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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 16-11142
D.C. Docket No. 8:15-cv-00702-SCB-EAJ
RODNEY JONES,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
GULF COAST HEALTH CARE OF DELAWARE, LLC,
a Foreign Limited Liability Corporation dba Accentia Health
and Rehabilitation Center of Tampa Bay,
Defendant-Appellee.
On Appeal from the District Court for the
Middle District of Florida
(April 19, 2017)
Before ROSENBAUM, JULIE CARNES, and GILMAN,∗ Circuit Judges.
∗
Honorable Ronald Lee Gilman, United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by
designation
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GILMAN, Circuit Judge:
Rodney Jones brought suit against his former employer, Gulf Coast Health
Care of Delaware, LLC, doing business as Accentia Health and Rehabilitation
Center of Tampa Bay (Accentia), under the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA),
29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654. Approximately a month after returning from FMLA
leave to have rotator-cuff surgery on his shoulder, Jones was suspended and
subsequently fired from his job as Activities Director. Jones claims that, in taking
these actions, Accentia interfered with the exercise of his FMLA rights and later
retaliated against him for asserting those rights. The district court granted
summary judgment in favor of Accentia on both claims. For the reasons set forth
below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the court with respect to Jones’s interference
claim, but REVERSE the judgment with respect to his retaliation claim and
REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual background
Jones served as Activities Director for Accentia, a long-term-care nursing
facility, from 2004 until he was fired in 2015. His duties included keeping up with
resident charting and care plans, providing calendars for programming events,
organizing volunteer programs, planning parties and outings, arranging
entertainment activities for the residents, and generally overseeing his staff to
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ensure that these various programs were carried out. Jones’s job involved
substantial desk work and planning, but his duties as Activities Director also
included regular physical tasks such as unloading vehicles, decorating for parties,
shopping for supplies, and traveling around the community for outreach programs.
During the last two years of his employment, Jones also organized and participated
in resident outings, which involved traveling around the community with residents,
helping them get on and off the Accentia bus, and clearing paths for wheelchairs
during these outings. Although Jones had five assistants to help him organize and
execute activities, he preferred to be “hands-on” with planning and was always
physically involved with setting up for volunteer events.
Jones learned in 2014 that he needed to undergo shoulder surgery in order to
repair his torn rotator cuff, and that he would need to take time off from work to
recover from the surgery. Accentia determined that Jones was eligible for FMLA
leave and granted him time off from September 26, 2014, until December 18,
2014, so that he could undergo the surgery and fully recover. He was scheduled to
return to work on December 19, 2014. But on December 18, 2014, Jones’s doctor
reported that Jones would not be able to return to work and resume physical
activity until February 1, 2015. The report also stated that Jones needed to
continue physical therapy on his shoulder.
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Despite the recommendations of Jones’s doctor and Jones’s own physical
limitations, he still wished to return to his job as Activities Director at the end of
his FMLA leave. Jones understood his doctor’s report to simply mean that he
needed to continue physical therapy, not that he was prohibited from working
entirely. He therefore asked his supervisor, Donald Daniels, to allow him to return
to work on light duty. Jones wished to perform desk duty and computer work, with
his staff to cover the physical aspects of his job. Daniels, however, refused to
reinstate Jones as Activities Director until Jones could submit an unqualified
fitness-for-duty certification, which Jones’s doctor failed to issue before the end of
the FMLA period.
Jones maintains that, if Daniels had allowed him to return on light duty,
Jones’s doctor would have certified him to return to work in this capacity. But
because Daniels was adamant that Jones could not return to work on light duty,
Jones did not ask his doctor for a light-duty certification. Jones instead requested
additional time off from Accentia and was granted another 30 days of non-FMLA
medical leave in order to complete his physical therapy. He felt that he was forced
by Daniels into requesting this additional leave.
While on the 30 days of additional leave, Jones twice visited the Busch
Gardens theme park in Tampa Bay, Florida and went on a trip to St. Martin. Jones
spent his time at Busch Gardens walking around and taking pictures of the park’s
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Christmas decorations. He sent these pictures to his staff via text message, hoping
to give them ideas for decorating Accentia’s facilities. Jones also visited his
family in St. Martin for three days. He posted photos from these trips on his
Facebook page, including pictures of himself on the beach, posing by a boat wreck,
and in the ocean.
Jones eventually returned to work on January 19, 2015 as planned, meeting
with Daniels at the beginning of the day. During the meeting, Jones presented
Daniels with a fitness-for-duty certification confirming that Jones could
immediately resume his job as Activities Director. Daniels responded by showing
Jones the photos from Jones’s Facebook page, which depicted the trips that he had
taken while on medical leave.
When Jones asked Daniels how he had obtained the photos, Daniels
responded that “you can thank your wonderful staff, they just ratted you out,” but
also remarked that “maybe if you’re going to have a Facebook account, you
shouldn’t have it on public.” Daniels then informed Jones that “corporate”
believed, based on these Facebook posts, that Jones had been well enough to return
to work at an earlier point. Jones was subsequently suspended so that Daniels
could investigate his conduct during medical leave. Although Jones was given an
opportunity to respond to these charges in a letter, he failed to do so. Several days
later, Jones’s employment was terminated.
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B. Procedural background
In February 2015, Jones brought suit against Accentia in Florida state court.
Jones alleged that, in suspending and later terminating him, Accentia interfered
with the exercise of his FMLA rights and retaliated against him for asserting those
rights. Accentia removed the action to the United States District Court for the
Middle District of Florida, and subsequently moved for summary judgment on
both of Jones’s claims. In February 2016, the district court granted Accentia’s
motion for summary judgment, holding that Jones had failed to establish a prima
facie case of either interference or retaliation under the FMLA. This timely appeal
followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment,
“viewing all the evidence, and drawing all reasonable inferences, in favor of the
non-moving party.” Vessels v. Atlanta Indep. Sch. Sys., 408 F.3d 763, 767 (11th
Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is proper only if there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Id.; Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
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III. DISCUSSION
A. The FMLA
The FMLA grants eligible employees a series of entitlements, among them
the right to “a total of 12 workweeks of leave during any 12-month period” for a
number of reasons, including “a serious health condition that makes the employee
unable to perform the functions of the position of such employee.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 2612(a)(1)(D). To preserve and enforce these rights, “the FMLA creates two
types of claims: interference claims, in which an employee asserts that his
employer denied or otherwise interfered with his substantive rights under the
Act . . . [,] and retaliation claims, in which an employee asserts that his employer
discriminated against him because he engaged in activity protected by the Act.”
Strickland v. Water Works & Sewer Bd. of City of Birmingham, 239 F.3d 1199,
1206 (11th Cir. 2001) (internal citations omitted); see also 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)–
(b); 29 C.F.R. § 825.220(c). Jones brought claims against Accentia for both
interference and retaliation in connection with the exercise of his FMLA rights.
B. Jones’s interference claim
The interference claim is based on Accentia’s refusal to allow Jones to
return to work with certain physical limitations, even though two other employees
with different job functions had been allowed to do so. Jones had requested on
multiple occasions that he be allowed to resume his job as Activities Director on
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“light duty,” but he was denied such a reinstatement. Accentia’s response is two-
fold: (1) that Jones forfeited his FMLA right to reinstatement when he requested
and obtained extended medical leave at the end of his FMLA leave, and (2) that
Jones failed to provide Accentia with a fitness-for-duty certification, which the
company uniformly requires employees to submit before returning from FMLA
leave. The district court granted Accentia’s motion for summary judgment on this
issue, holding that Jones had failed to establish a prima facie case for his FMLA
interference claim.
To establish a prima facie case for interference, Jones needed to
“demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that he was entitled to the benefit
denied.” See Strickland, 239 F.3d at 1207. He does not, however, “have to allege
that his employer intended to deny the right; the employer’s motives are
irrelevant.” Id. at 1208. Indeed, an employee returning from FMLA leave is
entitled “to be restored by the employer to the position of employment held by the
employee when the leave commenced” or to an equivalent position. 29 U.S.C.
§ 2614(a)(1). Jones claims that his substantive right to reinstatement under the
FMLA was violated by Accentia. But Jones failed to show that he was actually
entitled to reinstatement.
As an initial matter, the FMLA “provides for only 12 weeks of leave” and
“does not suggest that the 12 week entitlement may be extended.” McGregor v.
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AutoZone, Inc., 180 F.3d 1305, 1308 (11th Cir. 1999). Jones’s FMLA leave began
on September 26, 2014, and ended on December 18, 2014. At the expiration of his
FMLA leave, Jones requested and was given another 30 days of separate medical
leave. Significantly, this additional medical leave was not an extension of Jones’s
FMLA leave.
Relevant caselaw suggests that an employer does not interfere with an
employee’s right to reinstatement if that employee is terminated after taking leave
in excess of the 12 weeks permitted by the FMLA. See Armbrust v. SA-ENC
Operator Holdings, LLC, No. 2:14-CV-55-FTM-38CM, 2015 WL 3465760, at *5
(M.D. Fla. June 1, 2015) (holding that an employee did not have a claim for
interference when “he was given the full twelve (12) weeks under the FMLA and
his termination occurred after his FMLA leave expired”); Bender v. City of
Clearwater, No. 8:04-CV-1929-T23EAJ, 2006 WL 1046944, at *11 (M.D. Fla.
Apr. 19, 2006) (“Where an employee is absent for more than the protected period
of time, the employee does not have a right to be restored to his prior or similar
position.”). Jones argues that this line of cases is irrelevant because he requested
to return to his job as Activities Director at the end of his FMLA leave, but was
instead forced to request an additional 30 days of medical leave.
He was not, however, “forced” to take the additional leave; rather, he
requested the 30-day extension because he was physically unable to resume his job
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duties at the end of his FMLA leave. But even assuming that Jones did not waive
his right to reinstatement when he took additional medical leave, he has failed to
establish a prima facie case for interference. In November and December 2014,
Jones told his supervisor, Donald Daniels, that he wanted to return to work on light
duty. As part of this light duty, Jones hoped to perform his desk-duty functions but
have his assistants perform the physical aspects of his job. Daniels, however,
refused to allow Jones to return to work in a diminished capacity, instead requiring
him to submit a full fitness-for-duty certification before returning to work.
The FMLA regulations provide that an employee returning from FMLA
leave who cannot perform the essential functions of his job due to a physical
condition need not be reinstated or restored to another position. 29 C.F.R.
§ 825.216(c) (“If the employee is unable to perform an essential function of the
position because of a physical or mental condition, including the continuation of a
serious health condition or an injury or illness also covered by workers’
compensation, the employee has no right to restoration to another position under
the FMLA.”)
In addition, an employer may lawfully require a fitness-for-duty certification
without interfering with the exercise of an employee’s FMLA rights. See Drago v.
Jenne, 453 F.3d 1301, 1306–07 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that “the FMLA allows
an employer to require that an employee present a Return to Work Authorization
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form before he returns from FMLA leave”); 29 C.F.R. § 825.313(d) (“Unless the
employee provides either a fitness-for-duty certification or a new medical
certification for a serious health condition at the time FMLA leave is concluded,
the employee may be terminated.”). The FMLA explicitly provides for such a
certification, noting that “the employer may have a uniformly applied practice or
policy that requires each such employee to receive certification from the health
care provider of the employee that the employee is able to resume work.”
29 U.S.C. § 2614(a)(4).
Jones does not dispute the accuracy or applicability of these FMLA
provisions, nor does he dispute the fact that Accentia required employees returning
from FMLA to submit fitness-for-duty certifications. He instead argues that
Daniels interfered with the exercise of Jones’s FMLA rights by dissuading him
from submitting a light-duty certification, even though he had previously allowed
other Accentia employees to return to work with such certifications. Specifically,
Jones points to two Accentia employees, Kristine O’Leary and Faith Turner, who
submitted fitness-for-duty certifications and were permitted to return to work
despite having physical limitations. Even assuming that the record supports
Jones’s contention that Daniel’s dissuaded him from submitting a light-duty
certification, however, he cannot show that Accentia’s fitness-for-duty certification
policy was violative of the FMLA.
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As an initial matter, O’Leary and Turner both submitted fitness-for-duty
certifications to Accentia before returning to work, which Jones failed to do. The
only documentation that Jones submitted at the end of his FMLA leave was a
report from his doctor stating that (1) he needed to be excused from work until
February 1, 2015, at which time he could return to full physical activity, and (2) he
required continuing physical therapy. But this report does not constitute a fitness-
for-duty certification because it does not specify that Jones “is able to resume
work.” See 29 U.S.C. § 2614(a)(4). By contrast, O’Leary submitted a fitness-for-
duty certification that fully released her for immediate work. Turner was also
cleared to work, although her fitness-for-duty certification indicated that she
required “rests from walking.”
Jones argues that, like Turner, he wished to submit a fitness-for-duty
certification that included certain physical restrictions. He also contends that, in
denying him that option, Daniels failed to apply Accentia’s fitness-for-duty
certification policy in a uniform fashion, as required by the FMLA. The applicable
FMLA regulation defines a uniform fitness-for-duty certification policy as one that
applies to “all similarly-situated employees (i.e., same occupation, same serious
health condition) who take leave for such condition.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.312(a).
Whether O’Leary or Turner are proper comparators under this definition of
“uniform” is a key issue in this case. First, Jones did not have the same occupation
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as O’Leary, a health administrator, or Turner, an admissions assistant. Although
Jones’s job as Activities Director involved substantial sedentary work—such as
keeping up with resident care plans, providing program calendars, arranging
activities, and overseeing staff—his job was more physically demanding than those
of either O’Leary or Turner. Jones was regularly required to engage in such
physical activities as unloading vehicles, decorating for parties, shopping for
supplies, and traveling around the community for outreach programs. By
comparison, Turner was responsible for taking calls, reviewing faxes, and
completing paperwork. The only physical aspect of Turner’s job involved
conducting occasional tours of the facility for prospective residents and their
families.
Jones, who was recovering from rotator-cuff surgery, also failed to show that
he suffered from the same serious health condition as either O’Leary or Turner,
who were both recovering from foot maladies. O’Leary underwent foot surgery to
remove a melanoma and was fully cleared to return to her job at the end of her
FMLA leave. Upon her return to Accentia, O’Leary wore a “shoe-boot” given to
her by her physician only because her regular shoes did not yet fit. Turner, on the
other hand, took FMLA leave to recover from a broken foot and returned to
Accentia wearing a medical short boot. Her only physical limitation at work
involved taking rests from walking.
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By contrast, Jones’s health condition affected his shoulder and was
significantly more physically limiting. The December 2014 report from Jones’s
doctor stated that Jones needed additional physical therapy and should avoid
physical activity until February 2015. Jones admits that his doctor did not clear
him to resume his usual responsibilities as Activities Director because his shoulder
injury was “too fresh.” In fact, both Jones’s doctor and his physical therapist were
worried that common workplace activities, such as pushing a wheelchair or lifting
objects, might cause Jones’s shoulder to retear, further prolonging his recovery.
In sum, Jones has not shown that any similarly situated Accentia employee
was permitted to return from FMLA leave without submitting the required fitness-
for-duty certifications. O’Leary’s fitness-for duty certification did not indicate that
she had any physical restrictions. And even if Turner’s fitness-for-duty
certification—requiring that she take periodic rests from walking—can be
construed as a light-duty certification, Jones has failed to show that either O’Leary
or Turner are proper comparators. Neither one had a job as physically demanding
as Jones’s, nor were their injuries as physically limiting. The record therefore does
not support Jones’s claim that Accentia failed to apply its fitness-for-duty
certification policy in a uniform fashion.
Because Jones likely waived his FMLA right to reinstatement by taking an
additional 30 days of medical leave, because he failed to submit a fitness-for-duty
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certification by the end of his FMLA leave, and because the record is devoid of
proof challenging Accentia’s contention that its fitness-for-duty certification policy
was implemented in a uniform fashion, Jones lost the right to be reinstated after
failing to comply with this policy. In sum, Jones has not shown that he was denied
a benefit to which he was entitled under the FMLA. The district court therefore
did not err in granting summary judgment to Accentia on Jones’s interference
claim.
C. Jones’s retaliation claim
Jones also appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Accentia on his claim of retaliation under the FMLA. He maintains that Accentia
retaliated against him for taking FMLA leave when it suspended and then
terminated his employment. To succeed on this claim, Jones must demonstrate
that Accentia “intentionally discriminated against him in the form of an adverse
employment action for having exercised an FMLA right.” See Strickland v. Water
Works & Sewer Bd. of City of Birmingham, 239 F.3d 1199, 1207 (11th Cir. 2001).
In other words, Jones must show “that his employer’s actions ‘were motivated by
an impermissible retaliatory or discriminatory animus.’” Id. (quoting King v.
Preferred Tech. Grp., 166 F.3d 887, 891 (7th Cir. 1999)). Jones claims on appeal
that he can prove Accentia’s retaliatory intent using both direct and circumstantial
evidence.
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Direct evidence “reflects ‘a discriminatory or retaliatory attitude correlating
to the discrimination or retaliation complained of by the employee.’” Wilson v.
B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079, 1086 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting Damon v.
Fleming Supermarkets of Fla., Inc., 196 F.3d 1354, 1358 (11th Cir. 1999) (internal
quotation marks omitted). If believed, direct evidence “proves [the] existence of
[a] fact without inference or presumption.” Id. (quoting Burrell v. Bd. of Trs. of
Ga. Military Coll., 125 F.3d 1390, 1393 (11th Cir. 1997)) For that reason, “‘only
the most blatant remarks, whose intent could mean nothing other than to
discriminate on the basis of’ some impermissible factor constitute direct evidence
of discrimination.” Id. (quoting Rojas v. Florida, 285 F.3d 1339, 1342 n. 2 (11th
Cir. 2002)). Jones puts forth two statements as direct evidence of retaliation:
(1) Daniels’s comment that “corporate” would not like the timing of Jones’s
FMLA leave during the “survey window,” and (2) Daniels’s remark that Jones was
being suspended because corporate believed that he had abused and misused his
FMLA leave.
Neither of these comments constitutes direct evidence of retaliation because
they do not prove, without requiring an inference, that Accentia discriminated
against Jones based on the exercise of his FMLA rights. A comment about the
timing of Jones’s leave is not a “blatant remark” that proves discrimination, and a
comment about the abuse and misuse of FMLA leave does not establish Accentia’s
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consideration of impermissible factors. These comments might suggest but do not
prove Accentia’s discriminatory motive, so Daniels’s statements are better
considered as circumstantial evidence of retaliation. See id.
Because Jones has put forth no direct evidence of retaliation, we must
employ the burden-shifting framework established by the Supreme Court in
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), to analyze his retaliation
claim. See Schaaf v. Smithkline Beecham Corp., 602 F.3d 1236, 1243 (11th Cir.
2010). “Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff must first
establish a prima facie case by demonstrating (1) [he] engaged in statutorily
protected activity, (2) [he] suffered an adverse employment decision, and (3) the
decision was causally related to the protected activity.” Id. The burden shifts back
to Accentia if Jones can establish a prima facie case, requiring Accentia to
“articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for his termination. See id.
Finally, if Accentia meets this burden, then Jones must show that the supposedly
legitimate reason was in fact a pretext designed to mask illegal discrimination. See
id. at 1244.
The district court held that Jones had failed to establish a prima facie case of
retaliation under the McDonnell Douglas framework. Accentia does not dispute
the court’s finding that Jones met the first two prongs of the framework’s prima
facie test. That is, it agrees that Jones engaged in a protected activity by taking
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FMLA leave and that he suffered an adverse employment action when he was
terminated. The issue on appeal therefore centers around the court’s conclusion
that Jones failed to establish causation, the third prong of the McDonnell Douglas
prima facie test. “To establish a causal connection, a plaintiff must show that the
relevant decisionmaker was ‘aware of the protected conduct, and that the protected
activity and the adverse actions were not wholly unrelated.’” Kidd v. Mando Am.
Corp., 731 F.3d 1196, 1211 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting Shannon v. Bellsouth
Telecomms., Inc., 292 F.3d 712, 716 (11th Cir. 2002)). “Generally, a plaintiff can
show the two events are not wholly unrelated if the plaintiff shows that the
decision maker was aware of the protected conduct at the time of the adverse
employment action.” Krutzig v. Pulte Home Corp., 602 F.3d 1231, 1234 (11th Cir.
2010).
Jones points to the timing between his return from FMLA leave and his
termination to prove causation. “Close temporal proximity between protected
conduct and an adverse employment action is generally ‘sufficient circumstantial
evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact of a causal connection.’”
Hurlbert v. St. Mary’s Health Care Sys., Inc., 439 F.3d 1286, 1298 (11th Cir.
2006) (quoting Brungart v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 231 F.3d 791, 799 (11th
Cir. 2000)). But “temporal proximity, without more, must be ‘very close’” in order
to satisfy the causation requirement. Thomas v. Cooper Lighting, Inc., 506 F.3d
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1361, 1364 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S.
268, 273, (2001)) (holding that “[a] three to four month disparity” between the
statutorily protected conduct and the adverse employment action is too long to
establish temporal proximity).
Although Jones and Accentia agree on these general principles, they
disagree with respect to how temporal proximity should be measured. Accentia
argues, and the district court agreed, that temporal proximity should be calculated
from the date that Jones began his FMLA leave (September 26, 2014) until the
date that he was terminated (January 23, 2015). Because nearly four months
passed between these two events, the court concluded that this temporal gap was
too long to establish a prima facie case of a causal connection. Jones, on the other
hand, argues that the relevant time period is between the date that his FMLA leave
ended (December 18, 2014) and the dates of his suspension and termination
(January 19, 2015 and January 23, 2015, respectively). This one-month period, he
asserts, is sufficiently close to raise an inference of a causal connection. See
Higdon v. Jackson, 393 F.3d 1211, 1220 (11th Cir. 2004) (holding that “a period as
much as one month between the protected expression and the adverse action is not
too protracted” to establish causation).
Our circuit has yet to address this issue in a published decision.
Unpublished opinions go both ways. See Penaloza v. Target Corp., 549 F. App’x
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844, 848 (11th Cir. 2013) (measuring temporal proximity, for purposes of an
FMLA retaliation claim, as “the time period between [the plaintiff’s] request for
leave and her termination”). But see Diamond v. Hospice of Florida Keys, Inc.,
No. 15-15716, 2017 WL 382310, at *7 (11th Cir. Jan. 27, 2017) (holding that the
plaintiff, who took FMLA leave for about 13 days between March 21 and April 21,
2014 established an inference of causation for purposes of an FMLA retaliation
claim when “two weeks after April 21, on May 5, she was fired”); see also Lamar
v. Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., No. 3:13-CV-1101-J-34JBT, 2015 WL 5440342, at *11
(M.D. Fla. Sept. 15, 2015), appeal dismissed, No. 15-14598 (11th Cir. Mar. 31,
2016) (holding that the plaintiff, who took FMLA leave from April 12 to 15, 2013,
and again on May 2, 2013, established a causal connection for the purpose of a
prima facie FMLA retaliation case when his employer “terminated [him] less than
two weeks after his last day of approved FMLA leave”).
The time is therefore ripe to clarify the law on this issue. We now hold that
temporal proximity, for the purpose of establishing the causation prong of a prima
facie case of FMLA retaliation, should be measured from the last day of an
employee’s FMLA leave until the adverse employment action at issue occurs. We
have previously indicated that, in the context of an FMLA interference claim,
temporal proximity is measured in this way. See Evans v. Books-A-Million, 762
F.3d 1288, 1297 n.6 (11th Cir. 2014) (noting that, because a decision to reassign
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the plaintiff was made almost immediately upon her return from leave, “[a]
reasonable fact finder could conclude that [the plaintiff’s] reassignment constituted
an unlawful act of interference with her FMLA right to be reinstated to her former
position”).
Policy considerations also support the conclusion that temporal proximity,
for the purpose of establishing the causation prong of a prima facie case of FMLA
retaliation, should be measured from the last day of an employee’s FMLA leave.
To hold otherwise would undermine the remedial purposes of the FMLA. In other
words, measuring temporal proximity from the date that an employee first began
FMLA leave would disadvantage those employees, such as Jones, who need to
take the full 12 weeks of FMLA leave at one time. Because “[a] three to four
month disparity between the statutorily protected expression and the adverse
employment action” is considered too remote to create in inference of causation,
see Thomas v. Cooper Lighting, Inc., 506 F.3d 1361, 1364 (11th Cir. 2007), these
employees would never be able to establish a prima facie case for FMLA
retaliation based on temporal proximity. This outcome is unacceptable and
contradictory to our caselaw, which establishes that the causation prong of the
McDonnell Douglas prima facie test is to be interpreted broadly and “is satisfied if
a plaintiff shows that the protected activity and adverse action were ‘not wholly
unrelated.’” See Krutzig v. Pulte Home Corp., 602 F.3d 1231, 1234 (11th Cir.
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2010) (quoting Brungart v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 231 F.3d 791, 799 (11th
Cir. 2000)).
Finally, we often look outside our circuit for guidance in crafting new
precedent. But neither party has cited, and our research does not reveal, any
consensus in this area of the law. Few of our sister circuits have even addressed
the precise point from which temporal proximity, for the purpose of establishing
the causation prong of a prima facie case of FMLA retaliation, should be
measured. Moreover, those appellate courts that have directly addressed this issue
have reached differing conclusions. See, e.g., Judge v. Landscape Forms, Inc., 592
F. App’x 403, 410 (6th Cir. 2014) (“[W]e have measured temporal proximity from
the date FMLA leave expired, not just when the employee first requested it, for the
purposes of measuring temporal proximity.”); Amsel v. Texas Water Dev. Bd., 464
F. App’x 395, 401–02 (5th Cir. 2012) (measuring temporal proximity, for the
purpose of establishing the causation prong of a prima facie case of FMLA
retaliation, from an employee’s return from FMLA leave). But see Sisk v. Picture
People, Inc., 669 F.3d 896, 900 (8th Cir. 2012) (holding that “this court looks to
the date an employer knew of an employee’s use (or planned use) of FMLA leave,
not the date it ended” for the purpose of determining prima facie causation in an
FMLA retaliation case). These conflicting decisions primarily reinforce the need
for clarification on this issue.
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Despite the lack of consensus, we believe that both the caselaw within our
circuit and fundamental policy concerns favor the proposition that temporal
proximity, for the purpose of establishing the causation prong of a prima facie case
of FMLA retaliation, should be measured from the last day of an employee’s
FMLA leave. Based on this understanding of temporal proximity, Jones has met
his burden of raising a genuine dispute as to whether his taking of FMLA leave and
his termination were casually related.
Additional evidence, moreover, corroborates our conclusion. Jones submits
that Daniels’s statements—the same ones that Jones put forth as direct evidence of
retaliation—also establish a prima facie causal link between his taking of FMLA
leave and his termination. We agree in part. Daniels’s comment that Jones was
being suspended for abusing and misusing FMLA leave is not evidence of
retaliation if Daniels can establish a good-faith basis for believing that Jones
indeed abused such leave. But Daniels’s alleged comment that “corporate was not
going to like the fact that [Jones] was taking FMLA leave during the ‘survey
window’” corroborates Jones’s claim that his FMLA leave and his termination
were not “wholly unrelated.” See Krutzig, 602 F.3d at 1234; see also Diamond v.
Hospice of Florida Keys, Inc., No. 15-15716, 2017 WL 382310, at *7 (11th Cir.
Jan. 27, 2017) (holding that the causation prong for the purpose of a prima facie
FMLA retaliation claim was satisfied when the plaintiff was fired less than two
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weeks after her last day of FMLA leave and the “evidence of temporal proximity
[was] strongly corroborated” by her supervisor’s negative comments regarding her
FMLA leave). Jones has therefore raised a genuine dispute of material fact with
respect to the causation prong of a prima facie case for FMLA retaliation.
Because the district court held that Jones had not established a prima facie
case of retaliation, it did not complete the analysis under the burden-shifting
McDonnell Douglas framework. The court, in other words, did not address
Accentia’s alleged legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for firing Jones nor did it
determine whether those reasons were pretextual. Although a remand to the
district court for the consideration of these issues would normally be appropriate,
such a remand is not necessary where the record is “sufficiently developed for us
to decide” the issue. See Cuddeback v. Fla. Bd. of Educ., 381 F.3d 1230, 1236 n. 5
(11th Cir. 2004). And because the record in this case so clearly demonstrates that
there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Accentia’s proffered
reasons for Jones’s termination were pretextual, “a remand here would be a waste
of time and judicial resources.” See id. We therefore move forward with the
remaining steps of the McDonnell Douglas analysis.
Accentia has met its burden to produce legitimate, nondiscriminatory
reasons for Jones’s termination. See Chapman v. AI Transp., 229 F.3d 1012, 1024
(11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (“[T]he employer’s burden is merely one of production;
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it need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered
reasons. It is sufficient if the defendant’s evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as
to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff.” (quoting Combs v. Plantation
Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1528 (11th Cir. 1997)). Accentia contends that Jones was
fired because he (1) posted photos from his outings in violation of the company’s
social-media policies, and (2) displayed poor judgment as a supervisor in posting
these photos, even if this activity did not violate the company’s social-media
policies. Jones argues, however, that these proffered reasons are pretextual, and
that he was really fired in retaliation for the exercise of his FMLA rights.
Specifically, Jones argues that there is no evidence that he violated Accentia’s
leave policies or its social-media policies. He further argues that Accentia’s
proffered reasons for his termination are inconsistent and implausible.
To show pretext, Jones must “come forward with evidence, including the
previously produced evidence establishing the prima facie case, sufficient to permit
a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the reasons given by the employer were not
the real reasons for the adverse employment decision.” Chapman, 229 F.3d at
1024 (quoting Combs, 106 F.3d at 1528). But Jones cannot show that Accentia’s
proffered reasons for terminating him were pretexual simply by “quarreling with
the wisdom” of those reasons. See Brooks v. Cty. Comm’n of Jefferson Cty., 446
F.3d 1160, 1163 (11th Cir. 2006) (quoting Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1030). He may,
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however, establish pretext by demonstrating “such weaknesses, implausibilities,
inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s proffered
legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could find them
unworthy of credence.” See Combs, 106 F.3d at 1538 (quoting Sheridan v. E.I.
DuPont De Nemours & Co., 100 F.3d 1061, 1072 (3d Cir. 1996) (en banc)).
Jones has put forth sufficient evidence to create a genuine dispute of
material fact as to whether Accentia’s reasons for terminating him were
inconsistent and therefore pretextual. The formal letter sent to Jones from
Accentia, terminating his employment, stated only that “As you have declined to
provide any additional information, the decision has been made to terminate your
employment effective immediately based on the information available.”
According to Jones, the only explanation provided to him at the time that he was
suspended and then terminated was that he was being fired for abusing and
misusing FMLA leave by engaging in activities, posted on his Facebook page, that
demonstrated his ability to have earlier returned to work.
Jones was not told when he was fired, however, that he had violated
Accentia’s social-media policy or that his posts on Facebook indicated poor
managerial judgment. And, during his deposition testimony, Daniels cited a
myriad of additional reasons that purportedly influenced his decision to terminate
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Jones, including Daniels’s view that Jones unnecessarily prolonged his recovery
and went on vacation when he should have been recuperating from his surgery.
Daniels could point to no company policy requiring Accentia employees to
remain at home or refrain from traveling while on medical leave. Instead, Daniels
maintained that Jones violated the “spirit” of medical leave—to rehabilitate and
recover. Daniels also remarked that the posted photos indicated that Jones did not
receive therapy for a week and that he was exceeding his medical restrictions. But
a letter from Jones’s physical therapist stated that Jones was a model patient who
never missed a therapy session. Daniels also acknowledged that, before
terminating Jones, he was aware that Jones had never missed any therapy sessions.
The evidence supporting Daniel’s claim that Jones abused medical leave by going
on vacation is therefore murky at best. In fact, a jury could reasonably conclude
that Daniel’s explanations are inconsistent, contradictory, and implausible.
On appeal, Accentia also argues that Jones was terminated for posting
photos on Facebook that violated the company’s social-media policy, which states
that employees can be terminated if their social-media posts have an adverse effect
on coworkers. Daniels claimed that these posts had an adverse effect on Accentia
employees because the photos were anonymously reported and because he heard
gossip regarding the photos circulating throughout the workplace. Accentia
maintains that these photos therefore created a morale issue among employees.
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But Jones was not informed during his suspension meeting or in his
termination letter that he had violated Accentia’s social-media policy. In addition,
Daniels conducted no further investigation regarding the anonymous complaint,
and neither he nor any other Accentia official could identify any employee who
was adversely affected by Jones’s Facebook posts. Finally, there is evidence that
the purpose of Accentia’s social-media policy, as discussed during managerial
training, is to prevent employees from posting harmful or negative comments
about the company’s staff or facilities. Jones’s Facebook posts were clearly far
afield from this area of concern.
In sum, the record indicates a number of inconsistencies and contradictions
with respect to Accentia’s proffered reasons for terminating Jones. “We have
recognized that an employer’s failure to articulate clearly and consistently the
reason for an employee’s discharge may serve as evidence of pretext.” Hurlbert v.
St. Mary’s Health Care Sys., Inc., 439 F.3d 1286, 1298 (11th Cir. 2006). These
inconsistencies should also be considered in conjunction with Daniel’s comment to
Jones that corporate would not like the timing of his FMLA leave, as well as the
temporal proximity between his return to work and his termination. See id. (noting
that close temporal proximity to an employee’s protected FMLA activity and his
termination “is evidence of pretext, though probably insufficient to establish
pretext by itself”). When viewed in the light most favorable to Jones, the totality
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of the evidence establishes that there is a genuine dispute of material fact with
respect to whether Accentia’s reasons for terminating Jones were pretextual. The
district court therefore erred in granting Accentia’s motion for summary judgment
on Jones’s FMLA retaliation claim.
IV. CONCLUSION
For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the court
with respect to Jones’s interference claim, but REVERSE the judgment with
respect to his retaliation claim and REMAND the case for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
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