Not for Publication in West's Federal Reporter
United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 16-1706
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
JONATHAN JAVIER CARMONA,
a/k/a Samuel Carrasquillo Rodriguez,
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Lynch, Lipez, and Kayatta,
Circuit Judges.
Joshua L. Solomon and Pollack Solomon Duffy LLP on brief for
appellant.
Craig Estes, Assistant United States Attorney, and William D.
Weinreb, Acting United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.
April 14, 2017
LYNCH, Circuit Judge. Jonathan Javier Carmona pled
guilty to unlawfully reentering the United States as a deported
alien and was sentenced to 36 months' imprisonment. In this
sentencing appeal, he argues that the district court procedurally
erred in its Criminal History Category ("CHC") determination and
that his sentence was also procedurally and substantively
unreasonable. We affirm.
I.
We recount only the background necessary to understand
the issues, drawing the facts from the Presentence Investigation
Report ("PSR") and the transcript of the sentencing hearing. See
United States v. King, 741 F.3d 305, 306 (1st Cir. 2014).
Carmona, a native and citizen of the Dominican Republic,
was convicted twice in Massachusetts courts on drug-trafficking
charges. On May 24, 2012, he was released from state prison, and
a one-year probation term began. He had been ordered removed
during his incarceration and was deported on July 19, 2012. See
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(C), (a)(6)(A)(i). Because the state
probation office knew nothing about Carmona's immigration status
or the reason for his disappearance, a violation of probation
("VOP") warrant issued on September 7, 2012.
Carmona reentered the United States in 2013, still
without lawful status. On March 3, 2015, he was arrested on the
VOP warrant. The warrant was withdrawn on March 4, 2015,
- 2 -
apparently because the state probation office realized why Carmona
had disappeared, and the state court found no probation violation
on March 12, 2015.
On April 9, 2015, a federal grand jury indicted Carmona
for unlawful reentry as a deported alien. See id. § 1326(a).
Carmona pled guilty on November 23, 2015, without a plea agreement.
Carmona's PSR, using the then-effective 2015 U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines Manual, calculated Carmona's criminal
history score as eight, resulting in a CHC of IV. The calculation
included two points because Carmona had committed the federal
reentry offense in 2013 while subject to the state VOP warrant.
See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d). Carmona's Guidelines Sentencing Range
("GSR") was 57 to 71 months.
On May 23, 2016, at the sentencing hearing, Carmona's
counsel acknowledged that the GSR was correct, at least "as a
matter of calculation." The government recommended a 57-month
sentence. Carmona's counsel recommended a 24-month sentence. She
urged the court both to depart downward from a CHC of IV to a CHC
of III and to take heed of a proposed amendment to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2,
not scheduled to take effect until November 1, 2016, which would,
if applied when it became effective, reduce Carmona's adjusted
offense level and thus produce a lower GSR. The district court
properly responded that it would consider the proposed amendment
- 3 -
but could not itself formally "adopt" the revised § 2L1.2 until
Congress had first approved it.
The district court chose to impose a 36-month sentence,
declining to depart downward under the Guidelines but granting a
21-month downward variance. There were no objections to the
sentence.
II.
A. Criminal History Category
Carmona's argument as to his CHC is twofold. First, he
claims that the district court erred by applying the two-point
§ 4A1.1(d) enhancement. In the alternative, he asserts that the
court abused its discretion by rejecting his request for a downward
departure.
Because Carmona did not object at sentencing to the
§ 4A1.1(d) enhancement, plain error review applies, and Carmona
"must prove not only a clear error but also that the error
'affected [his] substantial rights [and] seriously impaired the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.'" United States v. Delgado-López, 837 F.3d 131, 134
(1st Cir. 2016) (alterations in original) (quoting United States
v. Ramos-Mejía, 721 F.3d 12, 14 (1st Cir. 2013)).1
1 We bypass whether Carmona affirmatively waived this
argument by conceding at sentencing that his CHC and GSR had been
properly calculated. See Delgado-López, 837 F.3d at 135 n.2.
- 4 -
Whether or not any error occurred, the CHC calculation
was not the basis for Carmona's sentence. See United States v.
Ortiz, 741 F.3d 288, 293–94 (1st Cir. 2014) ("[T]he plain error
standard imposes upon the appealing defendant the burden of showing
a reasonable likelihood 'that, but for the error, the district
court would have imposed a different, more favorable sentence.'"
(quoting United States v. Turbides-Leonardo, 468 F.3d 34, 39 (1st
Cir. 2006))). The district court explicitly identified Carmona's
"two not insignificant drug offenses" as the portion of Carmona's
criminal history that "ha[d] impact with the [c]ourt" and further
stated that it was "less troubled by [the] two points" added under
§ 4A1.1(d). Those statements and the court's significant downward
variance leave us certain that the court's choice of sentence did
not depend on whether Carmona's GSR was calculated with or without
the § 4A1.1(d) enhancement.2 See United States v. Tavares, 705
F.3d 4, 24–28 (1st Cir. 2013) (finding harmless any error in CHC
calculation, because it was clear that the district court would
have chosen the same sentence regardless of the CHC used).
2 Although "an incorrect [GSR]" is often independently
"sufficient to show a reasonable probability of a different outcome
absent the error," United States v. Hudson, 823 F.3d 11, 19 (1st
Cir. 2016) (quoting Molina-Martinez v. United States, 136 S. Ct.
1338, 1345 (2016)), that is not the case here. The record makes
clear "that the district court thought the sentence it chose was
appropriate irrespective of the [GSR]." Molina-Martinez, 136 S.
Ct. at 1346.
- 5 -
Finally, there was no abuse of discretion in the district
court's decision not to depart downward, as urged by defense
counsel. See United States v. Almeida, 748 F.3d 41, 53 (1st Cir.
2014) (explaining that a district court's "disagree[ment] with [a
defendant] about the seriousness of his criminal history . . .
does not approach an abuse of discretion"). Carmona maintains
that a CHC of IV was not commensurate with the seriousness of his
criminal history, but the record contradicts his claim: he was
arrested for a second drug-trafficking crime while still on
probation for the first, and he then reentered the United States
illegally just eight months after being deported.
B. Procedural and Substantive Reasonableness
Carmona's procedural reasonableness challenge, which we
review only for plain error, amounts to a claim that the district
court inadequately explained its choice of sentence and its reasons
for rejecting Carmona's argument that a shorter sentence better
fit the true nature of his criminal history. The record, however,
makes the court's reasoning clear: the court gave consideration to
the proposed § 2L1.2 amendment, which was helpful to Carmona, but
also to the seriousness of Carmona's earlier crimes. "Although it
is true that the district court did not explicitly address each of
the appellant's arguments . . . , the court was not required to
offer that level of elucidation." United States v. Dávila-
González, 595 F.3d 42, 48 (1st Cir. 2010). And the court stated
- 6 -
explicitly that it had considered the factors set forth in 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a) -- a statement "entitled to some weight" in our
procedural reasonableness review. Id. at 49. We see no error,
much less plain error.
Carmona's substantive reasonableness challenge fares no
better. It is the "rare below-the-[GSR] sentence that [is]
vulnerable" to such a challenge. King, 741 F.3d at 310. As often,
"[t]hat the sentencing court chose not to attach to certain of the
mitigating factors the significance that [Carmona] thinks they
deserved does not make the sentence unreasonable." United States
v. Clogston, 662 F.3d 588, 593 (1st Cir. 2011).
III.
We affirm Carmona's sentence.
- 7 -