In re: L.C.Â

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA16-1009

Filed: 18 April 2017

Guilford County, No. 16 JA 57

IN THE MATTER OF: L.C.

Appeal by respondent from order entered 5 July 2016 by Judge Betty J. Brown

in Guilford County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 3 April 2017.

Mercedes O. Chut for petitioner-appellee Guilford County Department of Social
Services.

Elysia Jones for guardian ad litem.

N. Elise Putnam for respondent-appellant.

DAVIS, Judge.

This appeal involves a variety of issues stemming from the trial court’s order

adjudicating a juvenile to be abused, neglected, and dependent. Among the issues

presented is whether a parent who was compelled to testify in a juvenile adjudication

hearing was deprived of her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination when

— despite her clear invocation of that right — the trial court ordered her to answer a

question likely to elicit an incriminating response. A.S. (“Respondent”) appeals from

an order (1) adjudicating her daughter L.C. (“Lily”)1 to be an abused, neglected, and

1 Pseudonyms and initials are used throughout this opinion to protect the identity of the minor
child and for ease of reading. N.C. R. App. P. 3.1(b).
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

dependent juvenile; (2) ceasing reunification efforts; and (3) setting adoption as the

juvenile’s permanent plan along with a concurrent plan of guardianship. After

careful review, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand.

Factual and Procedural Background

On 4 February 2016, the Guilford County Department of Social Services

(“DSS”) received a report alleging that Lily had been physically abused. Lily, who

was less than eight months old at the time, had been admitted to Brenner Children’s

Hospital in Winston-Salem, North Carolina with various injuries, including three

fractured ribs, a bruise consistent with a bite mark on her left shoulder, and bruises

on both feet. Lily’s femur was also injured, although the pediatrician could not

conclusively state whether it was fractured.

At the time these injuries occurred, Respondent was living in an apartment

with her adult sister (“Ida”), her friend (“Becky”), the minor children of Ida and Becky,

and Respondent’s boyfriend (“Matt”). After DSS became involved, Respondent, Ida,

and Becky submitted to polygraph testing at the request of DSS regarding the cause

of Lily’s injuries, but Matt failed to do so. As a result, Respondent entered into a

safety plan with DSS that barred Matt from having any future contact with Lily.

On 9 April 2016, DSS received another report that Lily had been physically

abused based on her admission to Brenner Children’s Hospital with new injuries,

including a right fractured clavicle, hemorrhaging in her brain, bruising on various

-2-
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

parts of her body, a swollen right eye, and a left rib fracture. Respondent admitted

to a law enforcement officer that she had violated her safety plan by allowing Matt to

care for Lily while she was at work on the evening of 7 April 2016. Respondent

testified that when she came home from work at approximately 10:30 p.m., she

noticed that Lily “was not acting like herself,” “had bruises on her,” and had one eye

“rolled in the back of her head[.]” Respondent accused Matt of having harmed Lily

and did not believe him when he denied responsibility for her injuries.

That night, Respondent gave Pedialyte to Lily but did not immediately seek

medical attention for her because Respondent was afraid that DSS would “take [Lily]

from me because [Matt] was not supposed to be there . . . .” Two days later — after

having observed Lily alternate between acting normally and “[j]ust go[ing] into a

daze” — Respondent took Lily to Thomasville Hospital. On 10 April 2016,

Respondent was charged with misdemeanor child abuse, and Matt was charged with

two counts of felony assault on a child inflicting serious injury.

On 11 April 2016, DSS filed a petition alleging that Lily was an abused,

neglected, and dependent juvenile and obtained non-secure custody of her. At the

time the petition was filed, both Respondent and Matt were confined in the Guilford

County Jail on the above-referenced charges.

On 12 May 2016, an adjudicatory and dispositional hearing was held before

the Honorable Betty J. Brown in Guilford County District Court. DSS called

-3-
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

Respondent as its sole witness during the adjudicatory portion of the hearing. In an

order entered on 5 July 2016, the trial court adjudicated Lily to be an abused,

neglected, and dependent juvenile. In the dispositional portion of the order, the trial

court ceased reunification efforts and ordered that the permanent plan for Lily be

changed to adoption with a concurrent plan of guardianship. Respondent filed a

timely notice of appeal.

Analysis

I. Adjudication

Respondent argues that the trial court erred in adjudicating Lily to be an

abused, neglected, and dependent juvenile. We review the trial court’s order of

adjudication to determine “(1) whether the findings of fact are supported by clear and

convincing evidence, and (2) whether the legal conclusions are supported by the

findings of fact.” In re Q.A., __ N.C. App. __, __, 781 S.E.2d 862, 864 (2016) (citation,

quotation marks, and brackets omitted). Findings of fact that are supported by

competent evidence or are unchallenged by the appellant are binding on appeal. In

re A.B., __ N.C. App. __, __, 781 S.E.2d 685, 689, disc. review denied, __ N.C. __, 793

S.E.2d 695 (2016). “Such findings are . . . conclusive on appeal even though the

evidence might support a finding to the contrary.” In re McCabe, 157 N.C. App. 673,

679, 580 S.E.2d 69, 73 (2003). We review a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo.

In re J.S.L., 177 N.C. App. 151, 154, 628 S.E.2d 387, 389 (2006).

-4-
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

As an initial matter, Respondent argues that Finding No. 22 and its subparts

in the trial court’s 5 July 2016 order merely contain recitations of her testimony and,

therefore, do not constitute actual findings of fact by the trial court. Finding No. 22

states, in relevant part, that at the 12 May 2016 hearing Respondent “proffered, in

pertinent part, the following testimony” and then summarizes Respondent’s

testimony in 99 subparts. We agree with Respondent on this issue. See In re Bullock,

229 N.C. App. 373, 378, 748 S.E.2d 27, 30 (“Recitations of the testimony of each

witness do not constitute findings of fact by the trial judge.” (emphasis omitted)), disc.

review denied, 367 N.C. 277, 752 S.E.2d 149 (2013). Accordingly, we do not treat

those recitations of testimony as actual “findings” in conducting our analysis.

Respondent also challenges Findings Nos. 12-21, 25-29, and 33 on the ground

that they are verbatim recitations of allegations contained in the petition and, as

such, should be disregarded. As a general matter, “the trial court’s findings must

consist of more than a recitation of the allegations” contained in the juvenile petition.

In re O.W., 164 N.C. App. 699, 702, 596 S.E.2d 851, 853 (2004) (citation omitted).

However,

it is not per se reversible error for a trial court’s fact
findings to mirror the wording of a petition or other
pleading prepared by a party. Instead, this Court will
examine whether the record of the proceedings
demonstrates that the trial court, through processes of
logical reasoning, based on the evidentiary facts before it,
found the ultimate facts necessary to dispose of the case. If
we are confident the trial court did so, it is irrelevant

-5-
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

whether those findings are taken verbatim from an earlier
pleading.

In re J.W., __ N.C. App. __, __, 772 S.E.2d 249, 253, disc. review denied, 368 N.C. 290,

776 S.E.2d 202 (2015). Accordingly, we will only consider those findings that are, in

fact, supported by evidence in the record regardless of whether they mirror the

language used in the petition.2

The following findings of fact are supported by Respondent’s own testimony:

(1) in February 2016, Lily was admitted to Brenner Children’s Hospital after having

sustained numerous injuries, including three fractured ribs, multiple bruises, a bite

mark on her shoulder, and a possible fractured femur (Finding No. 12); (2) at the time

that these injuries occurred, Lily was living with Respondent and three other adults,

including Matt (Finding No. 13); (3) at DSS’s request, all of these adults except for

Matt took a polygraph test regarding the cause of Lily’s injuries (Finding No. 14); (4)

in March 2016, Respondent and DSS entered into a safety plan that forbade Matt

from having any future contact with Lily (Finding No. 15); (5) on 7 April 2016,

Respondent left Lily in Matt’s care (Finding No. 17); (6) when Lily was taken to the

hospital on 9 April 2016, medical professionals discovered that she had suffered

multiple injuries including a fractured collarbone, a brain hemorrhage, and bruising

2 The mere fact that some of the trial court’s findings may not be supported in the record
constitutes harmless error to the extent that those findings are not required to sustain the trial court’s
ultimate determinations. See In re T.M., 180 N.C. App. 539, 547, 638 S.E.2d 236, 240 (2006) (erroneous
findings that are unnecessary to support adjudication of neglect do not constitute reversible error).

-6-
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

on various parts of her body, including her face (Finding No. 16); and (7) Respondent

had noticed injuries to Lily at least two days prior to taking Lily to the hospital but

had delayed seeking medical care because she feared DSS would take custody of the

child based on her violation of her safety plan in allowing Matt to have contact with

Lily (Finding Nos. 19, 24(d)).

We must next determine whether the trial court’s adjudication of Lily as an

abused, neglected, and dependent juvenile was supported by adequate findings that

were based upon competent evidence in the record.

A. Abuse

An abused juvenile is defined, in pertinent part, as

[a]ny juvenile less than 18 years of age whose parent,
guardian, custodian, or caretaker:

a. Inflicts or allows to be inflicted upon the juvenile a
serious physical injury by other than accidental means;
[or]

b. Creates or allows to be created a substantial risk of
serious physical injury to the juvenile by other than
accidental means[.]

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(1)(a)-(b) (2015).

Although the trial court’s order does not specify which particular findings

provided the basis for its determination that Lily was an abused juvenile, it appears

that this determination was primarily based upon Finding No. 24(b), wherein the

trial court found that Respondent “did in fact know that [Matt] caused the first round

-7-
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

of injuries that her child suffered in February 2016.” Such knowledge would support

a determination that Respondent “allow[ed] to be created a substantial risk of serious

physical injury to the juvenile by other than accidental means[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 7B-101(1)(b).

However, Respondent argues that Finding No. 24(b) was impermissibly based

upon testimony by her that was elicited in violation of her right against self-

incrimination under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The

standard of review for alleged violations of constitutional rights is de novo. State v.

Graham, 200 N.C. App. 204, 214, 683 S.E.2d 437, 444 (2009), appeal dismissed, 363

N.C. 857, 694 S.E.2d 766 (2010).

The Fifth Amendment — which is applicable to the states through the

Fourteenth Amendment — “privileges an individual not to answer official questions

put to him in any . . . proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, where the

answers might incriminate him in future criminal proceedings.” Debnam v. N.C.

Dep’t of Correction, 334 N.C. 380, 384-85, 432 S.E.2d 324, 328 (1993) (citation,

quotation marks, and emphasis omitted). Our Supreme Court has held that “[t]he

claim of privilege should be liberally construed.” Herndon v. Herndon, 368 N.C. 826,

830, 785 S.E.2d 922, 925 (2016) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

It is well established that “[t]his Fifth Amendment protection extends to civil

proceedings.” Id. at 829, 785 S.E.2d at 925 (citation omitted). When the privilege is

-8-
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

invoked in a civil case, “the finder of fact in a civil cause may use a witness’ invocation

of his fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination to infer that his truthful

testimony would have been unfavorable to him.” In re Estate of Trogdon, 330 N.C.

143, 152, 409 S.E.2d 897, 902 (1991) (citation omitted).

In the present case, Respondent received a summons ordering her to appear at

the 12 May 2016 hearing. At the adjudicatory phase of the hearing, DSS’s attorney

called Respondent as its sole witness. At the beginning of her examination, the

following exchange occurred between Respondent and DSS’s counsel.

Q. Has any one [sic] informed you that you have a right to
plead the Fifth Amendment in regards to questions that
may incriminate you, specifically, including incriminating
you as to the charges that you’re currently facing?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And they also explained to you that should you decide
to plead The Fifth, in this particular case, that The Court,
under the case law, can take civil inference and infer that
had you testified, and answered the questions asked, that
your testimony would have been harmful to your case?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And it’s my understanding that you wish to proceed
with this hearing?

A. Yes, sir.

Respondent then began answering questions posed by DSS’s attorney

regarding the events that caused DSS to first become involved with Respondent’s

-9-
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

family in February 2016, including questions regarding Lily’s initial injuries and

hospitalization. However, as shown in the following exchange, after answering

several questions regarding Matt’s status under the safety plan entered as a result

of Lily’s February 2016 injuries, Respondent attempted to invoke her right against

self-incrimination when she was explicitly asked who she thought was responsible for

those injuries.

Q. And the first Safety Plan, back in February, was there
anything that prevented [Becky or Ida] from being around
the child?

A. They just couldn’t be around her by theirself [sic] . . . .

Q. You couldn’t either at first?

A. No, sir.

Q. Right, but [Matt] couldn’t be around [Lily] at all?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Why do you reckon the Department and you, entered
into an agreement, that for some reason treated one out of
those four people completely different?

....

Q. Do you know why [Matt] was treated differently than
the other three people in that Safety Plan?

A. Because he didn’t take his lie detector test.

THE COURT: Because what?

A. He did not take his lie detector test.

- 10 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

Q. And everybody else did?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. So after you found that out, of the four people --

A. Yes, sir, and that’s the first Safety Plan [sic] it’s not the
only Safety Plan.

Q. -- of those four people; you, [Becky, Ida, and Matt], those
are the only four people that could have done it; right?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Who did you think did it?

A. After everything that’s done happened --

Q. Uh-Uh. At that time, before the child got the next round
of injuries, after [Matt] refused to cooperate with police, who
did you think hurt your child; breaking three ribs, a leg, bite
marks, and bruises to the feet?

A. I plead the Fifth.

(Emphasis added.)

DSS’s attorney argued that Respondent had waived her Fifth Amendment

privilege by “open[ing] the door to this line of testimony through her prior

testimony . . . .” After hearing arguments from both sides, the trial court ruled that

Respondent had “waived her Fifth Amendment rights, and is required to answer the

questions.” Respondent proceeded to testify as to her belief that Matt had most likely

been responsible for Lily’s February 2016 injuries. In its subsequent order, the trial

- 11 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

court found that Respondent “did in fact know that [Matt] caused the first round of

injuries that her child suffered in February 2016.”

Respondent contends on appeal that the trial court erred by ordering her to

respond to the questions of the DSS attorney after she clearly invoked her right

against self-incrimination. DSS, conversely, argues that her Fifth Amendment rights

were not violated because during the initial portion of her testimony Respondent had

voluntarily answered questions regarding some of the circumstances surrounding

Lily’s February 2016 injuries, thereby waiving her right to refuse to answer further

questions on that topic.

Our Supreme Court has recently emphasized the importance of distinguishing

between compelled witnesses and voluntary witnesses when analyzing whether a

witness’s Fifth Amendment rights have been violated:

Depending on whether a witness is compelled to
testify or testifies voluntarily, the right against self-
incrimination operates differently. . . . A compelled witness
has no occasion to invoke the privilege against self-
incrimination until testimony sought to be elicited will in
fact tend to incriminate. . . . By contrast, a voluntary
witness has the benefit of choosing whether to testify and
determines the area of disclosure and therefore of inquiry.
For that reason, a voluntary witness cannot claim an
immunity from cross-examination on the matters he has
himself put in dispute.

Herndon, 368 N.C. at 830, 785 S.E.2d at 925 (internal citations and quotation marks

omitted and emphasis added).

- 12 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

This distinction between compelled and voluntary witnesses was explained in

Brown v. United States, 356 U.S. 148, 2 L. Ed. 2d 589 (1958), a case that was relied

upon by our Supreme Court in Herndon. As the United States Supreme Court

observed in Brown, a voluntary witness is treated differently from a compelled

witness because the voluntary witness “has the choice, after weighing the advantage

of the privilege against self-incrimination against the advantage of putting forward

his version of the facts and his reliability as a witness, not to testify at all.” Id. at 155,

2 L. Ed. 2d at 597 (emphasis added).

Accordingly, when a witness testifies voluntarily, the Fifth Amendment

privilege will not provide a shield against questions as to matters that the witness

has herself put into contention. When a witness is compelled to testify, however, her

right to assert the privilege is preserved until such time as an answer to a particular

question would incriminate her. At that point, the witness must decide whether to

invoke the privilege or waive it. See Herndon, 368 N.C. at 830, 785 S.E.2d at 925.

Once “the individual invokes the fifth amendment privilege, the trial court [then]

must determine whether the question is such that it may reasonably be inferred that

the answer may be self-incriminating. In situations where the trial court determines

that the answer will not be self-incriminating, the trial court may compel the

individual to answer the question.” State v. Eason, 328 N.C. 409, 418-19, 402 S.E.2d

809, 813 (1991) (internal citations omitted).

- 13 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

Here, Respondent was a compelled witness rather than a voluntary witness

because she was called by DSS and did not have a choice regarding whether or not to

testify. As explained in In re Davis, 116 N.C. App. 409, 448 S.E.2d 303, disc. review

denied, 338 N.C. 516, 452 S.E.2d 808 (1994), a respondent at a hearing upon a

juvenile petition may be compelled by the petitioner to give testimony even in the

absence of a subpoena. See id. at 412, 448 S.E.2d at 305 (holding that despite the

respondent’s objection to testifying, “DSS was . . . free to call [the respondent] to

testify as an adverse party when she appeared at the proceeding, and a subpoena was

not required”).

Thus, this case involves a situation in which Respondent, a compelled witness,

invoked the Fifth Amendment when DSS directly asked her who she thought had

hurt her child. At the time DSS’s attorney propounded this question, child abuse

charges were pending against Respondent related to her decision to leave Lily in

Matt’s care on 7 April 2016. Accordingly, her testimony that she thought Matt had

been responsible for the February 2016 injuries to Lily was clearly incriminating as

it constituted evidence that she was aware leaving Lily with Matt for a second time

created a substantial risk of harm to the child. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.2(a)

(2015) (providing that a person may be convicted of child abuse who “allows to be

created a substantial risk of physical injury, upon or to such child by other than

accidental means . . .”).

- 14 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

DSS argues that “having voluntarily and knowingly waived her Fifth

Amendment privilege, [Respondent] could not then pick and choose which questions

she wanted to answer.” The fatal flaw with this argument, however, is that it

incorrectly applies the Fifth Amendment standard applicable to voluntary witnesses

rather than that applicable to compelled witnesses. Because, as discussed above,

Respondent was a compelled witness, she did not “ha[ve] the choice, after weighing

the advantage of the privilege against self-incrimination against the advantage of

putting forward h[er] version of the facts and h[er] reliability as a witness, not to

testify at all.” Brown, 356 U.S at 155, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 597 (emphasis added).

Our decision in this case is fully consistent with our Supreme Court’s recent

decision in Herndon. In that case, the plaintiff sought a domestic violence protective

order (“DVPO”) against his wife on the ground that she had secretly drugged his food

on several occasions. Herndon, 368 N.C. at 827, 785 S.E.2d at 923. At the DVPO

hearing, the plaintiff presented several witnesses and then rested his case. When the

defendant’s attorney called the defendant to the stand to testify on her own behalf,

the following exchange occurred:

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Call [the defendant].

THE COURT: All right. Before we do that, let me make a
statement. You’re calling her. She ain’t going to get up
there and plead no Fifth Amendment?

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, she’s not.

- 15 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

THE COURT: I want to make sure that wasn’t going to
happen because you—somebody might be going to jail then.
I just want to let you know. I’m not doing no Fifth
Amendment.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No.

THE COURT: Okay. Call your witness.

Id. at 827, 785 S.E.2d at 923-24.

Following the direct examination of defendant by her counsel, the trial court

proceeded to ask her questions regarding the plaintiff’s allegations. The trial court

subsequently granted the plaintiff’s DVPO. Id. at 828, 785 S.E.2d at 924.

On appeal, a divided panel of this Court held that the defendant’s Fifth

Amendment right against self-incrimination was violated when the trial court

required her to choose between “forgoing her right to testify at a hearing where her

liberty was threatened or forgoing her constitutional right against self-

incrimination.” Herndon, __ N.C. App. __, __, 777 S.E.2d 141, 144 (2015), rev’d, 368

N.C. 826, 785 S.E.2d 922 (2016). Moreover, the majority determined that the trial

court had asked questions exceeding the scope of the defendant’s testimony on direct

examination and that “[t]he trial court’s threat to imprison [her] if she invoked her

Fifth Amendment rights may have forced [her] to answer these questions differently

than she otherwise would have if she felt free to assert that constitutional right.” Id.

at __, 777 S.E.2d at 145. For these reasons, the majority vacated the trial court’s

order and remanded for a new hearing in which the trial court was directed to

- 16 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

disregard the defendant’s testimony from the previous hearing. Id. at __, 777 S.E.2d

at 145.

The Supreme Court reversed the majority’s decision, stating the following:

At no point during direct examination or the trial court’s
questioning did defendant, a voluntary witness, give any
indication that answering any question posed to her would
tend to incriminate her. Put simply, defendant never
attempted to invoke the privilege against self-
incrimination . . . . We are not aware of, and the parties do
not cite to, any case holding that a trial court infringes
upon a witness’s Fifth Amendment rights when the witness
does not invoke the privilege.

Herndon, 368 N.C. at 832, 785 S.E.2d at 926 (emphasis added).

Thus, the present case differs from Herndon in two critical respects: (1)

Respondent here was a compelled witness rather than a witness who voluntarily took

the stand as the witness did in Herndon; and (2) unlike the defendant in Herndon,

Respondent explicitly invoked her Fifth Amendment right when faced with a question

that would — and did — elicit an incriminating answer.

Accordingly, we conclude that Respondent was deprived of her constitutional

right against self-incrimination when the trial court ordered her to answer the

question of DSS’s attorney regarding who she thought was responsible for Lily’s

February 2016 injuries prior to her decision to leave Lily in Matt’s care on 7 April

2016. Consequently, the trial court was not permitted to consider her response to

this question in the course of making its determination as to whether Lily was an

- 17 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

abused juvenile.

Having determined that a Fifth Amendment violation occurred, we must still

determine whether Respondent was actually prejudiced. See Hill v. Cox, 108 N.C.

App. 454, 461, 424 S.E.2d 201, 206 (1993) (“[E]very violation of a constitutional right

is not prejudicial. Some constitutional errors are deemed harmless in the setting of a

particular case, where the appellate court can declare a belief that it was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt.” (citation, quotation marks, and ellipsis omitted)).

Based on our review of the trial court’s order, it appears that (1) the challenged

portion of Respondent’s testimony likely constituted the primary basis for the trial

court’s finding that Respondent “did in fact know that [Matt] caused the first round

of injuries that her child suffered in February 2016[;]” and (2) this finding, in turn,

served as the primary ground for the trial court’s adjudication of Lily as an abused

juvenile. Although it is conceivable that the trial court might have still made such a

finding — and an ensuing adjudication of Lily as an abused juvenile — even in the

absence of the testimony elicited in violation of Respondent’s right against self-

incrimination, we are not at liberty to speculate as to the precise weight the trial

court gave to this testimony in reaching its conclusion that Lily was an abused child.

See, e.g., Alvarez v. Alvarez, 134 N.C. App. 321, 327, 517 S.E.2d 420, 424 (1999)

(“Given our inability to determine the weight that the trial court assigned to these

erroneous findings of facts, its use of these findings to support the apparent

- 18 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

conclusions of law . . . requires the reversal and remand of its judgment.” (citation

omitted)).

Thus, because we cannot ascertain with any degree of certainty whether the

trial court’s adjudication of abuse would have been made even absent Respondent’s

improperly compelled testimony, we are unable to uphold that adjudication. We

therefore vacate the adjudication of abuse and remand for further proceedings. On

remand, we direct the trial court to disregard the portions of Respondent’s testimony

at the 12 May 2016 hearing in which she testified to her belief as of 7 April 2016

regarding the source of Lily’s injuries from February 2016.

B. Neglect

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15) includes in the definition of a neglected juvenile

a juvenile “who does not receive proper care, supervision, or discipline from the

juvenile’s parent, guardian, custodian, or caretaker; . . . or who is not provided

necessary medical care; . . . or who lives in an environment injurious to the juvenile’s

welfare . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15). Additionally, “[t]his Court has

consistently required that there be some physical, mental, or emotional impairment

of the juvenile or a substantial risk of such impairment as a consequence of the failure

to provide proper care, supervision, or discipline in order to adjudicate a juvenile

neglected.” In re L.Z.A., __ N.C. App. __, __, 792 S.E.2d 160, 168-69 (2016) (citation,

quotation marks, and emphasis omitted).

- 19 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

We are satisfied that the trial court made findings supported by competent

evidence sufficient to establish that Lily was a neglected juvenile and that those

findings were unaffected by the above-referenced Fifth Amendment violation. The

trial court found that Respondent made the decision to leave Lily in Matt’s care on 7

April 2016 despite knowing that the safety plan in effect at that time specifically

barred him from having contact with Lily. Moreover, after learning of the significant

injuries to Lily on that date, Respondent waited two days to seek medical treatment

for her because of Respondent’s concern that DSS would “take [Lily] from me because

[Matt] was not supposed to be there . . . .”

These facts adequately support an adjudication of neglect. Indeed, Respondent

herself testified as to the distressed state Lily was in on 7 April 2016, including the

fact that Lily “was not acting like herself,” “had bruises on her,” and had one eye

“rolled in the back of her head[.]” Respondent’s decision to not seek medical attention

for two days despite being on notice of Lily’s condition fully supports the trial court’s

adjudication of neglect. See State v. Stevens, 228 N.C. App. 352, 357, 745 S.E.2d 64,

68 (“[A] [parent’s] delay in seeking necessary medical care for a child supported the

conclusion of law that the child was neglected.” (citation and quotation marks

omitted)), appeal dismissed and disc. review denied, 367 N.C. 256, 749 S.E.2d 886

(2013).

C. Dependency

- 20 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

Respondent next contends that the trial court failed to make adequate findings

to support its adjudication of dependency. A “dependent juvenile” is defined, in

pertinent part, as one whose “parent, guardian, or custodian is unable to provide for

the juvenile’s care or supervision and lacks an appropriate alternative child care

arrangement.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(9). In order to sustain an adjudication of

dependency, “the trial court must address both (1) the parent’s ability to provide care

or supervision, and (2) the availability to the parent of alternative child care

arrangements.” In re P.M., 169 N.C. App. 423, 427, 610 S.E.2d 403, 406 (2005).

“Findings of fact addressing both prongs must be made before a juvenile may be

adjudicated as dependent, and the court’s failure to make these findings will result

in reversal of the court.” In re B.M., 183 N.C. App. 84, 90, 643 S.E.2d 644, 648 (2007).

DSS acknowledges that the trial court failed to make findings of fact

addressing either of these prongs. Accordingly, we must also vacate the trial court’s

adjudication of dependency and remand for additional findings on these issues. See

id. (remanding for “entry of findings as to the ability of the parent to provide care or

supervision and the availability of alternative child care arrangements” (emphasis

omitted)).

II. Disposition

Respondent next challenges several aspects of the dispositional portion of the

trial court’s order. Following an adjudication of neglect, abuse, or dependency, the

- 21 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

trial court must enter an appropriate disposition based on the juvenile’s best

interests. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-903(a) (2015). We review a trial court’s

determination regarding the best interests of a child under an abuse of discretion

standard. In re A.K.D., 227 N.C. App. 58, 60, 745 S.E.2d 7, 9 (2013).

A. Ceasing Reunification Efforts

Respondent contends that the trial court failed to make adequate findings of

fact in support of its decision to cease reunification efforts between her and Lily. The

pertinent section of the Juvenile Code that governs initial dispositional hearings

provides as follows:

(c) If the disposition order places a juvenile in the custody
of a county department of social services, the court shall
direct that reasonable efforts for reunification as defined in
G.S. 7B-101 shall not be required if the court makes
written findings of fact pertaining to any of the following:

(1) A court of competent jurisdiction has determined that
aggravated circumstances exist because the parent
has committed or encouraged the commission of, or
allowed the continuation of, any of the following upon
the juvenile:

a. Sexual abuse.

b. Chronic physical or emotional abuse.

c. Torture.

d. Abandonment.

e. Chronic or toxic exposure to alcohol or controlled
substances that causes impairment of or addiction

- 22 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

in the juvenile.

f. Any other act, practice, or conduct that increased
the enormity or added to the injurious
consequences of the abuse or neglect.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c) (2015) (emphasis added).3

In the present case, the trial court ceased reunification efforts based upon its

finding that “this Court has determined that aggravated circumstances exist because

[Respondent] has committed or encouraged the commission of, or allowed the

continuation of” the aggravated circumstances set forth in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

901(c)(1)b, c, and f.

However, in the recent case of In re G.T. __ N.C. App. __, 791 S.E.2d 274 (2016),

appeal docketed, No. 420A16 (N.C. Nov. 17, 2016), a divided panel of this Court

construed N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c) as follows:

[T]he dispositional court must make a finding that “[a]
court of competent jurisdiction has determined” that the
parent allowed one of the aggravating circumstances to
occur. We conclude that the language at issue is clear and
unambiguous and that in order to give effect to the term
“has determined,” it must refer to a prior court order. The
legislature specifically used the present perfect tense in
subsections (c)(1) through (c)(3) to define the determination

3We note that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c) was amended by the General Assembly in 2016 to
provide that even if the trial court finds that one of the aggravating circumstances set forth in N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c)(1) exists, the trial court is not required to cease reunification efforts if it
“concludes that there is compelling evidence warranting continued reunification efforts[.]” See 2016-
3 N.C. Adv. Legis. Serv. 49. That statutory language was made effective 1 July 2016. See 2016-3 N.C.
Adv. Legis. Serv. 302. However, we apply the version of the statute in effect on the date — 12 May
2016 — that the trial court held the dispositional hearing and rendered its decision. See In re E.M.,
__ N.C. App. __, __, 790 S.E.2d 863, 870 (2016) (applying version of statute in effect when dispositional
hearing was held and decision rendered rather than version in effect at time order was filed).

- 23 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

necessary. Use of this tense indicates that the
determination must have already been made by a trial
court — either at a previously-held adjudication hearing or
some other hearing in the same juvenile case, or at a
collateral proceeding in the trial court.

Id. at __, 791 S.E.2d at 279 (emphasis added).

We are bound by the majority’s decision in G.T. See In re Civil Penalty, 324

N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989) (“Where a panel of the Court of Appeals has

decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same

court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court.”).

Here, the trial court’s determination as to the existence of aggravating circumstances

under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c) appears for the first time in its 5 July 2016

dispositional order rather than in a prior order. Thus, pursuant to G.T., the trial

court’s conclusion that reasonable reunification efforts must cease pursuant to N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c)(1) was erroneous. Accordingly, we vacate that portion of the

dispositional order and remand to the trial court.

B. Findings Regarding Appropriate Relative Placements

Finally, Respondent contends that the trial court erred in setting adoption as

Lily’s permanent plan without making sufficient findings of fact as to whether

appropriate relative placements existed for her. Section 7B-903 of the Juvenile Code

prescribes the dispositional alternatives available to a trial court following an

- 24 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

adjudication of abuse, neglect, or dependency. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-903.

Subsection (a1) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

In placing a juvenile in out-of-home care under this section,
the court shall first consider whether a relative of the
juvenile is willing and able to provide proper care and
supervision of the juvenile in a safe home. If the court finds
that the relative is willing and able to provide proper care
and supervision in a safe home, then the court shall order
placement of the juvenile with the relative unless the court
finds that the placement is contrary to the best interests of
the juvenile.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-903(a1).

We have held that a “[f]ailure to make specific findings of fact explaining [why]

the placement with the relative is not in the juvenile’s best interest will result in

remand.” In re A.S., 203 N.C. App. 140, 141-42, 693 S.E.2d 659, 660 (2010) (citation

omitted). Here, the trial court found that “[r]elatives have been identified as potential

placement options for the juvenile. The mother provided the maternal great-aunt

[Ms. J.] as a possible placement for the juvenile. The Department is in the process of

scheduling a home study for [Ms. J.].” The court also made a finding that “[t]he

Department is evaluating relatives, and if the home study on a relative is approved,

the child will be placed there or otherwise in a foster home.”

Despite these findings, the trial court proceeded to determine that neither

custody nor legal guardianship with a relative should be pursued and instead set the

primary permanent plan as adoption along with a concurrent permanent plan of

- 25 -
 IN RE: L.C.

Opinion of the Court

guardianship. We note that the order does not specify whether adoption or

guardianship would be with a relative. While the trial court may have been taking a

cautious route by waiting for DSS to complete its evaluation of potential relative

placements, this did not obviate the need for specific findings of fact under N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 7B-903(a1). Because the trial court failed to make the required findings, we

vacate and remand this part of the dispositional order in order for the trial court to

make appropriate findings concerning Lily’s possible placement with relatives.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s adjudication of neglect

but vacate the trial court’s adjudications of abuse and dependency. We also vacate

the dispositional portion of the court’s 5 July 2016 order with respect to its decision

to cease reunification efforts pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c) and its failure

to make sufficient findings of fact concerning Lily’s potential placement with a

relative as required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-903(a1). We remand for further

proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.4

AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART; AND REMANDED WITH
INSTRUCTIONS.

Judges BRYANT and TYSON concur.

4 On remand, the trial court may, in its discretion, choose to take new evidence. See In re
J.M.D., 210 N.C. App. 420, 428, 708 S.E.2d 167, 173 (2011) (“Whether on remand for additional
findings a trial court receives new evidence or relies on previous evidence submitted is a matter within
the discretion of the trial court.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)).

- 26 -