [Commonwealth] filed this Interlocutory
Appeal to the Superior Court on December 9, 2015.4
Trial Court Opinion, 2/23/16, at 3–4. The trial court did not order the filing
of a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, but the Commonwealth filed one on
December 23, 2015, “for the [trial c]ourt’s convenience.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
statement, 12/23/15.
We dismissed the Commonwealth’s appeal on July 14, 2016, due to
the Commonwealth’s failure to file a brief. The Commonwealth sought
reconsideration on July 15, 2016, noting, inter alia, that reinstating the
appeal would not prejudice Appellee because he was free on bail. We
reinstated the appeal on July 27, 2016, and granted the Commonwealth
seven days to file a brief, which it did on August 1, 2016.
The Commonwealth raises the following two issues on appeal:
I. Did the lower court err in suppressing evidence based on
the seizure of a stolen cellphone from [Appellee] where
police had probable cause, and therefore were legally
authorized to recover the phone incident to arrest?
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4
The notice of appeal was filed December 23, 2015, not December 9, 2015,
as asserted by the trial court, but the appeal was timely.
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II. In the alternative, is the lower court’s suppression order
erroneous where police inevitably would have obtained the
suppressed evidence even if they had waited to recover
the stolen phone?
Commonwealth’s Brief at 3.
Our standard and scope of review is settled:
When the Commonwealth appeals an order suppressing
evidence, we may consider on review only the evidence from the
defendant’s witnesses along with the Commonwealth’s evidence
that remains uncontroverted. Our standard of review is
restricted to establishing whether the record supports the
suppression court’s factual findings; however, we maintain de
novo review over the suppression court’s legal conclusions.
Commonwealth v. Guzman, 44 A.3d 688, 691-92 (Pa. Super.
2012) (citing Commonwealth v. Brown, 606 Pa. 198, 203, 996
A.2d 473, 476 (2010)).
Commonwealth v March, ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2017 PA Super 18, at *2
(Pa. Super. filed January 26, 2017) (citing Commonwealth v. Guzman, 44
A.3d 688, 691–692 (Pa. Super. 2012)).
The Commonwealth first asserts that the stop of Appellee was proper
and police were legally authorized to recover the cell phone incident to
arrest.5 We agree with this conclusion and therefore, need not address the
alternative issue of inevitable discovery.
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5
We reject Appellee’s assertion of waiver based upon the Commonwealth’s
alleged failure to include the issue in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.
Appellee’s Brief at 11. Appellee maintains the issue was not preserved for
appellate review pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). We disagree. While its
Rule 1925(b) statement is not the model of clarity, we conclude that the
Commonwealth’s representation that “when properly stopped for
investigation and asked if he had any weapons[, Appellee] volunteered
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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The Commonwealth maintains that because Officer McGrorty properly
stopped Appellee, and the recovery of the cell phone happened only a few
minutes before Appellee’s formal arrest, the seizure of the phone was
permissible under the search-incident-to-arrest doctrine. Commonwealth’s
Brief at 15 (citing Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98, 111–112 (1980)
(“Where the formal arrest followed quickly on the heels of the challenged
search of petitioner’s person, we do not believe it particularly important that
the search preceded the arrest rather than vice versa”)); Commonwealth
v. Ford, 650 A.2d 433, 439 (Pa. 1994) (“Since probable cause to arrest
existed and a formal arrest is not required in order to seize physical (not
testimonial) evidence linking a defendant to a crime,” suppression of clothes
was unwarranted where police had probable cause but the Appellee had not
yet been formally arrested when the clothes were seized).
Appellee counters that the officers stopped him based on an
impermissibly vague description without reasonable suspicion and searched
him without probable cause to do so. Appellee maintains the description
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
that he was carrying two cell phones, consistent with having the victim’s
stolen phone,” was sufficient for meaningful appellate review. Statement of
Errors Complained of on Appeal Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), 12/23/15, at
1 (emphasis added). Reading the entire Rule 1925(b) statement as a whole,
we find that the statement sufficiently apprised the court that the
Commonwealth’s view of the propriety of the stop was at odds with the trial
court’s conclusion in granting suppression. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(v)
(“Each error identified in the Statement will be deemed to include every
subsidiary issue contained therein . . . .”).
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police had of him was “overly general.” Appellee’s Brief at 17. In support
he cites to Commonwealth v. Hicks, 253 A.2d 276 (Pa. 1969) (defendant
did not match description of suspect), and Commonwealth v. Berrios, 263
A.2d 342 (Pa. 1970) (overly general description of suspect was insufficient).
Appellee’s Brief at 19–21. These cases are distinguishable. In Hicks, the
suspect was described as a “mustached negro in his thirties, of a certain
height and weight, wearing a brown coat.” Hicks, 253 A.2d at 279. Hicks
was not wearing a brown coat, did not have a mustache, and there was
nothing in the record to indicate that he was of the approximate height and
weight of the individual sought. In Berrios, police received a flash report
that two black men in dark clothing and one of Puerto Rican descent in light
clothing were involved in a shooting. Berrios, 263 A.2d 344. Twenty
minutes later police stopped a black man and a Puerto Rican man who “were
merely walking on the street and acting in a normal manner.” Id. There
was nothing about their persons or in their conduct which would indicate
that they were armed or dangerous, and their subsequent search was held
to be improper. Id.
The Commonwealth maintains that the trial court erred by concluding
that Officer McGrorty acted impermissibly when he removed the stolen cell
phone from Appellee’s pocket. The Commonwealth suggests the officer
acted with both reasonable suspicion and probable cause. Commonwealth’s
Brief at 11–12. In support, the Commonwealth suggests the fact pattern
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was similar in Commonwealth v. Brown, 627 A.2d 1217 (Pa. Super.
1993), where we held:
Under the circumstances present in the instant case, we do not
hesitate to hold that the police had probable cause to believe
that appellant had been involved in the attempted burglary at
the McDaniel Trucking Company. A police officer came upon the
scene of a burglary in progress and observed a suspect who was
then attempting to gain entry to the trucking company building.
Upon seeing the officer, the suspect fled. A short time later, the
same suspect was apprehended, along with appellant, by a
second officer only a short distance from the scene of the crime.
Both men were sweating and out of breath, as if they had been
running, and neither was wearing a coat despite the fact that it
was a cold winter night. All of this activity occurred after 2:00
a.m. Thus, although police did not initially know that a second
man had been involved in the crime, appellant’s presence with
the suspect, a short distance from the scene of the crime, after
2:00 a.m., where both men appeared to have been running, was
sufficient to permit a trained police officer to conclude
reasonably that appellant probably had been involved in the
crime. Because appellant’s arrest was supported by probable
cause, his subsequent inculpatory statement was properly
received in evidence during his trial.
Id. at 1219; Commonwealth’s Brief at 13.
Pennsylvania jurisprudence recognizes three categories of interaction
between citizens and police officers:
The first of these is a “mere encounter” (or request for
information) which need not be supported by any level of
suspicion, but carries no official compulsion to stop or to
respond. The second, an “investigative detention[,]” must be
supported by a reasonable suspicion; it subjects a suspect to a
stop and a period of detention, but does not involve such
coercive conditions as to constitute the functional equivalent of
an arrest. Finally, an arrest or “custodial detention” must be
supported by probable cause.
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Commonwealth v. Gutierrez, 36 A.3d 1104, 1107 (Pa. Super. 2012)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Ellis, 662 A.2d 1043, 1047 (Pa. 1995)
(citations omitted)).
The following factors impact an officer’s reasonable suspicion that an
individual is engaging in criminal conduct:
A police officer may detain an individual in order to
conduct an investigation if that officer reasonably suspects that
the individual is engaging in criminal conduct. Commonwealth
v. Cook, 558 Pa. 50, 735 A.2d 673, 676 (1999). “This standard,
less stringent than probable cause, is commonly known as
reasonable suspicion.” Id. In order to determine whether the
police officer had reasonable suspicion, the totality of the
circumstances must be considered. In re D.M., 566 Pa. 445,
781 A.2d 1161, 1163 (2001). In making this determination, we
must give “due weight . . . to the specific reasonable inferences
the police officer is entitled to draw from the facts in light of his
experience.” Cook, 735 A.2d at 676 (quoting Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1, 27, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968)). Also,
the totality of the circumstances test does not limit our inquiry to
an examination of only those facts that clearly indicate criminal
conduct. Rather, “even a combination of innocent facts, when
taken together, may warrant further investigation by the police
officer.” Cook, 735 A.2d at 676.
Commonwealth v. Freeman, 150 A.3d 32, 36–37 (Pa. Super. 2016)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Rogers, 849 A.2d 1185, 1189 (Pa. 2004)).
We examine the instant facts. Officer McGrorty and his partner,
Officer Feeney,6 were on patrol when they received a flash call for a robbery
at gunpoint in their vicinity. N.T., 8/18/15, at 14. The CAD report indicated
that the call stated, “Male chasing male who robbed him, down Princeton
____________________________________________
6
The record does not reveal Officer Feeney’s first name.
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toward Bustleton, black male, wearing all black, point of gun.” Id. at 27.
Officer McGrorty testified on both direct and cross-examination that he knew
the robbery was of a cell phone. Id. at 19, 30. Within three to five minutes
of receiving the call, the officers observed Appellee, who matched the
robbery suspect’s description, coming out of an alley in the exact direction
the suspect had been running minutes earlier and that was five or six city
blocks away from the location of the robbery. Id. at 15, 17. Appellee was
sweating heavily and out of breath on a late-October night. Id. at 14, 17.
The officers, who were in plain clothes, presented themselves as police
officers with their badges around their necks and “advised [Appellee] to stop
for investigation,” and Appellee complied. Id. at 18. Officer McGrorty asked
Appellee if he had any weapons, and he responded, “[N]o, just two cell
phones in my pocket.” Id. at 19–20. Officer McGrorty conducted a pat-
down and removed two cell phones, one that was ringing and displaying
“Asian letters or Asian writing all throughout the screen on the phone.” Id.
at 18. The officer then “went over police radio and asked if the complainant
who was robbed was of Asian de[s]cent, which we found out he was.” Id. at
20. Appellee was handcuffed. Id. at 21. Police officers who were at the
scene of the robbery transported the victim, who spoke little English, to
Appellee’s location along with the victim’s daughter, who translated for her
father, within five minutes of the initial stop. Id. at 21, 23, 30.
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The victim testified that after someone grabbed his cell phone from
behind and ran the other way, the victim chased him for five to seven blocks
and then lost sight of him. N.T., 8/18/15, at 34. When he was brought to
Appellee’s location, police asked the victim if he recognized Appellee. The
victim stated that he had not seen Appellee’s face when he chased him, only
“that person’s back.” Id. The victim’s statement to police indicated that he
described Appellee as “much taller than me” and that he “looked very
strong. I think he was about 25 to 30 years old.” Id. at 39. When asked
about Appellee’s clothing, the victim stated, “[T]hat’s how I recognize [him,]
the person who grabbed my phone was wearing the same.” Id. at 36. In
his statement to police, the victim indicated, “[T]he clothes are definitely the
same.” Id. at 44. The victim also testified that when he saw the cell phone,
he said, “[T]his is my phone, I recognized the phone.” Id. at 35. At the
suppression hearing, Appellee’s counsel suggested to the victim on re-cross
that the “fact that [Appellee] was arrested and had your phone made you
more sure of the identification,” to which the victim responded:
So first I saw [Appellee], I identified the person [Appellee]
because of his clothing and because of his height, he is taller
than me. And then after that I did say that I didn’t see his
[face] but I can recognize his clothing and his height and he is a
black guy.
Id. at 45.
Officer McGrorty revisited the issue of a possible weapon with Appellee
at the scene because the radio call had indicated the robbery was at gun
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point, and they were near school property. N.T., 8/18/15, at 20, 24, 32.
The officer was concerned that a child could “get[] ahold of that gun.” Id. at
20. Officer McGrorty stated that Appellee blurted out, “I didn’t have a gun
when I did it. And I said, did what? And he said, when I took that phone off
the guy.” Id. at 18, 20, 32.
Reviewing the circumstances in their totality, we conclude that Officer
McGrorty’s detention of Appellee was supported by reasonable suspicion that
ripened to probable cause, and thus, suppression by the trial court was
improper. We remind Appellee that we “cannot evaluate the totality of the
circumstances through the grudging eyes of hindsight nor in terms of library
analysis, but as understood by those versed in the field of law enforcement.”
Commonwealth v. Jackson, 907 A.2d 540, 543 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Shelly, 703 A.2d 499, 503 (Pa. Super. 1997)).
The totality of these facts, in the knowledge of Officer McGrorty at the time,
was sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion of criminal activity necessary
to detain Appellee, and ultimately, provide probable cause to arrest him. We
conclude that the detention was lawful, and the trial court improperly held
that the evidence garnered as a result thereof should be suppressed. Thus,
we remand this case to the common pleas court for trial.
Order reversed; case remanded; jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/31/2017
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Com. v. Walker, M.
Combined Opinion