In re M.M.

Digitally signed by
Reporter of Decisions
Illinois Official Reports Reason: I attest to the
accuracy and
integrity of this
document
Supreme Court Date: 2017.04.24
11:00:04 -05'00'

In re M.M., 2016 IL 119932

Caption in Supreme In re M.M. and J.M., Minors (The People of the State of Illinois,
Court: Appellant, v. Heather M., Appellee).

Docket No. 119932

Filed December 1, 2016

Decision Under Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Third District; heard in that
Review court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, the Hon.
Mark E. Gilles, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed and remanded.

Counsel on Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Jerry Brady,
Appeal State’s Attorney, of Peoria (Carolyn E. Shapiro, Solicitor General,
Christina T. Hansen, Assistant Attorney General, and Patrick Delfino,
Terry A. Mertel, and Richard T. Leonard, of the Office of the State’s
Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, of counsel), for the People.

Louis P. Milot, of Peoria, for appellee.

Daniel P. Albers, of Barnes & Thornburg LLP, and Diane L. Redleaf,
both of Chicago, for amici curiae The Family Defense Center et al.
 Justices JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Garman,
Burke, and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 At the close of a dispositional hearing on a juvenile petition based on neglect, the circuit
court of Peoria County found that respondent, Heather M., was a fit parent to her children, J.M.
and M.M. However, the court awarded temporary custody and guardianship to the Department
of Children and Family Services (DCFS). The appellate court (2015 IL App (3d) 130856)
reversed the judgment of the trial court and remanded to allow that court to enter specific
findings consistent with section 2-27(1) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) (705 ILCS
405/2-27(1) (West 2012)). This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct.
R. 315 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015). For the following reasons, we now affirm the judgment of the
appellate court and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 On July 31, 2013, DCFS filed separate juvenile petitions seeking wardship of 9-year-old
J.M. and 10-year-old M.M. The petitions claimed that the minors were neglected because their
environment was injurious to their welfare. See 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2012). At that
time, the minors lived with their father, Larry. Each petition alleged as follows. Between July 1
and July 3, 2013, Larry was taking care of the children of his girlfriend, who was not
respondent. One of those children, who was six years old, had a bedwetting accident. Larry
“struck [the child] on the buttocks and slapped his face leaving multiple bruises on [the child’s]
buttocks and face.” Also, Larry had a criminal history that consisted of a charge of battery in
2003 and charges of driving under the influence in 2003 and 2008. Each petition asserted that
respondent’s whereabouts were unknown.
¶4 Larry entered into an agreed order of protection with DCFS, which provided, inter alia,
that the minors would reside with their paternal grandparents, Larry’s visits with the children
would be supervised, and Larry could not live with the minors or stay with them overnight.
Respondent was not a signatory to the order of protection. Larry subsequently disclosed
respondent’s name. The trial court appointed legal counsel for respondent, and she filed an
answer to the juvenile petition. The court also appointed a guardian ad litem for the minors.
¶5 The trial court held an adjudicatory hearing in which the parties stipulated to the petition’s
allegations. The hearing consisted essentially of the State’s proffer as to what evidence would
have been introduced had there been no stipulations. There was no evidence or other
information presented concerning respondent. At the close of the adjudicatory hearing, the
court found that the minors were neglected due to an injurious environment not involving
physical abuse. The court specifically found that respondent did not contribute to this injurious
environment.

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¶6 Lutheran Social Services of Illinois (LSSI) filed with the court a dispositional hearing
report on respondent dated October 7, 2013. The report included the following information.
Prior to her relationship with Larry, respondent was married and divorced. Two daughters
were born in the marriage, one of whom lived with respondent’s ex-husband. Respondent
remarried. According to respondent, her husband “gave her an ultimatum that it was him or the
kids and she left him in 2001.” The marriage ended with his death from natural causes.
Respondent then had a relationship with Larry from 2002 to 2008, into which J.M. and M.M.
were born. During their relationship, Larry had problems with alcohol, drugs, and domestic
violence, but there was never police involvement with respect to any incidents between them.
Respondent told the caseworker that Larry “brought another woman into the home and told
[respondent] to get out.” According to Larry’s LSSI dispositional hearing report, Larry “stated
that he lost interest in [respondent].” After her relationship with Larry ended, respondent was
in a relationship in which a daughter was born. The daughter resides with respondent.
¶7 Respondent’s LSSI dispositional hearing report also stated that she had stable housing in
Peoria and had obtained a certified nursing assistant certificate and training in phlebotomy.
Respondent was not addicted to alcohol or illegal substances, had passed a random drug
screening, and had never been arrested. Respondent takes prescription medication for bipolar
disorder, anxiety disorder, and depression. In 2011 and 2012, respondent completed a
parenting class and a domestic violence class as part of an intact family service program and
had recently engaged in an intact family program through LSSI and indicated a willingness to
participate in services. Further, respondent was cooperating with the LSSI caseworker. The
report opined: “Both of the minors are completely aware of why their family is involved with
LSSI/DCFS. This worker feels that the children would benefit from counseling services. This
worker feels that the children are safe in their paternal grandparents’ home and care at this
time.” The report concluded that respondent would be able to provide a safe, loving, and
nurturing environment in which to raise her children if she continued to cooperate and
participate in services as requested. The report recommended that respondent continue to be
found fit. The report made no guardianship or placement recommendation regarding the
minors.
¶8 At the dispositional hearing, the LSSI caseworker took no position as to who should be
appointed guardian for J.M. and M.M. Both the State and the guardian ad litem agreed that
respondent was a fit parent. However, both the State and the guardian ad litem argued that the
minors should be made wards of the court and DCFS should be appointed guardian. The State
provided no basis for this assertion. The guardian ad litem stated: “She [respondent] has some
mental health issues; I hope those can be addressed.”
¶9 Respondent agreed that she was a fit parent and that the minors should be made wards of
the court. She also agreed with the LSSI assessment and recommendations. However, she
contended that placement with DCFS was not necessary and asked that the court grant her
custody and guardianship of her children.
¶ 10 At the close of the dispositional hearing, the trial court found Larry unfit as a parent. The
court further found: “DCFS is appointed guardian of these children, although I do find the
mother, [respondent], to be fit. I also find that placement is necessary, based on all that was
presented in the materials for my review for this disposition and upon considering argument.”
The court’s written dispositional order reflected the court’s oral findings and also required

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 respondent to perform various tasks “to correct the conditions that led to the adjudication
and/or removal of the children.” In addition to generally cooperating with DCFS or its
designee, these tasks included taking a mental health assessment to determine if counseling
was needed. If so, then respondent was ordered to undergo counseling. The form order
indicated that respondent was fit and did not indicate that she was unable or unwilling to care
for her children, and the order lacked any written basis to support a finding of inability or
unwillingness.
¶ 11 Respondent appealed to the appellate court. 2015 IL App (3d) 130856. The State conceded
that the trial court “did not articulate specific reasons for its decision and did not state that the
respondent was unable or unwilling to care for the children.” Id. ¶ 13. The appellate court
concluded that the trial court thereby violated section 2-27(1) of the Act (705 ILCS
405/2-27(1) (West 2012)). 2015 IL App (3d) 130856, ¶ 14. The appellate court explained that
the trial court was not authorized to grant custody of the minors to DCFS without a finding of
unfitness or a properly supported finding that respondent was unable or unwilling to care for
the minors. Accordingly, the appellate court held that the trial court committed reversible error
in awarding custody of the minors to DCFS. Id. ¶ 15. The appellate court remanded the case
“so that the trial court may enter explicit, specific findings consistent with the requirements of
section 2-27(1).” Id. ¶ 16.
¶ 12 Upon denial of the State’s petition for rehearing, the appellate court repeated that, pursuant
to section 2-27(1) of the Act, a court “may award custody to DCFS only after it has first
determined that the natural parents are unfit, unwilling, or unable to care for the child.” Id.
¶ 18. Accordingly, a mere showing that a child’s placement with a third party might be in the
child’s best interest is insufficient to supersede a fit parent’s superior right to custody. Rather, a
court must find that the fit parent is unable, for other than a solely financial reason, to care for,
protect, train, or discipline the minor or is unwilling to do so. Id. ¶ 19.
¶ 13 The State appeals to this court. We granted the Family Defense Center et al. leave to
submit an amici curiae brief in support of respondent. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010).
Additional pertinent background will be discussed in the context of our analysis of the issues.

¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 15 Before this court, the State agrees with the appellate court that remand is necessary for the
trial court to articulate the factual basis for its order placing guardianship and custody of J.M.
and M.M. with DCFS. However, the State assigns error to the appellate court’s holding that the
Act required the trial court to find parental unfitness, inability, or unwillingness as a
prerequisite to placing the minors with DCFS. The State contends that the Act authorizes a trial
court to place an abused, neglected, or dependent child with someone other than a parent if that
placement is necessary based on the best interests of the child, even absent a finding that both
parents are unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for the child. The resolution of this issue requires
us to construe the relevant provisions of the Act. Because the construction of a statute is a
question of law, our review is de novo. Williams v. Staples, 208 Ill. 2d 480, 487 (2004); In re
Detention of Lieberman, 201 Ill. 2d 300, 307 (2002).
¶ 16 The primary rule of statutory construction, to which all other canons and rules are
subordinate, is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. The most reliable
indicator of legislative intent is the language of the statute, which should be given its plain and

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 ordinary meaning. Bayer v. Panduit Corp., 2016 IL 119553, ¶ 18; People ex rel. Sherman v.
Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d 264, 279 (2003). A statute is viewed as a whole. Therefore, words and
phrases must be construed in light of other relevant statutory provisions and not in isolation.
Each word, clause, and sentence of a statute must be given a reasonable meaning, if possible,
and should not be rendered superfluous. Also, the court may consider the reason for the law,
the problems sought to be remedied, the purposes to be achieved, and the consequences of
construing the statute one way or another. Williams, 208 Ill. 2d at 487; Lieberman, 201 Ill. 2d
at 308.
¶ 17 The Act sets forth the procedures that must be followed in determining whether a minor
should be removed from his or her parents’ custody and be made a ward of the court. In re
A.W., 231 Ill. 2d 241, 254 (2008). Article II of the Act governs proceedings involving abused,
neglected, or dependent minors. 705 ILCS 405/2-1 (West 2012). The procedural history of the
instant case renders extended discussion of several sections of article II unnecessary. An
agreed order placed J.M. and M.M. in the temporary custody of their paternal grandparents.
Subsequently, the parties stipulated that the minors were neglected due to an injurious
environment not involving physical abuse, to which respondent did not contribute. Thereafter,
the Act required the trial court to hold a dispositional hearing, in which the court must first
determine whether it is in the best interests of the minor and the public that the minor be made
a ward of the court. 705 ILCS 405/2-21(2), 2-22(1) (West 2012). At the instant dispositional
hearing, respondent agreed that J.M. and M.M. should be made wards of the court.
¶ 18 However, respondent sought custody of J.M. and M.M., contending that placement with
DCFS was not necessary. Pursuant to the Act, if a minor “is to be made a ward of the court, the
court shall determine the proper disposition best serving the health, safety and interests of the
minor and the public.” 705 ILCS 405/2-22(1) (West 2012). The trial court may make four basic
types of dispositional orders with respect to a ward of the court. The minor may be
(1) continued in the care of the minor’s parent, guardian, or legal custodian; (2) restored to the
custody of the minor’s parent, guardian, or legal custodian; (3) ordered partially or completely
emancipated; or (4) “placed in accordance” with section 2-27 of the Act. 705 ILCS
405/2-23(1)(a) (West 2012). Section 2-27 provides in relevant part:
“(1) If the court determines and puts in writing the factual basis supporting the
determination of whether the parents, guardian, or legal custodian of a minor adjudged
a ward of the court are unfit or are unable, for some reason other than financial
circumstances alone, to care for, protect, train or discipline the minor or are unwilling
to do so, and that the health, safety, and best interest of the minor will be jeopardized if
the minor remains in the custody of his or her parents, guardian or custodian, the court
may at this hearing and at any later point:
***
(d) commit the minor to the Department of Children and Family Services for
care and service ***.” (Emphasis added.) 705 ILCS 405/2-27(1) (West 2012).
Where the State does not seek to terminate parental rights, section 2-27(1) is concerned only
with placement of the minor. In re Madison H., 215 Ill. 2d 364, 374 (2005).
¶ 19 In the case at bar, the trial court placed the minors with DCFS without articulating a factual
basis for its order. Holding that the trial court committed reversible error, the appellate court
explained: “The statutory scheme and case law interpreting it dictate that a trial court cannot

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 move on to a best interest determination until it finds the natural parents unfit, unwilling, or
unable to care for their minor child.” 2015 IL App (3d) 130856, ¶ 15.1 The appellate court
stated that section 2-27(1) requires explicit findings by the trial court that the respondent is
unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for her children. Id. ¶ 16.
¶ 20 Before this court, the State contends, as it contended before the appellate court (id. ¶ 17),
that the Act authorizes a trial court to place a ward of the court with a third party, such as
DCFS, if the court finds such placement to be in the minor’s best interest, even if the court has
not found that the child’s biological parents are unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for the child.
We reject this contention.
¶ 21 We begin with the plain language of section 2-27(1). Prior to committing a minor to the
custody of a third party, such as DCFS, a trial court must first determine whether the parent is
unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for the child, and whether the best interest of the minor will
be jeopardized if the minor remains in the custody of his or her parents. 705 ILCS 405/2-27(1)
(West 2012). “The word ‘and’ has been defined in our courts as meaning ‘in addition to.’
[Citation.] It is something in addition to or beyond that which has gone before.” People ex rel.
Dixon v. Community Unit School District No. 3, 2 Ill. 2d 454, 460 (1954). It is well settled that,
generally, the use of a conjunctive such as “and” indicates that the legislature intended that all
of the listed requirements be met. DG Enterprises, LLC-Will Tax, LLC v. Cornelius, 2015 IL
118975, ¶ 31; Jarvis v. South Oak Dodge, Inc., 201 Ill. 2d 81, 87 (2002). Of course, courts
sometimes construe the word “and” to mean “or” and vice versa. However, this is done only in
cases where there is an apparent repugnance or inconsistency in a statute that would defeat its
main intent and purpose. “ ‘When these words are found in a statute and their accurate reading
does not render the sense dubious they should be read and interpreted as written in the statute.’
Voight v. Industrial Comm’n, 297 Ill. 109, 114 (1921).” People v. A Parcel of Property
Commonly Known as 1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d 481, 500-01 (2005).
¶ 22 The State argues that the appellate court’s literal reading of section 2-27(1) is contrary to
the legislature’s own stated purpose and policy of the Act. The State points to section 1-2 of the
Act, which provides, in pertinent part, that the purpose of the Act “is to secure for each minor
subject hereto such care and guidance, preferably in his or her own home, as will serve the
safety and moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the minor and the best interests of
the community.” 705 ILCS 405/1-2(1) (West 2012). Moreover: “The parents’ right to the
custody of their child shall not prevail when the court determines that it is contrary to the
health, safety, and best interests of the child.” 705 ILCS 405/1-2(3)(c) (West 2012). Further:
“(1) At the dispositional hearing, the court shall determine whether it is in the best
interests of the minor and the public that he be made a ward of the court, and, if he is to

1
Earlier in this paragraph, the appellate court stated: “Without a finding of unfitness *** the trial
court was not authorized to make the children wards of the court and to grant custody and guardianship
of the children to DCFS.” (Emphasis added.) 2015 IL App (3d) 130856, ¶ 15. This was an obvious
overstatement. The trial court’s finding that it is in the best interest of the minor to become a ward of the
court must precede the court’s consideration of whether a parent is dispositionally unfit and the need for
guardianship. In re C.L., 384 Ill. App. 3d 689, 693 (2008). This misstatement is found nowhere else in
the appellate court’s opinion and should be disregarded. In any event: “The function of this court is to
review the judgment appealed from and not pass on the form of the opinion involved.” York v. Stiefel,
99 Ill. 2d 312, 319 (1983).

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 be made a ward of the court, the court shall determine the proper disposition best
serving the health, safety and interests of the minor and the public.” 705 ILCS
405/2-22(1) (West 2012).
According to the State: “These provisions demonstrate that the best interests of the child are
paramount.”
¶ 23 We cannot accept the State’s argument. We initially observe that section 1-2 of the Act
provides that the purpose of the Act is also “to preserve and strengthen the minor’s family ties
whenever possible, removing him or her from the custody of his or her parents only when his
or her safety or welfare or the protection of the public cannot be adequately safeguarded
without removal.” 705 ILCS 405/1-2(1) (West 2012). “It is apparent that the preferred result
under the Juvenile Court Act is that a child remain in his or her home, in the custody of his or
her parents. This is a clarification of the child’s best interests.” In re R.C., 195 Ill. 2d 291, 308
(2001).
¶ 24 Indeed, the statutory scheme for dispositional hearings effectuates this policy. The best
interest standard governs both the determination of whether an adjudicated minor should be
made a ward of the court and, if so, the determination of the minor’s proper disposition. The
Act provides four possible authorized dispositions, three of which do not involve placing the
minor with a third party. The one authorized disposition that does involve third-party
placement requires placement “in accordance with Section 2-27.” 705 ILCS 405/2-23(1)(a)
(West 2012). Thus, the legislature recognizes that even where the best interest standard
permeates and governs the entire dispositional hearing, placement of the minor with a third
party nonetheless requires the prerequisite consideration of parental fitness.
¶ 25 Therefore, to adopt the State’s interpretation of section 2-27(1) would upset the careful
balance the legislature has crafted. There is nothing to suggest that an accurate reading of
“and” in section 2-27(1) would defeat the main intent and purpose of the Act, and there is
nothing “dubious” about reading “and” conjunctively. Accordingly, section 2-27(1) must be
applied as written. See DG Enterprises, 2015 IL 118975, ¶ 32.
¶ 26 Moreover, this court must construe a statute in a manner that upholds its constitutionality if
it reasonably can be done. In re R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d 428, 433 (2006); Wickham v. Byrne, 199 Ill.
2d 309, 316 (2002). It is beyond discussion that parents have a fundamental liberty interest in
the care, custody, and control of their children. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65-66 (2000)
(and cases cited therein); Wickham, 199 Ill. 2d at 316-17 (collecting cases); In re M.H., 196 Ill.
2d 356, 362 (2001) (collecting cases). Further, as a matter of constitutional law, “there is a
presumption that fit parents act in the best interests of their children.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 68.
“Accordingly, so long as a parent [is fit], there will normally be no reason for the State to inject
itself into the private realm of the family to further question the ability of that parent to make
the best decisions concerning the rearing of that parent’s children.” Id. at 68-69; see R.L.S., 218
Ill. 2d at 439; Wickham, 199 Ill. 2d at 318-19.
¶ 27 In Troxel, the United States Supreme Court invalidated a visitation statute that allowed a
petition to go directly to a best interests determination, without any deference to the decision of
a fit parent. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 69-70. In R.L.S., this court held that our Probate Act of 1975
(755 ILCS 5/1-1 et seq. (West 2004)) was constitutional under Troxel:
“By allowing a guardianship petition to proceed to a hearing on the merits over the
wishes of a parent only when the parent has been established to be unwilling or unable

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 to carry out day-to-day child-care decisions, the Probate Act respects the superior
rights of parents while also insuring to protect the health, safety, and welfare of
children.” R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d at 441.
The State’s argument that the best interest standard trumps all would run afoul of Troxel. The
plain language of section 2-27(1) respects the constitutional rights of parents while also
insuring to protect the best interests of children. Our appellate court has repeatedly so
recognized. See, e.g., In re Ta. A., 384 Ill. App. 3d 303, 306-07 (2008); In re Ryan B., 367 Ill.
App. 3d 517, 521 (2006); In re S.S., 313 Ill. App. 3d 121, 132-33 (2000).
¶ 28 In support of its contention, the State cites to this court’s repeated pronouncement that, in
child custody disputes, it is not necessary that the natural parent is unfit or has forfeited his or
her custodial rights before awarding custody to another person if the best interests of the child
will be served. In re Austin W., 214 Ill. 2d 31, 50-51 (2005); In re Custody of Townsend, 86 Ill.
2d 502, 508 (1981); People ex rel. Edwards v. Livingston, 42 Ill. 2d 201, 209 (1969). The State
acknowledges that in R.L.S. we criticized this statement as “wrong and should no longer be
followed.” R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d at 447. However, the State infers that this legal proposition
remains valid because we repeated it in Austin W. and did not include that case in our
repudiation in R.L.S. We again repudiate this erroneous legal proposition. Further, the
appellate court declined to follow several appellate court decisions that applied the same
erroneous rule. In re Star R., 2014 IL App (1st) 140920, ¶ 29; In re S.J., 364 Ill. App. 3d 432,
442 (2006); In re J.J., 327 Ill. App. 3d 70, 77 (2001); In re J.F.K., 174 Ill. App. 3d 732, 734
(1988). To the extent that these appellate court decisions conflict with this opinion, they are
hereby overruled.2
¶ 29 Additionally, respondent observes that the trial court has found her to be fit and did not
indicate that she was unable or unwilling to care for her children. Respondent posits that, on
remand, she would remain a fit parent. Respondent characterizes this status as “the law of the
case” and asserts that there is no proper procedure for evidence to be introduced that could
prove she is unable or unwilling. Therefore, respondent contends that remand is unnecessary
and asks us to “order immediate placement” with her.
¶ 30 Respondent cites no authority and presents no argument beyond this bare contention. This
court will consider only fully briefed and argued issues. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7), (i) (eff. Feb. 6,
2013). A court of review is entitled to have the issues clearly defined with pertinent authority
cited and cohesive arguments presented. Lake County Grading Co. v. Village of Antioch, 2014
IL 115805, ¶ 36. Accordingly, respondent has forfeited this contention, and we do not consider
it. See, e.g., Bartlow v. Costigan, 2014 IL 115152, ¶ 52; Canteen Corp. v. Department of
Revenue, 123 Ill. 2d 95, 111-12 (1988).
¶ 31 We hold that section 2-27(1) of the Act does not authorize placing a ward of the court with
a third party absent a finding of parental unfitness, inability, or unwillingness to care for the
minor. In light of this holding, we need not address respondent’s alternative contention that the
trial court’s decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence. See, e.g., Kajima
2
As it did before the appellate court, the State again cites In re Y.A., 383 Ill. App. 3d 311, 315
(2008), for this erroneous legal principle. However, the appellate court correctly viewed that case as
distinguishable: “In Y.A., the trial court made the necessary, specific findings of fact as to why the fit
father was unable to care for the minor. Accordingly, placement with DCFS was proper.” 2015 IL App
(3d) 130856, ¶ 16 n.3.

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 Construction Services, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co., 227 Ill. 2d 102, 117
(2007).

¶ 32 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 33 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed, and the cause is
remanded to the circuit court of Peoria County for further proceedings.

¶ 34 Affirmed and remanded.

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