People v. Valdez

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2017COA41

Court of Appeals No. 14CA1030
Adams County District Court No. 13CR27
Honorable Thomas R. Ensor, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Anton Jose Valdez,

Defendant-Appellant.

JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE AFFIRMED

Division III
Opinion by JUDGE WEBB
Bernard and Dunn, JJ., concur

Announced April 6, 2017

Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General, Kevin E. McReynolds, Assistant
Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Douglas K. Wilson, Colorado State Public Defender, Stephen Arvin, Deputy
State Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant
¶1 A jury convicted Anton Jose Valdez of first degree murder after

deliberation and several other charges arising from the robbery of a

jewelry store during which one of the two hooded robbers shot and

killed the owner. Valdez did not testify but defended based on

misidentification. On the first degree murder count, the trial court

sentenced him to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

On the aggravated robbery count, the court imposed a consecutive

sentence of thirty-two years in the custody of the Department of

Corrections. It imposed concurrent sentences on the other counts.

¶2 Valdez seeks a new trial based on rulings admitting DNA

evidence from the crime scene and surveillance camera videos of

the robbery in progress.

 As to the DNA evidence, he asserts that the match was derived

from a sample unconstitutionally collected when he was

arrested on an unrelated charge.

 As to one of the videos, he asserts that depiction of the owner’s

dying moments was unfairly prejudicial, and as to all of the

videos that the court should have restricted the jury’s

replaying them during deliberations.

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 Alternatively, he challenges the trial court’s conclusion that the

crime of violence statute required consecutive sentencing on the

aggravated robbery count. The Attorney General concedes

preservation of all issues.

¶3 Discerning no evidentiary errors, we affirm the judgment of

conviction. Then addressing a novel question in Colorado, we

further conclude that because affirmance means Valdez was

lawfully sentenced to a life term without parole, his challenge to the

consecutive sentence is moot.

I. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Allowing the Prosecution to
Present Evidence Linking DNA From the Crime Scene to a DNA
Sample Previously Taken from Valdez in Connection with His Arrest
on a Felony Traffic Offense

¶4 In his suppression motion, Valdez argued that taking the DNA

sample during his arrest for aggravated driving under restraint –

habitual offender, § 42-2-206(1)(b)(II), C.R.S. 2016, constituted an

unreasonable search and seizure under both the United States and

Colorado Constitutions. According to Valdez, a constitutional

violation occurred because aggravated driving under restraint “is

not a serious offense” under Maryland v. King, 569 U.S. ___, ___,

133 S. Ct. 1958, 1980 (2013). However, the motion conceded that
2
 because Valdez had entered into a plea agreement and pleaded

guilty to only misdemeanors, he was eligible for — but had failed to

pursue — the DNA expungement procedures under section

16-23-105, C.R.S. 2016. This section is part of Katie’s Law,

§§ 16-23-101 to -105, C.R.S. 2016. In response, the prosecutor

primarily asserted that the DNA collection was constitutional

because Valdez had been arrested for a felony, as provided in

Katie’s Law.

¶5 After hearing argument from counsel, the trial court denied

the motion from the bench. The court found that Valdez’s motion

was an improper “collateral attack on evidence obtained in another

case . . . where that evidence was never sought to be suppressed”

and “where [Valdez] had the opportunity to remove that DNA from

the database, since he was not convicted of a felony.” Alternatively,

it concluded that collection of Valdez’s DNA was constitutional

because he “was, in fact, arrested for a serious matter . . . and it

would, in fact, pass muster pursuant to [the] . . . King decision.”

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 A. Collateral Estoppel

¶6 Although Valdez’s opening brief argues that the trial court

erred in denying his motion as an improper “collateral attack,” the

Attorney General does not defend the court’s ruling on this basis.

Still, under the doctrine of constitutional avoidance, we address

constitutional issues only if necessary. See Developmental

Pathways v. Ritter, 178 P.3d 524, 535 (Colo. 2008) (stating that

judicial restraint requires courts to avoid reaching constitutional

questions in advance of the necessity of deciding them); People v.

Lybarger, 700 P.2d 910, 915 (Colo. 1985) (“Axiomatic to the exercise

of judicial authority is the principle that a court should not decide a

constitutional issue unless and until such issue is actually raised

by a party to the controversy and the necessity for such decision is

clear and inescapable.”). And were we to agree with the trial court

that Valdez was estopped from challenging collection of his DNA, we

would never reach the constitutional question. So, we start with

that aspect of the court’s ruling, but reject it as a misapplication of

the law.

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¶7 To begin, one may wonder if the doctrine of collateral estoppel

(also called issue preclusion) applies in criminal cases. It does. See

generally People v. Smith, 938 P.2d 111, 113 (Colo. 1997).

¶8 Even so, the scope of this doctrine may be narrower in

criminal cases. Deciding that a defendant is estopped from

relitigating an issue in a second criminal proceeding depends on

whether “the question was ‘distinctly put in issue and directly

determined’ in the [prior] criminal prosecution.” Metros v. U.S. Dist.

Court, 441 F.2d 313, 316 (10th Cir. 1970) (quoting Kauffman v.

Moss, 420 F.2d 1270, 1274 (3d Cir. 1970)). Because in the traffic

case Valdez failed to either move to suppress the DNA sample before

pleading guilty or seek expungement based on his misdemeanor

plea, the constitutional issue raised in this appeal was not

determined. Compare Commonwealth v. Lunden, 35 N.E.3d 412,

416 (Mass. App. Ct. 2015) (“In the [prior] case, the defendant did

not move to suppress the blood evidence match, and therefore

despite the defendant’s conviction the [prior] proceeding did not

result in a final judgment on the merits . . . .”), with Sharp v. State,

835 N.E.2d 1079, 1085 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“[The defendant]

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 litigated the constitutionality of the taking of his DNA that was

placed in the database in the prior case, and he presented that

issue in the prior appeal. Hence, we can only conclude that [he]

had the full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue he raises here,

and the doctrine of collateral estoppel precludes him from

relitigating the issue now.”).

¶9 Thus, because Valdez’s constitutional challenge cannot be

avoided, we turn to it.

B. Constitutionality of the DNA Collection in the Traffic Case

1. Standard of Review and Law

¶ 10 Suppression rulings normally present a mixed question of fact

and law. See People v. Cisneros, 2014 COA 49, ¶ 56. But Valdez’s

contention only raises an issue of law — he challenges the

constitutionality of section 16-23-103, C.R.S. 2016, as applied to

him. And “[w]e review the constitutionality of a statute, both

facially and as applied, de novo.” People v. Lovato, 2014 COA 113,

¶ 12.

¶ 11 When reviewing a statute, we presume that it satisfies

constitutional standards. People v. Baer, 973 P.2d 1225, 1230

6
 (Colo. 1999). The party challenging a statute on constitutional

grounds — whether as applied or facial — bears the burden of

establishing the statute’s unconstitutionality beyond a reasonable

doubt. Id.1

¶ 12 In King, 569 U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1970, 1980, the

Supreme Court upheld a Maryland DNA collection statute that

required “all arrestees charged with serious crimes” to submit a

buccal swab for DNA testing solely as a police booking procedure.

The Court concluded:

DNA identification of arrestees is a reasonable
search that can be considered part of a routine
booking procedure. When officers make an
arrest supported by probable cause to hold for
a serious offense and they bring the suspect to
the station to be detained in custody, taking
and analyzing a cheek swab of the arrestee’s
DNA is, like fingerprinting and photographing,
a legitimate police booking procedure that is
reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.

Id. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1980 (emphasis added).

1In Tabor Foundation v. Regional Trans. Dist., 2016 COA 102, our
supreme court has granted certiorari to consider this standard.
16SC639, 2017 WL 280826 (Colo. Jan. 23, 2017).
7
¶ 13 Like the Maryland statute, section 16-23-103(1)(a) requires

that for “[e]very adult arrested on or after September 30, 2010, for a

felony offense or for the investigation of a felony offense . . . [t]he

arresting law enforcement agency shall collect the biological

substance sample from the arrested person as part of the booking

process.” (Emphasis added.) These samples are tested by the

Colorado Bureau of Investigation (the CBI) and are filed in the state

index system. § 16-23-104(2), C.R.S. 2016.

¶ 14 But unlike the Maryland statute, Katie’s Law does not impose

an express seriousness requirement. The Attorney General seeks to

fill this gap by arguing that every felony is serious.

¶ 15 The Colorado Supreme Court has not spoken to the

constitutionality of Katie’s Law. In People v. Lancaster, 2015 COA

93, ¶ 23, however, the division concluded that a DNA sample taken

in violation of section 16-23-103(1)(a) — because the defendant had

been arrested for only misdemeanor traffic offenses — did not

violate the defendant’s constitutional privacy interests.

¶ 16 Of course, the division acknowledged that “[a] cheek swab to

obtain a DNA sample is a search, and a search without a warrant

8
 supported by probable cause is presumptively unreasonable unless

it falls within one of the established exceptions to the warrant

requirement.” Id. at ¶ 14. Then the division turned to one such

exception — that for “special needs” — which “balance[s] the

government’s special need against the individual’s asserted privacy

interests.” Id. at ¶ 15 (quoting People v. Rossman, 140 P.3d 172,

174 (Colo. App. 2006)).

¶ 17 In applying this exception, the division held that “the

government’s interest in the DNA sample was not outweighed by

[the defendant’s] privacy interests.” Id. at ¶ 23. It explained that

after an arrest, “the intrusion into [the arrestee’s] privacy resulting

from the buccal swabs was minimal and akin to booking procedures

like the fingerprinting and photographing of a suspect.” Id. On this

basis, the division concluded that “the trial court did not err in

denying [the defendant’s] motion to suppress the DNA profile that

was allegedly developed as a result of the prior warrantless

collections of DNA evidence from him.” Id. at ¶ 25.

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¶ 18 Valdez cites no contrary Colorado authority, nor are we aware

of any. We consider Lancaster well reasoned and apply it as

follows.

2. Application

¶ 19 Valdez raises three constitutional arguments. We consider

and reject each in turn.

¶ 20 First, Valdez argues that although he was arrested for

aggravated driving, his DNA was “not taken pursuant to a serious

offense as contemplated in [King].”

¶ 21 Lancaster, where the defendant was “only in custody for

misdemeanor offenses,” id. at ¶ 26, rejected a similar argument. As

the division explained, “[a]lthough in King, 133 S. Ct. at 1980, the

Supreme Court concluded that it was constitutional to collect DNA

from a suspect detained in custody for a ‘serious offense,’ the Court

did not hold that it is unconstitutional to take DNA from arrestees

under all other circumstances.” Id. Instead, “the magnitude of the

state’s interest does not necessarily depend on the seriousness of

the crime of arrest. As [King] observed, ‘people detained for minor

offenses can turn out to be the most devious and dangerous

10
 criminals.’” Id. (quoting Haskell v. Harris, 745 F.3d 1269, 1273 (9th

Cir. 2014) (Smith, J., concurring in the judgment), in turn quoting

King, 569 U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1971).

¶ 22 Because, under Lancaster, Valdez’s proposed “serious felony”

litmus test for constitutionality falls short, we decline to decide

whether aggravated driving is such an offense or whether all

felonies are serious.

¶ 23 Lancaster also rejected Valdez’s second argument — that

unlike the Maryland statute in King, Katie’s Law “is clearly not

designed to identify defendants in the manner of a booking

procedure.” True enough, the legislative declaration in section

16-23-102(1), C.R.S. 2016, refers to “preventing” and “solving”

crimes. And these purposes are beyond the ambit of merely

establishing an arrestee’s identity.

¶ 24 Even so, the division held that “[t]he statute at issue in King

did not expressly say that identification was its sole governmental

interest.” Lancaster, ¶ 27. It added, “[n]or did the Supreme Court

say that identification is the only legitimate governmental interest

served by collecting DNA samples.” Id. And section 16-23-102(1)(b)

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 recognizes that “[t]he analysis of DNA has been used numerous

times in the exoneration of innocent individuals charged with or

convicted of crimes.”

¶ 25 Valdez’s third argument — that collection of his DNA was

unconstitutional because Katie’s Law “lacks adequate privacy

provisions” — fares no better. Specifically, he asserts that under

Katie’s Law, a person charged with a felony has the burden of

requesting expungement of the DNA sample. In contrast, under the

Maryland statute, DNA samples are destroyed if “criminal action

begun against the individual . . . does not result in a conviction.”

King, 569 U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1967.

¶ 26 Valdez relies solely on People v. Buza, 180 Cal. Rptr. 3d 753,

789 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014). There, the court held “[t]he fact that the

[California] DNA Act does not provide for automatic expungement

increases the weight of the arrestee’s privacy interest.” But this

decision has been depublished because review has been granted by

the California Supreme Court. People v. Buza, 342 P.3d 415 (Cal.

2015).

12
¶ 27 Further, in Haskell v. Harris, 745 F.3d at 1274, the

concurrence in the judgment rejected the assertion “that

California’s law is distinguishable from Maryland’s because

California retains and uses DNA samples indefinitely even if a

suspect is never charged or convicted.” Judge Smith explained that

“the King Court did not view Maryland’s expungement procedures

as important to the constitutionality of Maryland’s law.” Id. Nor

did the King Court “suggest that post-collection expungement

procedures would affect the constitutional inquiry.” Id. Instead,

the Court framed the “Fourth Amendment search at issue” as “a

buccal swab,” and explained “the ‘minor intrusion’ that this ‘brief’

procedure represents is not affected at all by the availability of

expungement procedures.” Id. (quoting King, 569 U.S. at ___, 133

S. Ct. at 1980).

¶ 28 But even if expungement procedures are relevant to the

constitutional inquiry, Katie’s Law does not place an onerous

burden on an arrestee. See United States v. Mitchell, 652 F.3d 387,

404 (3d Cir. 2011) (An “additional factor[] that contributed to the

13
 reasonableness of the search” was that the DNA collection statute

provided for expungement.).

¶ 29 For example, under section 16-23-104(2), “[i]f [the CBI] does

not receive confirmation of a felony charge within a year after

receiving the sample for testing, [it] shall destroy the biological

sample and any results from the testing of the sample.” (Emphasis

added.) Thus, the burden of ensuring that a DNA sample remains

in the system after an arrest has been made falls on the district

attorney.

¶ 30 Another example is that if charges are filed — but the arrestee

is not convicted of a felony — the expungement process requires

only minimal information from the arrestee along with a

“declaration that, to the best of the person’s knowledge, he or she

qualifies for expungement.” § 16-23-105(2)(e). The burden then

shifts back to the district attorney to notify the CBI “that the person

does not qualify for expungement and [give] the reasons that the

person does not qualify.” § 16-23-105(4). If such notification is not

received within ninety days, the CBI “shall destroy the biological

substance.” Id.

14
¶ 31 And once a request for expungement has been made, Katie’s

Law requires that the CBI “send notification . . . to the person

arrested or charged, either stating that [the CBI] has destroyed the

biological substance sample and expunged the results of the testing

of the sample or stating why [the CBI] has not destroyed the sample

and expunged the test results.” § 16-23-105(5). Thus, the burden

to follow up is not placed on the arrestee.

¶ 32 Finally, even if collection of Valdez’s DNA did not violate the

United States Constitution, did the collection violate the Colorado

constitution? Valdez says that it did. But we agree with Lancaster,

¶ 24, that the “state constitution provides the same, not greater,

protection in this area than the Fourth Amendment.”

¶ 33 In the end, because Katie’s Law, as applied to Valdez, is

constitutional, we conclude that the trial court did not err in

denying his motion to suppress.

II. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Admitting a
Surveillance Video that Depicted the Shooting

¶ 34 Video from multiple cameras inside the store captured the

robbery. Defense counsel moved in limine for “an order that the

prosecution not be permitted to play for the jury the overhead
15
 camera recording of the offense.” This recording depicted the victim

lying on the floor bleeding from several bullet wounds, being shot

the final time, and giving up his last breath, over a period of less

than one minute. Citing CRE 403, counsel argued that the

prejudicial effect of this recording exceeded any probative value

because it “is extremely graphic and alarming, and will

unnecessarily enflame the passions of the jury”; the victim’s death

from gunshot wounds was undisputed; this video did not identify

which of the robbers had been the shooter; and “[o]ther angles of

video depict the entire event.”

¶ 35 In denying the motion, the trial court explained:

It shows the crime. This is a murder case. It
is not pleasant. I understand that. There is
no way I can sanitize it. So I will deny the
request as it relates to the videotape of the
crime itself. It can be played in its entirety to
the jury.

All of the recordings were played for the jury during trial and, as

discussed in the following section, replayed during deliberations.

A. Standard of Review and Law

¶ 36 As with any evidence, whether to admit a video recording lies

within the sound discretion of the trial court; absent an abuse of

16
 discretion, its ruling on whether relevant video recordings were not

unnecessarily gruesome must stand. CRE 403; People v. Villalobos,

159 P.3d 624, 630 (Colo. App. 2006). “[A]n abuse of that discretion

will be found only upon a showing that the ruling was manifestly

arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair.” People v. Rath, 44 P.3d 1033,

1043 (Colo. 2002).

¶ 37 “Because the balance required by CRE 403 favors admission, a

reviewing court must afford the evidence the maximum probative

value attributable by a reasonable fact finder and the minimum

unfair prejudice to be reasonably expected.” Id. Consistent with

this preference for admission, evidence is not unfairly prejudicial

merely because it damages the defendant’s case. People v. Dist.

Court, 785 P.2d 141, 147 (Colo. 1990). And evidence is unfairly

prejudicial only if it has an “undue tendency to suggest a decision

on an improper basis, commonly but not necessarily an emotional

one, such as sympathy, hatred, contempt, retribution, or horror.”

Id.

17
 B. Analysis

¶ 38 Valdez argues that the “challenged video added nothing

meaningful to . . . documentation of the event,” but it “surely

shocked [jurors], likely triggering an emotional response and thirst

for retribution for such a grisly killing.” He cites no authority, nor

are we aware of any in Colorado, excluding as unfairly prejudicial a

video recording of the charged crime in progress. Instead, he relies

on cases such as People v. Ellis, 41 Colo. App. 271, 273, 589 P.2d

494, 495 (1978), where the division held that the trial court had

improperly admitted graphic photographs of a victim’s injuries,

which did not “shed enough light on the question of accident to

counteract the passion and prejudice which they must have

generated.” His reliance is misplaced.

¶ 39 The recording from the overhead camera was not an ad hoc

depiction of the consequences of a crime, such as autopsy

photographs of a deceased victim or pictures of injuries to a victim

who survived. Nor was it some sort of recreation. Rather, this

recording showed the crime — as it was happening.

18
¶ 40 So, how could this recording be unfairly prejudicial? We agree

with those courts that have held similar recordings are not. See,

e.g., Ivery v. State, 686 So. 2d 495, 519 (Ala. Crim. App. 1996) (“The

videotape here is without question prejudicial; however, ‘while such

direct evidence of a crime is certainly prejudicial to a defendant’s

case, without more, it is not unfairly so.’”) (citation omitted);

Johnson v. State, No. AP-77,030, 2015 WL 7354609, at *30 (Tex.

Crim. App. Nov. 18, 2015) (unpublished opinion) (“Although the

events captured by the surveillance videotape are disturbing, the

videotape shows no more than how the offense transpired.”); cf.

Bradley v. State, 533 S.E.2d 727, 731 (Ga. 2000) (“The trial court

did not err in admitting a state trooper’s videotape of the victim in

life on the side of the road shortly after she had been shot. The

court properly determined that the videotape . . . accurately

depicted the ongoing crime shortly after the shooting occurred.”).

¶ 41 In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by admitting the surveillance video from the overhead

camera.

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 III. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Declining to
Limit the Number of Times the Jurors Could Watch the Surveillance
Videos or Imposing Other Restrictions on the Jury’s Consideration
of the Videos

¶ 42 During deliberations, the jurors indicated that they wanted to

view the surveillance videos. Defense counsel requested that the

jury “not be granted unfettered access” to the videos and should

only be “allow[ed] to view each video once.” Counsel failed to ask

that the jury be admonished not to favor one type of evidence over

another. The court responded:

I will not limit them to one time. I agree they
are not to have unfettered access to them. We
will have my clerk play them for them. The
only people in the room will be the jurors and
my clerk.

The record does not indicate how much time the clerk spent with

the jurors or how often they replayed the videos. Nor did Valdez

ask the trial court to make such a record after the jury returned the

verdict but before it was discharged.

A. Standard of Review and Law

¶ 43 Trial courts have broad discretion to control the use of exhibits

during jury deliberations. DeBella v. People, 233 P.3d 664, 666

(Colo. 2010). When exercising this discretion, “the trial court’s

20
 ultimate objective must be to assess whether the exhibit will aid the

jury in its proper consideration of the case, and even if so, whether

a party will nevertheless be unfairly prejudiced by the jury’s use of

it.” Frasco v. People, 165 P.3d 701, 704-05 (Colo. 2007). But the

court must also ensure that “evidence is not so selected, nor used

in such a manner, that there is a likelihood of it being given undue

weight or emphasis by the jury.” Id. at 703 (quoting Settle v. People,

180 Colo. 262, 264, 504 P.2d 680, 680-81 (1972)).

B. Analysis

¶ 44 Relying on DeBella, Valdez contends the court improperly gave

the jurors unfettered access to the videos by not imposing any

restrictions. In DeBella, the supreme court held that the trial court

had abused its discretion by leaving with the jury a TV monitor and

the victim’s videotaped interview, then failing to supervise or restrict

playback. 233 P.3d at 667.

¶ 45 To begin, unlike in DeBella, here the videos were played for the

jurors only after their request. See People v. Smalley, 2015 COA

140, ¶ 65 (“The court did not automatically provide the jury with

access to the recordings, but waited until the jury requested

21
 them.”). And the videos were played for the jury by a court

employee. See DeBella, 233 P.3d at 669 (A court can “require that

the video be viewed in open court or under the supervision of a

bailiff.”). Thus, Valdez inaccurately describes the jury’s access as

“unfettered.”

¶ 46 Still, and also unlike in DeBella, the court did not put any

additional restrictions on viewing the videos — such as limiting the

number of times the jury could watch them. Nor did the court

“admonish the jury not to give the exhibit undue weight or

emphasis.” Id.

¶ 47 But are such restrictions even necessary when video evidence

is nontestimonial? See People v. Jefferson, 2014 COA 77M, ¶ 11,

(“[A] trial court must ‘oversee with caution’ the jury’s use of exhibits

of a testimonial character, including video recorded interviews of

witnesses.”) (cert. granted Dec. 22, 2014). The Attorney General

says “no,” arguing that DeBella involved only testimonial evidence

and the surveillance videos were nontestimonial. See People v.

Russom, 107 P.3d 986, 989 (Colo. App. 2004) (a recording is

22
 nontestimonial if it depicts “the event itself rather than a narration

thereof”).

¶ 48 The Attorney General is correct that several divisions of this

court — all pre-DeBella — have distinguished between testimonial

and nontestimonial evidence when upholding trial court decisions

that allowed juries unlimited access to nontestimonial evidence.

See Russom, 107 P.3d at 989 (“Jurors may have access during

deliberations to nontestimonial recordings that depict the event

itself rather than a narration thereof.”); People v. Aponte, 867 P.2d

183, 188-89 (Colo. App. 1993) (“The videotape and its transcription

do not constitute statements of witnesses testimonial in character

as a narrative of events. Rather, they are tangible exhibits with

verbal content which are non-testimonial in character because they

depict the actual commission of the crime itself.”); see also People v.

Blecha, 940 P.2d 1070, 1078 (Colo. App. 1996) (finding no grounds

for a mistrial where jury had unsupervised access to a videotape

that was nontestimonial, and was not shocking or inflammatory;

“the videotape was similar in character to still photographs which

jurors are normally permitted to review during deliberation”), aff’d,

23
 962 P.2d 931 (Colo. 1998); cf. People v. Gingles, 2014 COA 163,

¶ 18 (allowing “unrestricted jury access during deliberations to a

defendant’s voluntary and otherwise admissible confession”).2

¶ 49 Since DeBella, the supreme court has not addressed whether

the same reasoning applies to nontestimonial evidence.3 But the

significance of this distinction need not be resolved here. Even if

the trial court should have imposed greater restrictions on the

jury’s consideration of this nontestimonial evidence, for two

reasons, the risk of undue emphasis was not so great as to show an

abuse of discretion.

 First, Valdez never disputed the accuracy of what the videos

portrayed. See DeBella, 233 P.3d at 668-69 (“[T]he

2 These cases are consistent with the weight of authority in other
jurisdictions. See Burkhart v. Commonwealth, 125 S.W.3d 848, 850
(Ky. 2003) (“[N]umerous courts have allowed deliberating jurors to
review audio and visual recordings of a non-testimonial character,
often within the confines of the jury room.”) (collecting cases).
3 In Rael v. People, No. 13SC903, 2014 WL 7330995, at *1 (Colo.

Dec. 22, 2014) (unpublished order), the supreme court granted
certiorari on “[w]hether the court of appeals erred in affirming the
trial court’s decision to allow the jury unfettered and unsupervised
access to . . . non-testimonial crime scene videos during
deliberation.”
24
 inconsistencies of the tape’s content with [the victim’s] trial

testimony were central to the resolution of the case . . . .”).

 Second, the prosecution presented corroborating evidence

identifying the shooter through still photographs developed

from the videos, to which the jury had unrestricted access

without objection from Valdez. See Jefferson, ¶ 18 (“The

heightened danger that undue emphasis will be placed on

detailed videotaped statements of victim-witnesses is

exacerbated in cases like the present one, where minimal

evidence corroborates the victim’s statements and

testimony.”).

¶ 50 For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in declining to limit the number of times the

jury could view the videos or in refusing to impose other restrictions

on the jury’s consideration of them.

IV. Because No Error Occurred, Valdez Is Not Entitled to Relief for
Cumulative Error

¶ 51 “To warrant reversal of a conviction based on cumulative error,

‘numerous errors [must] be committed, not merely alleged.’” People

v. Thomas, 2014 COA 64, ¶ 61 (alteration in original) (quoting
25
 People v. Whitman, 205 P.3d 371, 387 (Colo. App. 2007)). Because

we have not discerned any errors, this contention does not warrant

relief.

V. Valdez’s Challenge to His Consecutive Sentence for Aggravated
Robbery Is Moot

¶ 52 The Attorney General contends that error, if any, in running

the aggravated robbery sentence consecutively to Valdez’s life

without the possibility of parole sentence is moot because a ruling

could not have any practical effect on the length of his

incarceration. Having affirmed Valdez’s convictions on all charges,

including first degree murder, we conclude that the consecutive

sentence issue is moot.

A. Standard of Review and Law

¶ 53 “We review de novo the legal question of whether a case is

moot.” People in Interest of C.G., 2015 COA 106, ¶ 11 (cert. granted

May 23, 2016).

¶ 54 As a “threshold jurisdictional matter,” we must determine

whether the current appeal is moot “before proceeding to the merits

of the case.” USAA v. Parker, 200 P.3d 350, 356 (Colo. 2009).

“Mootness instructs courts not to grant relief that would have no
26
 practical effect upon an actual and existing controversy.” Bd. of

Dirs., Metro Wastewater Reclamation Dist. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co.

of Pittsburgh, 105 P.3d 653, 656 (Colo. 2005).4

B. Application

¶ 55 Whether a life without the possibility of parole sentence moots

an error in imposing a lesser sentence consecutively rather than

concurrently has not been addressed in any Colorado appellate

opinion.

¶ 56 Other jurisdictions support the Attorney General’s position on

mootness. See, e.g., Minshew v. State, 975 So. 2d 395, 398 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2007) (“To remand this case now to determine whether

Minshew’s probationary term for his theft conviction in case no. CC-

86-727 was illegally run consecutively to his other probationary

terms would not change the fact that Minshew is serving a sentence

of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.”); State v.

4Limited exceptions to mootness exist, such as a factual situation
capable of repetition yet avoiding review or where recurring
constitutional violation has been alleged. See, e.g., Comcast of
Cal./Colo., L.L.C. v. Express Concrete, Inc., 196 P.3d 269, 275 (Colo.
App. 2007). Because Valdez fails to raise any exceptions, we
decline to address them.
27
 Macy, 886 P.2d 1010, 1012 (Or. 1994) (“Currently, defendant is

serving a term of imprisonment based on the matrix for concurrent

life sentences. Therefore, as things now stand, defendant will serve

a term of imprisonment under the same matrix that he would if this

court were to hold that the trial court erred in imposing consecutive

sentences.”); State v. Mathis, No. M2011-01096-CCA-R3CD, 2013

WL 4774130, at *14 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 5, 2013) (unpublished

opinion) (“Having upheld Defendant Evans’s convictions for

especially aggravated kidnapping, any issues regarding the length of

his sentences for the aggravated burglary and aggravated robbery

convictions are essentially moot as they are to be served

concurrently with two sentences of life without the possibility of

parole.”); cf. Berger v. Norris, No. 5:07CV00298JTR, 2009 WL

4067260, at *3 (E.D. Ark. Nov. 19, 2009) (unpublished opinion)

(“While Petitioner’s reduction in classification does affect his future

accrual of good time credit, his consecutive life sentences make that

entirely ‘theoretical injury’ a moot point.”).

¶ 57 Valdez cites no directly contrary authority. Instead, he points

out that two divisions of this court have addressed consecutive

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 sentencing errors in cases where a controlling sentence of life

without the possibility of parole has been imposed. But these cases

are distinguishable because here, rather than conceding error, the

Attorney General raises mootness. See People v. Phillips, 2012 COA

176, ¶ 172 (“The People concede that when the evidence will

support no reasonable inference other than that multiple

convictions were based on identical evidence, the trial court is

required to impose concurrent sentences for those convictions.”);

People v. Holloway, 973 P.2d 721, 726 (Colo. App. 1998) (“The

People concede[d]” the error.). As well, neither division addressed

mootness. And in any event, “we are not obligated to follow other

divisions of this court.” Sandstrom v. Solen, 2016 COA 29, ¶ 29.

¶ 58 Alternatively, Valdez argues that the issue is not moot because

“circumstances might arise under which [his] life sentence is

reduced.” True enough, our supreme court did just this for certain

juvenile offenders in People v. Tate, 2015 CO 42, ¶ 51. But Tate did

not involve mootness. Valdez does not cite authority, nor have we

found any in Colorado, holding that speculation about an as yet

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 unheralded change in the law — that would have retrospective

application — should be considered as an exception to mootness.

¶ 59 At least one other state has rejected this argument. In

Quiroga v. Commissioner of Correction, 87 A.3d 1171 (Conn. App.

Ct. 2014), the defendant argued that his deportation did not moot

his criminal appeal because Congress might change the criteria for

readmission. Disagreeing, the court explained, “[w]e conclude that

the possibility that Congress may, at some point in the future,

amend federal immigration law so as to permit the petitioner’s

reentry into the country despite his narcotics convictions is pure

conjecture.” Id. at 1176; see also Allende v. Shultz, 845 F.2d 1111,

1121 (1st Cir. 1988) (then circuit judge Breyer, J., concurring)

(“But, I do not see how this court can find (constitutionally

speaking) a genuine ‘controversy’ premised on the fact that present

law may change.”).

¶ 60 In Colorado “[c]ourts should refuse to consider uncertain or

contingent future matters that suppose speculative injury that may

never occur.” Bd. of Dirs., Metro Wastewater Reclamation Dist., 105

P.3d at 656; see also Air Pollution Control Comm’n of Colo. Dep’t of

30
 Health v. Colo.-Ute Elec. Ass’n, 672 P.2d 993, 997 (Colo. 1983) (“We

consider it unnecessary and inappropriate to address a question

having only speculative future utility.”). And recognizing such an

exception to mootness would be problematic because, despite stare

decisis, the law can always change. See Creacy v. Indus. Comm’n,

148 Colo. 429, 433, 366 P.2d 384, 386 (1961) (“The rule of stare

decisis is not a doctrine of mortmain; it does not exclude room for

growth in the law and the courts are not without power to depart

from a prior ruling, or to overrule it, where sound reasons exist and

where the general interests will suffer less by such departure than

from a strict adherence.”). Yet, “[e]xceptions should not swallow the

rule.” A.S. v. People, 2013 CO 63, ¶ 27.

¶ 61 Of course, Valdez could obtain certiorari review. But if our

supreme court set aside his first degree murder conviction — and

along with it the life without the possibility of parole sentence — yet

affirmed the remaining convictions, the aggravated robbery

sentence would control. In this event, Valdez would have to serve

that sentence, irrespective of whether it had originally been imposed

consecutively or concurrently. The same would be true if Valdez

31
 succeeded in collaterally attacking his first degree murder

conviction.

¶ 62 Given all this, we conclude that error, if any, in imposing the

aggravated robbery sentence consecutively to the life without parole

sentence is moot.

VI. Conclusion

¶ 63 The judgment and sentence are affirmed.

JUDGE BERNARD and JUDGE DUNN concur.

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