UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
JAMES W. MOELLER, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 15-0724 (ABJ)
)
CHERYL A. LAFLEUR, )
Acting Chairman, Federal Energy )
1
Regulatory Commission, )
)
Defendant. )
____________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff James W. Moeller is an energy lawyer in his late fifties who has applied for several
attorney positions at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”). He has been neither
hired nor interviewed, and he brought this lawsuit against the Acting Chairman of FERC, Cheryl
A. LaFleur, alleging a violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621,
et seq. (“ADEA”). Compl. [Dkt. # 1]. The complaint alleges a single act of age discrimination
arising out of the agency’s decision to not interview plaintiff for an attorney position in 2014, and
it also alleges that the agency’s decision to not interview him was part of a pattern or practice of
age discrimination. Id. ¶¶ 21, 39. The parties have both moved for summary judgment. While
plaintiff attributes his non-selection to his age, defendant maintains that the decision not to
interview him was made because the agency was looking for specific type of experience – prior
litigation in federal court – and plaintiff lacked that experience. Because the plaintiff has not
identified evidence from which a reasonable juror could conclude that the agency’s explanation is
1 Plaintiff’s complaint named former Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission Norman C. Bay. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), the Court
automatically substitutes his successor as defendant.
a pretext for discrimination, the Court will grant the agency’s motion and deny plaintiff’s motion.
This opinion is not meant to suggest that plaintiff is not qualified for an attorney position in the
energy field – it is simply that he has failed to point to evidence from which a jury could find that
FERC officials lied when they said they did not interview him for an enforcement position because
he lacked litigation experience.
BACKGROUND
I. Factual Background
Plaintiff was born in 1958, and he is a graduate of Harvard Law School. Compl. ¶¶ 4, 32;
Def.’s Statement of Material Facts Not in Genuine Dispute [Dkt. # 24] (“Def.’s Cross-SOF”) ¶ 57;
Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Cross-SOF [Dkt. # 29] (“Pl.’s Cross-SOF”) ¶ 57. From 1984 through 2013,
plaintiff’s legal practice centered around energy regulatory law. Def.’s Cross-SOF ¶¶ 59–70; Pl.’s
Cross-SOF ¶ 59–70. 2 And from 2013 onward, plaintiff has been unemployed. Def.’s Cross-SOF
¶¶ 70–71; Pl.’s Cross-SOF ¶¶ 70–71.
Plaintiff has applied for numerous attorney positions at FERC: as relevant to this case, he
submitted applications for attorney positions at FERC in 2010, 2013, and 2014. See Compl. ¶¶ 22–
26. He alleges that the 2010 and 2013 applications show the beginning of a pattern or practice of
age discrimination, see id. ¶ 41, and that the non-selection in 2014 was a result of age
discrimination. Id. ¶ 39.
2 Plaintiff disputes the agency’s contention that his work at a particular law firm primarily
involved “one client, ITC Holdings,” and that “most of his work for that client involved a proposed
merger,” Def.’s Cross-SOF ¶ 69; Pl.’s Cross-SOF ¶ 69, but he does not provide any reasons for
the dispute. By not stating the specific objection with a citation to record evidence, plaintiff has
not complied with either Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c)(1)(A), or with Local Civil Rule
7(h)(1). In any event, the specific nature of plaintiff’s duties when he represented ITC Holdings
is not material to the question of whether FERC engaged in age discrimination in this case.
2
A. The 2010 non-selection
In 2010, plaintiff applied to a FERC job announcement which sought mid-level and senior
attorneys to work in its Office of General Counsel. Def.’s Cross-SOF ¶ 3; Pl.’s Cross-SOF ¶ 3.
The agency noted that it was particularly interested in “attorneys with electric energy experience
particularly on reliability matters.” Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot.
[Dkt. # 17] (“Pl.’s SOF”) ¶ 54; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s SOF [Dkt. # 24-6] (“Def.’s SOF”) ¶ 54. The
position description noted that FERC sought attorneys “with a bachelor’s degree or higher in
electrical engineering, physical sciences, or mathematics, as well as attorneys possessing
experience with complex bulk power systems engineering issues in the electric industry.”
FERC001538 [Dkt. # 24-2].
FERC received forty-seven applications in response to the 2010 job posting. Pl.’s SOF
¶ 56; Def.’s SOF ¶ 56. Approximately twelve individuals were interviewed, and eight applicants
ultimately accepted positions. Id.; Decl. of Christopher MacFarlane [Dkt. # 24-2] (“MacFarlane
Decl.”) ¶ 13; Ex. 12 to Decl. of Christopher MacFarlane [Dkt. # 28-9]. The candidates who were
ultimately hired were of diverse ages – 35, 36, 38, 40, 40, 47, 51, and 53. MacFarlane Decl. ¶ 13;
Ex. 12 to MacFarlane Decl. Plaintiff was offered neither an interview nor a position. Pl.’s SOF
¶ 55; Def.’s SOF ¶ 55.
B. The 2013 non-selection
In 2012, FERC issued a job announcement seeking Attorney-Advisors in its Office of
Enforcement. Pl.’s SOF ¶ 23; Def.’s SOF ¶ 23. According to the position description:
FERC’s Division of Investigations, within the Office of Enforcement, is
seeking mid- and senior-level attorneys with litigation or energy law
experience.
Candidates must have substantial litigation experience preferably in
prosecutorial, enforcement, white collar crime, or complex business
litigation. Hands on trial experience is required.
3
Alternatively, candidates must have extensive experience in energy law,
with a strong knowledge of FERC laws and regulations. Attorneys accepted
for this position will take on significant responsibility, including running
their own investigations and enforcement actions.
FERC001528–31 [Dkt. # 24-2] (“2012 Posting”). Under the heading “Qualifications Required,”
the agency specified that a successful candidate “must possess experience in investigative work,
litigation, or enforcement, or alternatively, in FERC practice, law and regulations.” Id. FERC
received over 1200 applications for that posting, and it interviewed sixty-six candidates. Pl.’s SOF
¶ 27; Def.’s SOF ¶ 27. Seven applicants were offered positions, Pl.’s SOF ¶ 27; Def.’s SOF ¶ 27;
the ages of the successful candidates ranged from 31 to 61, and four of the seven were over 40.
Ex. 4 to MacFarlane Decl. [Dkt. # 28-1]. The six applicants who were ultimately selected “had no
energy regulatory experience but had substantial court litigation experience.” Decl. of Christopher
MacFarlane [Dkt. # 24-2] ¶ 9; see also Exs. 5–10 to MacFarlane Decl. [Dkt. # 28-2].
Plaintiff applied for the 2012 posting on November 21, 2013. Pl.’s SOF ¶ 26; Def.’s SOF
¶ 26. Plaintiff was neither interviewed nor offered a position. Pl.’s SOF ¶ 26; Def.’s SOF ¶ 26.
C. The 2014 non-selection
In the Spring of 2014, FERC issued a job announcement for an Attorney-Advisor position
in the Office of Enforcement. Pl.’s SOF ¶ 1; Def.’s SOF ¶ 1. The announcement includes the
same description of the duties and qualifications as the 2012 Posting. See FERC001542–45 [Dkt.
# 24-2] (“2014 Posting”). FERC received 128 job applications and interviewed five of those
individuals. Pl.’s SOF ¶ 6; Def.’s SOF ¶ 6.
Of the five candidates who received interviews, the parties described three in their
statements of fact:
x Candidate 1 graduated from Wake Forest University Law School in 2009. The
candidate had approximately four years of experience as an associate at a law firm.
The candidate first-chaired a bench trial in D.C. Superior Court, and participated in
4
two other jury trials. The candidate first-chaired nine depositions and second-
chaired 30 others, and handled over ten expert witnesses in various matters.
FERC000002 [Dkt. # 18] at 47. Candidate 1 declined FERC’s invitation to
interview. Pl.’s SOF ¶ 14; Def.’s SOF ¶ 14.
x Candidate 2 graduated from Yale Law School in 2007. The candidate served as a
litigation associate at various law firms for approximately seven years. The
candidate’s experience included leading an internal investigation on behalf of a
Fortune 500 company; defending a commodity trainer in a criminal case; and
conducting extensive fact discovery in various litigations. FERC000055 [Dkt.
# 18] at 53. The interviewers for Candidate 2 noted that he “ha[d] no particular
interest in energy,” and also noted that “[h]e has never argued a motion or worked
on a trial team although he did cross a witness in a pro bono hearing before an
[Administrative Law Judge].” Pl.’s SOF ¶ 19; Def.’s SOF ¶ 19.
x Candidate 3 graduated from Texas A&M Law School in 2002. The candidate
worked as a litigation associate at a law firm for approximately nine years, took and
defended dozens of depositions of fact and expert witnesses, and acted as first chair
for national software company in fraud litigation. FERC000068 [Dkt. # 18] at 63.
The FERC employees who interviewed Candidate 3 concluded that the candidate
“lacked energy experience.” Pl.’s SOF ¶ 16; Def.’s SOF ¶ 16.
Plaintiff was not offered an interview. Pl.’s SOF ¶ 5; Def.’s SOF ¶ 5. In the end, no job
offers were made to candidates who applied for the 2014 posting – the agency later explained that
no applicant demonstrated the “optimal knowledge, skills, abilities and qualifications” that it was
looking for. Pl.’s SOF ¶ 8; Def.’s SOF ¶ 8.
II. Procedural History
On May 13, 2015, plaintiff filed a single-count complaint alleging that his non-selection
for the 2014 position constituted age discrimination in violation of section 633a of the ADEA.
Compl. The complaint also states that “the adverse employment decision of September 22, 2014
is consistent with prior employment decisions dating back to approximately 2010.” Id. ¶ 21; see
also id. ¶ 41 (“Since approximately 2010, Plaintiff has suffered several adverse employment
decisions due to intentional discrimination on the part of the Commission due to his age.”). In the
parties’ joint report submitted in accordance with Local Civil Rule 16.3, plaintiff argued that he
5
was entitled to discovery as to FERC’s decisions not to select him for the prior vacancies, so that
he could “use the product of that discovery as evidence to support his claim in this case, i.e., to
show a pattern of age discrimination,” even though he never separately administratively exhausted
any claims arising out of those decisions. Parties’ Report to the Court & Discovery Plan [Dkt. # 7]
(“16.3 Report”) at 2. Defendant opposed the request, arguing that each non-selection was a
“discrete act[] and unrelated to the selection at issue in this case.” Id. The Court heard argument
on the matter at the initial scheduling conference held on December 9, 2015. See Min. Entry (Dec.
9, 2015). In its scheduling order, the Court ruled that “[g]iven the limited number of positions
involved and the fact that it is only a five-year time period at issue,” the agency was required to
“produce the applications of the other candidates who were interviewed to fill the four positions
for which plaintiff applied, even though the positions were not all within the same component of
the agency and the decisions were not all made by the same agency officials.” Scheduling Order
[Dkt. # 10] at 1–2.
On August 26, 2016, plaintiff moved for summary judgment. Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt.
# 17] (“Pl.’s Mot.”); Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. [Dkt. # 17] (“Pl.’s Mem.”). On
October 19, 2016, defendant opposed the motion and filed a cross-motion for summary judgment.
Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 24] (“Def.’s Cross-Mot.”); Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Def.’s
Mot. & in Opp. to Pl.’s Mot. [Dkt. # 24] (“Def.’s Cross-Mem.”). Plaintiff replied in support of his
motion and opposed the cross-motion on November 14, 2016, Pl.’s Opp. to Def.’s Cross-Mot.
[Dkt. # 29] (“Pl.’s Cross-Opp.”), and defendant filed a cross-reply in support of its motion on
December 1, 2016. Reply Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Cross-Mot. [Dkt. # 33] (“Def.’s Cross-Reply”).
6
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as
to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). The party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing the
district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat summary
judgment, the non-moving party must “designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine
issue for trial.” Id. at 324 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The mere existence of a factual dispute is insufficient to preclude summary judgment.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” only if a
reasonable fact-finder could find for the non-moving party; a fact is “material” only if it is capable
of affecting the outcome of the litigation. Id. at 248; Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236,
1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987). In assessing a party’s motion, the court must “view the facts and draw
reasonable inferences ‘in the light most favorable to the party opposing the summary judgment
motion.’” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007) (alterations omitted), quoting United States
v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962) (per curiam).
“The rule governing cross-motions for summary judgment . . . is that neither party waives
the right to a full trial on the merits by filing its own motion; each side concedes that no material
facts are at issue only for the purposes of its own motion.” Sherwood v. Wash. Post, 871 F.2d
1144, 1147 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (alteration in original), quoting McKenzie v. Sawyer, 684 F.2d 62,
68 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 1982).
7
ANALYSIS
Plaintiff alleges that FERC discriminated against him on the basis of his age in violation
of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”). The ADEA provides that all personnel
decisions made by federal agencies “affecting employees or applicants for employment who are
at least 40 years of age . . . shall be made free from any discrimination based on age.” 29
U.S.C.§ 633a(a). Plaintiffs who are able to proffer direct evidence of discrimination are generally
entitled to a trial. Wilson v. Cox, 753 F.3d 244, 247 (D.C. Cir. 2014), quoting Ayissi-Etoh v. Fannie
Mae, 712 F.3d 572, 576 (D.C. Cir. 2013). 3 In the absence of direct evidence of discrimination,
ADEA claims are analyzed under the burden-shifting framework applicable to claims brought
under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., id., as set
forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). Teneyck v. Omni Shoreham
Hotel, 365 F.3d 1139, 1154–55 (D.C. Cir. 2004); see also Barnett v. PA Consulting Grp., Inc., 715
F.3d 354, 358 (D.C. Cir. 2013).
As the D.C. Circuit has explained, to establish liability under the ADEA against a federal
government defendant, a plaintiff may proceed in one of two ways. “First, [he] can make use of
the McDonnell Douglas evidentiary framework to establish that age was the but-for cause of the
challenged personnel action.” Ford v. Mabus, 629 F.3d 198, 207 (D.C. Cir. 2010). “Second,
[plaintiff] may establish liability by showing that age was a factor in the challenged personnel
action.” Id. (emphasis added). Under the second approach, a plaintiff may prevail even “where
3 Plaintiff does not explicitly assert that there is direct evidence of discrimination in this case.
In his motion for summary judgment, he points to certain federal government policies relating to
the hiring of younger employees, and he argues that those policies are “inconsistent with the
ADEA” and therefore “against the law.” See Pl.’s Mem. at 12–14, citing Exec. Order No. 13562,
75 Fed. Reg. 82,585 (Dec. 30, 2010). But the policies are not at issue in this case. Plaintiff did
not challenge the legality of those policies in his complaint, and he did not apply for positions
subject to that Executive Order. So there is no direct evidence of discrimination in this case.
8
the employer acted with mixed motives.” Id. at 203. “Specifically, ‘once a plaintiff . . . shows
that [discriminatory animus] played a motivating part in an employment decision, the [employer]
may avoid a finding of liability only by proving that it would have made the same decision even
if it had not allowed [discriminatory animus] to play such a role.” Id. at 203–04, quoting Price
Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 244–45 (1989). Although plaintiff “may establish section
633a liability” on the mere showing that “age was a factor” in the agency’s decision, he is entitled
only to “declaratory and possibly injunctive relief,” but not “instatement and backpay.” Id. at 207.
“For those types of remedies, a but-for standard of causation is necessary . . . .” Id.
Here, plaintiff has specifically alleged that age discrimination was the reason for the
agency’s decision not to offer him a position. Compl. ¶ 19 (“Plaintiff alleges that he was not
invited to interview for the position and was not hired for the position in Job Announcement OE-
ATTY-2014-0001 because of his age.”) (emphasis added); id. ¶ 39 (“Because of his age, Plaintiff
was not invited by the Commission to interview . . . .”) (emphasis added); id. ¶ 40 (“Plaintiff
suffered an adverse employment decision . . . due to his age.”) (emphasis added); id. at 8
(requesting that the Court award legal and equitable relief to compensate plaintiff for the “lost
income and benefits, and loss of professional reputation and career opportunities, that Plaintiff
would have received but for the unlawful conduct of Defendant”) (emphasis added). Therefore,
the Court is required to apply the McDonnell Douglas framework to his age discrimination claim. 4
4 Plaintiff references the mixed-motive standard in his memorandum in support of his motion
for summary judgment, Pl.’s Mem. at 11–12; see also Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at 3, but he does not apply
the legal test to his claim, nor does he point to any evidence that shows, in his view, that age was
even a factor in the decision in question. Thus, even if he had included a mixed motive theory in
his complaint, he has not put forth sufficient facts to create a genuine issue of fact on the question
of whether age was “a factor” in the agency’s decision not to hire him.
9
Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff carries the initial burden of
establishing a prima facie case of discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence. Texas Dep’t
of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252–53 (1981). Once the plaintiff has established the
prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate and nondiscriminatory
reason for its actions. Id. at 253; see also Nurriddin v. Bolden, 818 F.3d 751, 758 (D.C. Cir. 2016).
If the employer comes forward with a legitimate and nondiscriminatory reason, the plaintiff must
then show that the employer’s stated reason was pretext for discrimination. Nurriddin, 818 F.3d
at 758. “This burden is one of production, not persuasion; it ‘can involve no credibility
assessment.’” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000), quoting St.
Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 509 (1993).
At the summary judgment stage, where the employer has asserted a legitimate and non-
discriminatory reason for its decision, the burden shifting framework “disappears,” Nurriddin, 818
F.3d at 758, and the “operative question” is whether “the employee produced sufficient evidence
for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the
actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee.” Brady v.
Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008); see also Wilson, 753 F.3d at 247,
quoting Ayissi-Etoh, 712 F.3d at 576.
Plaintiff’s discrimination claim boils down to his claim that he was entitled to a job with
FERC because he was more qualified than the people who were interviewed. See Pl.’s Mem. at
15–42. But plaintiff’s claim fails because he has failed to come forward with any evidence to
suggest that the agency’s hiring decisions were discriminatory.
10
I. The agency’s decision to not offer plaintiff an interview in 2014 was not pretext for
age discrimination.
A. Legal Standard
A plaintiff alleging that his employer acted for an unlawful discriminatory reason may
avoid summary judgment by identifying evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that the
employer’s proffered, lawful reasons for acting “were pretextual,” Carpenter v. Fed. Nat’l Mortg.
Ass’n, 165 F.3d 69, 72 (D.C. Cir. 1999), or, in other words, “unworthy of credence.” Burdine, 450
U.S. at 256. “Showing pretext, however, requires more than simply criticizing the employer’s
decisionmaking process.” Hairston v. Vance-Cooks, 773 F.3d 266, 272 (D.C. Cir. 2014). It is not
sufficient to “show that a reason given for a job action [was] not just, or fair, or sensible;” nor is it
sufficient to challenge “the ‘correctness or desirability’ of [the] reasons offered.” Fischbach v.
D.C. Dep’t of Corrs., 86 F.3d 1180, 1183 (D.C. Cir. 1996), quoting Pignato v. Am. Trans. Air,
Inc., 14 F.3d 342, 349 (7th Cir. 1994); id., quoting McCoy v. WGN Cont’l Broad. Co., 957 F.2d
368, 373 (7th Cir. 1992). The plaintiff must identify evidence from which a reasonable jury could
find that the employer’s stated reasons were “phony.” Id., quoting Pignato, 14 F.3d at 349. In
other words, “an employer’s action may be justified by a reasonable belief in the validity of the
reason given even though that reason may turn out to be false.” George v. Leavitt, 407 F.3d 405,
415 (D.C. Cir. 2005). “If the employer’s stated belief about the underlying facts is reasonable in
light of the evidence, . . . there ordinarily is no basis for permitting a jury to conclude that the
employer is lying about the underlying facts.” Brady, 520 F.3d at 495.
In evaluating the employer’s stated reason, the Court must assess whether the stated reason
is both “honest” and “reasonable.” DeJesus v. WP Co., 841 F.3d 527, 534 (D.C. Cir. 2016).
To be clear, courts should not evaluate the reasonableness of the employer’s
business decisions, such as whether it made financial sense to terminate an
employee who generated substantial revenue . . . . Rather, the factfinder is
tasked with evaluating the reasonableness of the decisionmaker’s belief
11
because honesty and reasonableness are linked: a belief may be so
unreasonable that a factfinder could suspect it was not honestly held.
Id. (emphasis in original)
B. Plaintiff has not met his burden to rebut defendant’s legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason.
The agency has explained that it has a legitimate and non-discriminatory reason for not
selecting plaintiff to interview for a position with the agency in response to the 2014 vacancy
announcement: he did not have the sort of experience that the agency was particularly looking for.
The hiring manager, David Applebaum, testified at his deposition that the agency was specifically
looking for attorneys with litigation experience: “[I]t didn’t matter what the subject matter was.
It mattered were you in court? Were you doing depositions? Were you working with experts?”
David Applebaum Dep. Tr. [Dkt. # 24-4] (“Applebaum Dep.”) at 59:14–22. This explanation is
sufficient to meet defendant’s burden to identify a legitimate, nondiscriminatory basis for the
decision. See Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 896 (D.C. Cir. 2006).
The burden therefore shifts back to the plaintiff. At this point, “to survive summary
judgment the plaintiff must show that a reasonable jury could conclude from all of the evidence
that the adverse employment decision was made for a discriminatory reason.” Id. at 896–97,
quoting Lathram v. Snow, 336 F.3d 1085, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2003). “All of the evidence” means
any combination of (1) evidence establishing the plaintiff’s prima
facie case; (2) evidence the plaintiff presents to attack the
employer’s proffered explanation for its actions; and (3) any further
evidence of discrimination that may be available to the plaintiff,
such as independent evidence of discriminatory statements or
attitudes on the part of the employer.
Id. at 897. When assessing whether the plaintiff has met his burden to show pretext in a
nonselection case, “the court must respect the employer’s unfettered discretion to choose among
qualified candidates,” Fischbach, 86 F.3d at 1183, because to do otherwise “would be to render
12
the judiciary a super-personnel department that reexamines an entity’s business decisions – a role
[courts] have repeatedly disclaimed.” Adeyemi v. District of Columbia, 525 F.3d 1222, 1227 (D.C.
Cir. 2008), quoting Jackson v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 703, 707 (D.C. Cir. 2007); DeJesus, 841 F.3d
at 534.
Plaintiff offers four reasons why the agency’s qualifications-based explanation is unworthy
of credence. He argues that FERC’s claimed need for federal court litigation experience is: (1)
inconsistent with prior testimony by the FERC Chairman, and with prior legal positions taken by
the agency other litigation; (2) inconsistent with the plain language of the vacancy announcement
and notes of the interviews conducted in 2014; (3) undermined by the lack of material differences
between federal court litigation and litigation before administrative agencies; and (4) unworthy of
credence since he was more qualified than the candidates who were interviewed. See Pl.’s Cross-
Opp. at 3–19. But plaintiff has failed to point to any facts that create a genuine issue for trial.
Because the Court concludes that plaintiff has failed to adduce evidence that could lead a
reasonable juror to find defendant’s explanation to be a pretext for age discrimination, it will grant
defendant’s motion and deny plaintiff’s motion.
1. Neither Chairman Bay’s congressional testimony, nor the position
FERC has taken in federal court, is inconsistent with FERC’s desire
for attorneys with litigation experience.
Plaintiff argues that FERC has taken the legal position – both before Congress and in
court – that the courts should not review its administrative decisions de novo. See Pl.’s Cross-
Opp. at 4–9. So, he argues, if FERC does not intend to litigate in federal court, why would it need
litigators? Id. at 6, 9. But even if were appropriate for the Court to second guess the agency’s
ranking of its hiring criteria, which it is not, plaintiff misunderstands FERC’s legal position.
The Federal Power Act, as amended in 1986, provides that a federal district court “shall
have the authority to review de novo the law and the facts involved” in certain FERC civil penalty
13
enforcement proceedings brought in federal court. 16 U.S.C. § 823b(d)(3)(B). In 2014, Norman
C. Bay, who is now the former Commissioner of FERC, was asked about that provision in
connection with his Senate confirmation hearing. In response to a supplemental question for the
record posed by Senator Lee, Chairman Bay offered an interpretation of the civil penalty
enforcement statute:
This statutory provision clearly provides that a federal court has the
authority to review the law and the facts underlying the penalty assessment
de novo. It does not state that the district court should simply affirm the
penalty assessment without review or follow the same approach it would
take under the Administrative Procedure Act – and FERC has not argued
otherwise. FERC has argued that, in conducting the de novo review, the
federal court can, and should, limit its review to the Commission’s
assessment order and the record and briefing underlying that order. But
FERC has also argued that the court has the authority to require additional
hearings, including a trial, if the court determines that would be useful in
carrying out its . . . review. Ultimately, the federal courts will decide what
this statutory provision means, and FERC will of course abide by those
decisions.
Resps. to Questions for the Record, Hr’g on Nominations of Ms. Cheryl A. LaFleur & Mr. Norman
C. Bay Before the S. Comm. on Energy & Natural Res., S. Hr.’g 113-288 (2014), http://go.usa.gov/
x9uPU (“Bay Responses”) at 33. And in response to a follow-up question which asked whether
the statute gives “the district court authority to conduct its own discovery during its de novo review
of the penalty assessment, separate and apart from the record developed by FERC through its
administrative processes,” Chairman Bay answered, “Yes.” Id.
Plaintiff insists that Chairman Bay “testified before Congress that a FERC enforcement
action in federal district court requires not a trial but merely the type of review conducted by a
federal court of appeals under the [Administrative Procedure Act].” Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at 5–6.
Plaintiff misreads Chairman Bay’s statement, which plainly contemplated both APA-style review
and traditional de novo litigation. So plaintiff’s rhetorical question – “why would FERC need
attorneys with substantial federal court trial experience” when its Chairman “did not believe that
14
the Federal Power Act provided for de novo trials in federal courts?” id. at 6 – lacks any foundation
in the proffered testimony, and no reasonable juror would find that it proves pretext. Moreover,
the statute provides for de novo review notwithstanding what the Chairman’s views might have
been on the matter.
Plaintiff points next to legal arguments that FERC has advanced in particular cases. He
observes that FERC has argued in certain cases that a trial would be unnecessary, and that the court
should affirm an assessment of civil penalties on the basis of the record before the agency. Pl.’s
Mem. at 38–40. Based on that, he repeats: “If FERC believed that de novo reviews in federal
court did not require actual trials, then it would not have needed attorneys with actual federal court
trial experience.” Id. But as Chairman Bay explained to Congress, while FERC has agreed that
the courts should limit their review to the administrative record underlying an assessment of civil
penalties, the agency would “abide by [the] decisions” of the federal courts. Bay Responses at
33. 5
None of this illuminates the question of whether the agency’s stated reason for not hiring
plaintiff – his lack of federal court litigation experience – was both honest and reasonable. See
DeJesus, 841 F.3d at 534. The inference plaintiff seeks to draw from FERC’s legal arguments
does not follow, and in raising these questions, plaintiff has not pointed to any facts that contradict
the testimony proffered by the agency that a decision was made in 2014 to look for federal court
5 As it turns out, the federal courts have not adopted FERC’s position. In fact, courts have
been critical of it. See, e.g., FERC v. Maxim Power Corp., 196 F. Supp. 3d 181, 192–94 (D. Mass.
2016) (surveying cases across the country and concluding that the Federal Power Act’s civil
enforcement provision “call[s] for a trial de novo subject to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
applicable in an ordinary civil action”); FERC v. City Power Mktg., LLC, 199 F. Supp. 3d 218,
230 (D.D.C. 2016) (agreeing with the reasoning in Maxim Power and concluding that
“[n]otwithstanding the significant proceedings that occurred at the agency level,” the action will
be treated “as a standard civil action, governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure”).
15
litigators to assist with the agency’s work. So the Court finds that no reasonable juror would find
the agency’s explanation for rejecting him to be pretextual simply because the agency has at one
time taken a legal position that federal court review of its decisions should be circumscribed and
based on the administrative record.
2. Neither the vacancy announcement, nor the notes of the interviewers,
prove pretext.
Plaintiff argues next that the “plain language” of the 2014 vacancy announcement, and
notes made by the interviewers in connection with certain candidates, prove that defendant’s
explanation is pretextual. See Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at 9–13.
In the 2014 vacancy announcement, the agency sought candidates with “experience in
investigative work, litigation, or enforcement, or alternatively, in FERC practice, law and
regulations.” 2014 Posting. Plaintiff argues that vacancy announcement proves that the agency’s
explanation is unworthy of credence because it reflects that the agency contemplated that it would
interview both litigators and energy regulatory experts. Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at 9–10.
It is true that the vacancy announcement invited individuals with two kinds of relevant
experience to apply, and plaintiff’s resume fell within one of two categories of applicants described
as meeting the minimum requirements. But that does not mean that FERC was required to
interview all candidates, or to interview the plaintiff, instead of looking first to individuals who
fell within the first category, and therefore, according to Applebaum, were more attractive on paper
given the agency’s assessment of its needs. In other words, the agency was free to rank the
applicants and interview those it preferred as long as its stated reason for the preference is not a
cover for discrimination.
Plaintiff also points to the notes of the interviewers from the 2014 vacancy announcement.
He argues that the interview notes “go to the credibility of the explanation offered by Mr.
16
Applebaum”: if FERC honestly believed that it was looking for litigators, “then the FERC staff
that interviewed the job applicants would not have expressed concern in their interview notes with
the lack of energy regulatory experience of the job applicants interviewed.” Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at
13. But that does not necessary follow – there is no reason why the agency could not have been
hoping that it would discover litigators with some background in the substantive area as well, and
that interviewers would find the absence of that knowledge base to be worth noting.
“Showing pretext . . . requires more than simply criticizing the employer’s decisionmaking
process.” Hairston, 773 F.3d at 272. The D.C. Circuit has instructed that courts should avoid
“evaluat[ing] the reasonableness of the employer’s business decisions,” DeJesus, 841 F.3d at 534,
and it has cautioned that courts do not sit as a “super-personnel department.” Id., quoting Adeyemi,
525 F.3d at 1227. Instead, the Court is called upon to consider whether the agency’s beliefs were
honest and reasonable. Id. And the fact that plaintiff has come forward with some evidence to
show that the agency solicited applications from energy lawyers and inquired about the litigators’
backgrounds in energy does not constitute proof that Applebaum did not honestly believe that he
intended to hire litigators, particularly when all of the candidates who were interviewed had that
experience.
Had plaintiff come forward with evidence that FERC interviewed younger applicants who,
like him, only had energy experience, and lacked federal litigation experience, it would be a closer
question. But the only interviewees plaintiff brought to the Court’s attention were all selected
because of the litigation work on their resumes.
3. Plaintiff did not have significantly more federal court litigation
experience than the applicants selected for interviews in 2014.
Plaintiff’s final ground for establishing pretext – that he was significantly more qualified
than the candidates who received interviews – is also insufficient to enable a reasonable jury to
17
conclude that plaintiff’s non-selection was actually the result of discrimination. For an inference
of pretext to arise from a qualifications gap, the plaintiff must possess a “stark superiority of
credentials,” Porter v. Shah, 606 F.3d 809, 816 (D.C. Cir. 2010), quoting Stewart v. Ashcroft, 352
F.3d 422, 429 (D.C. Cir. 2003), so that the qualifications gap is “great enough to be inherently
indicative of discrimination.” Adeyemi, 525 F.3d at 1227, quoting Jackson, 496 F.3d at 707; see
also Lathram, 336 F.3d at 1091 (finding the qualifications gap significant because “there was a
wide and inexplicable gulf between the qualifications” of the two candidates); Aka v. Wash. Hosp.
Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1294 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“If a factfinder can conclude that a reasonable
employer would have found the plaintiff to be significantly better qualified for the job, but this
employer did not, the factfinder can legitimately infer that the employer consciously selected a
less-qualified candidate – something that employers do not usually do, unless some other strong
consideration, such as discrimination, enters into the picture.”).
According to the hiring manager, the agency was specifically looking for attorneys with
litigation experience. Applebaum Dep. at 59:14–22. He explained that “it didn’t matter what the
subject matter was. It mattered were you in court? Were you doing depositions? Were you
working with experts?” Id.
In the resume that plaintiff submitted to the agency in response to the 2014 vacancy
announcement, he included only one conclusory reference to federal court litigation experience:
in his first job after law school, plaintiff worked as an associate from 1984 until 1987 at the law
firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby & MacRae. Att. B to Compl. [Dkt. # 1]. Plaintiff described his
duties at the firm:
Specialized in administrative hearings on behalf of electric utilities before
NRC, FERC, and other federal agencies. Litigated in both federal and state
courts. Responsible for several hearings related to the March 1979 Three
Mile Island nuclear power plant accident.
18
Id. And that description does not address whether plaintiff was “in court,” “doing depositions,”
or “working with experts.” See Applebaum Dep. at 59:14–22.
By contrast, the resumes for each of the candidates that were interviewed in response to
the 2014 vacancy listed concrete litigation skills: Candidate 1, who had been a litigation associate
for four years, “[f]irst chaired” a bench trial in D.C. Superior Court, “[f]irst chaired” nine
depositions, and “[a]cted as primary handler for over ten expert witnesses.” FERC000002.
Candidate 2 had more than seven years of experience, including conducting and defending
depositions, drafting motions, and preparing discovery requests and responses. FERC000055.
And Candidate 3 had approximately nine years of experience, including as “[t]rial counsel in
employment discrimination case.” FERC000068. Candidate 3 had also “deposed government
witnesses and defended depositions of company witnesses,” and had “retained and developed
expert witnesses on damages and government contracting issues.” Id.
Plaintiff attempts to disparage the experience of the applicants who were interviewed. See
Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at 16 (“Aspiring litigators? Presumably. Litigators-in-training? Arguably. But
certainly not litigators with substantial litigation experience.”). But plaintiff does not – and cannot
– prove that his litigation experience evinces a “stark superiority of credentials,” Porter, 606 F.3d
at 816, quoting Stewart, 352 F.3d at 429. Indeed, when he was an associate, his litigation
experience was mixed with other regulatory and administrative work, and his stint as a litigator
– even if he had been occupied with that work full time – did not last as long as the least
experienced of the three candidates he mentions.
Plaintiff argues that his thirty years of total legal experience should be the sole deciding
factor in this regard. See Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at 19 (arguing that his “thirty years of legal experience”
provides the relevant comparator). But his work in energy law and policy, while it may be a
19
significant credential, does not make his litigation experience starkly superior to that of the other
candidates whose experience he derides. At bottom, plaintiff’s point of view is that the more
sensible employment decision would have been to hire him. But that does not constitute evidence
which would tend to show that the failure to do so was discriminatory. See DeJesus, 841 F.3d at
534. There is unrebutted evidence in the record that Applebaum wanted to hire litigators, the
evidence shows that the agency only interviewed litigators, and there is nothing in the record that
shows that the agency has concocted a false excuse for its failure to interview plaintiff beyond
plaintiff’s confidence in his own credentials. 6
II. Plaintiff cannot show that his non-selections in 2010 and 2012 show a pattern or
practice of age discrimination.
Plaintiff alleged in the complaint that the non-selection in 2014 “is consistent with prior
adverse employment decisions dating back to approximately 2010.” Compl. ¶ 21. In plaintiff’s
motion for summary judgment, he seems to argue both that his unsuccessful applications for
employment in 2010 and 2012 were discriminatory, and that this “pattern or practice of age
discrimination” is evidence that sheds light on the 2014 decision. See Pl.’s Mem. at 8 (“This case
concerns a sole claim that Defendant, between 2010 and 2014, discriminated against Plaintiff
because of his age . . . . The complaint also alleges a pattern of FERC age discrimination in
connection with two prior job applications submitted by Plaintiff to Defendant.”).
6 Plaintiff contends that the agency has not proved that there is a material difference between
litigation before administrative agencies and litigation in federal court. Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at 13
(“FERC still has not explained to this Court how litigation qua administrative adjudication differs
materially from litigation qua federal trials.”). But here he is asking the Court to substitute its
assessment of the agency’s hiring needs for the agency’s, and that is not the role of the Court at
the summary judgment stage. Plaintiff’s opinion on this matter does not constitute evidence that
the agency was lying when it said what it was looking for.
20
A federal employee who seeks to sue his agency for discrimination under the ADEA must
timely exhaust administrative remedies before bringing suit. 29 U.S.C. § 633a(d); see Rann v.
Chao, 346 F.3d 192, 195–99 (D.C. Cir. 2003). To the extent that plaintiff’s complaint can be read
as asserting standalone claims of discrimination arising from his 2010 and 2012 applications, those
claims fail because – as plaintiff admits – he did not administratively exhaust them. See 16.3
Report at 2 (admitting that plaintiff “did not comply with the notification requirements in the
ADEA as to [the 2010 and 2012] non-selections”). 7 So the only individual claim before the Court
arises out of the 2014 application.
Nor can plaintiff succeed on a “pattern or practice” claim. The D.C. Circuit has made clear
that “[d]isparate treatment claims brought under the ADEA may involve ‘an isolated incident of
discrimination against a single individual, or . . . allegations of a ‘pattern or practice’ of
discrimination affecting an entire class of individuals.” Aliotta v. Bair, 614 F.3d 556, 562 (D.C.
Cir. 2010) (involving an age discrimination claim brought by a class of approximately 100 current
and former employees of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation who were targeted for buyouts
or early terminations as a result of the agency’s efforts to downsize), quoting Palmer v. Shultz, 815
F.2d 84, 90 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (involving sex discrimination class action involving a class of female
Foreign Service workers).
In order to make out a prima facie pattern or practice claim, a plaintiff must “prove more
than the mere occurrence of isolated or ‘accidental’ or sporadic discriminatory acts” – a plaintiff
7 Plaintiff’s insistence in his summary judgment briefing that he may seek relief for
discrimination claims with regard to “a sole claim” of discrimination “between 2010 and 2014,”
Pl.’s Mem. at 8, appears to be inconsistent with the argument that plaintiff made in the parties’
joint discovery report, that he was not alleging discrete acts of discrimination arising out of the
alleged pre-2014 conduct. See 16.3 Report at 2 (conceding that “[p]laintiff does not seek damages
for those earlier [pre-2014] non-selections”).
21
must establish that “discrimination was the [employer’s] standard operating procedure [–] the
regular rather than the unusual practice.” Teamsters, 431 U.S. at 336; Schuler v.
PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 514 F.3d 1365, 1370 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (applying the Teamsters
framework to the ADEA).
Plaintiff does not allege – let alone prove – that the few alleged incidents of age
discrimination that were directed at him were part of a pattern or practice of discriminating against
older applicants as a class, or were part of the agency’s modus operandi – he doesn’t identify
anyone else who was a victim of age discrimination. So to the extent that plaintiff meant to allege
a pattern or practice of discrimination, his claim fails. 8
8 Defendant argued in its cross-motion that the Court should “reconsider” its ruling that
allowed plaintiff to seek discovery about the 2010 and 2012 non-selections, see Def.’s Cross-Mem.
at 41–42, and plaintiff opposed the request for “reconsideration.” Pl.’s Cross-Opp. at 19–22. In
defendant’s cross-reply, the agency recognized that its request for the Court to “reconsider” its
ruling was “poor wording,” in light of the fact that “[d]iscovery had been completed, so there is
nothing to reconsider.” Def.’s Cross-Reply at 13–14. Defendant did not move to dismiss the
pattern or practice aspect of plaintiff’s claim, and the Court’s ruling was limited to whether the
limited number of applications over a limited time period would be discoverable. See Fed. R. Civ.
P. 26(b)(1) (“Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to
any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case . . . .”). So there is nothing
to reconsider.
22
CONCLUSION
Because plaintiff has not come forward with any evidence that age was the cause of his
non-selections, and because plaintiff has not made out a prima facie case of a pattern or practice
of age discrimination, plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment will be denied, and defendant’s
motion for summary judgment will be granted.
A separate order will issue.
AMY BERMAN JACKSON
United States District Judge
DATE: March 31, 2017
23