RENDERED : JANUARY 24, 2008
TO BE PUBLISHED
Qsupreme
~Vurf of
2005-SC-000312-MR
2005-SC-000745-TG
VICKI MONROE APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
V. HONORABLE STEPHEN K. MERSHON, JUDGE
NO. 02-CR-001367-002
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE NOBLE
REVERSING
This case is on appeal from the Jefferson Circuit Court where Appellant, Vicki
Monroe and her son, Leslie Emerson, were convicted of robbery and the murder of
Monroe's husband . Emerson was also convicted of tampering with physical evidence.
Appellant raises ten claims of error: (1) that the trial court allowed impermissible
hearsay; (2) that she was denied her right to confrontation when the trial court allowed
the introduction of Emerson's taped statements ; (3) that she was denied her right to
confrontation when the trial court allowed the introduction of phone records of Appellant
and Emerson ; (4) that she was denied her right to confrontation when the trial court
refused to redact hearsay statements made by officers in her taped statements before
they were played in open court ; (5) that Appellant's motion to suppress her statements
was improperly overruled ; (6) that the jury selection process in Jefferson County failed
to comply with proper administrative procedures ; (7) that the trial court improperly
refused to instruct the jury on facilitation ; (8) that the trial court erred by allowing the
Commonwealth to call a witness without prior notice to Appellant ; (9) that she was
denied due process by the refusal of the trial judge to recuse from the case ; and (10)
that the trial court improperly admitted evidence of prior bad acts.
Finding error in the admission of impermissible hearsay, this court reverses the
verdict of the trial court . Issues 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10 have not been addressed as they
are unlikely to reoccur on retrial or are without merit. All other issues are addressed
accordingly .
1 . Background
Appellant's convictions arose from charges brought against her for murder and
complicity to commit robbery in the first degree of her husband, Gerald Monroe. Her
son, Emerson, was convicted of murder, robbery, and tampering with evidence .
Appellant now appeals to this Court as a matter of right. Ky. Const. §110(2)(b) .
Appellant and husband, Gerald Monroe, owned and operated a tavern. On June
1, 2002, Appellant discovered Monroe's body in the tavern . Testimony indicated that
prior to Mr. Monroe's murder, Appellant often confided in Emerson about how unhappy
she was and how badly her husband treated her.
According to the record, about a year before the murder when Appellant was
complaining about her husband, Emerson told her there were things that could be done
to get rid of him . She asked how much it would cost and Emerson told her $5,000 . She
claimed that she did give Emerson $2,000 about that time, but believed he planned on
using the money for bills. Emerson did in fact spend the money on bills .
This topic was not mentioned again until months later when Appellant had
another argument with her husband, and commented to Emerson that she thought she
wasn't going to have to go through this anymore . About two months prior to the murder,
she claims she gave Emerson another $1,000 to catch up on his bills, but nothing was
mentioned about killing Gerald Monroe . Emerson told others that Appellant had
pressured him to find someone to kill Mr. Monroe, and admitted that he used the money
Appellant gave him to pay bills. However, because he could not pay her back, he felt
he had to "take care of this for her."
Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion to suppress statements she had given to
police, arguing that the burden was on the Commonwealth to prove the statements
were voluntary . A hearing was held on this motion . The trial court found no grounds for
suppression of the statements . After a mistrial, Appellant refiled the motion to suppress
and it was again denied.
Appellant also filed a motion for the judge to recuse . The first motion was made
in response to comments the judge allegedly made to jurors after the mistrial of
Appellant's first trial and for allegedly encouraging the defendant to accept a plea offer.
It was denied on the record with the judge noting that he did talk to jurors after trials if
they have questions about the proceedings, but that he never expressed an opinion on
how they should rule. In the case of a mistrial, he thanked them for their work and told
them that it is okay not to have reached a verdict. The motion to recuse was denied
because the judge did not see any bias in his statements to the jurors or for
encouraging resolution of the proceedings. Appellant filed a second motion for recusal
which was also denied.
Prior to trial, Appellant also moved to prohibit the use of hearsay statements
made by Emerson to Jeffrey Rawlings, Justin Crews and Amanda Decker. The court, at
the time of the hearing, had heard the evidence in the case twice and noted by a
preponderance of the evidence that there was a conspiracy. The Commonwealth then
went through each statement it sought to introduce and argued that each statement was
made in furtherance of the conspiracy. The trial court found that the statements were
non-testimonial and that there was corroboration . The court noted that while there must
be a finding that the statements be in furtherance of a conspiracy, the case law has
liberally defined that requirement and thus the proffered statements were admissible .
Appellant also made motions to preclude the Commonwealth from introducing phone
records of Appellant and Emerson and to preclude hearsay from being admitted during
the playing of her taped statements . These motions were denied.
Prior to Appellant's trial, she moved to discharge the jury panel because the
procedure employed in the jury selection process in Jefferson Circuit Court purportedly
did not comply with the Administrative Procedures for the Court of Justice, Part II,
Section 6(2). A hearing was held and the trial court determined that the selection
process was in substantial compliance with applicable law and denied the motion to
discharge the jury.
During the presentation of evidence, the jury heard from Jeffrey Rawlings, Justin
Crews, and Amanda Decker who testified about the statements made to them by
Emerson . Emerson invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and
did not testify at Appellant's trial.
The jury was instructed on the charges in accordance with the evidence. The
court denied Appellant's request,for an instruction on the lesser offense of facilitation.
Appellant was found guilty of complicity to commit murder and was sentenced to life .
11. Analysis
A. Motion to Suppress Statements
At midnight on June 12, 2002, two members of the Jefferson Co. Police
Department arrived at Appellant's home and asked if she would come to headquarters
with them. She agreed, and was interviewed for a few hours, in several small sessions .
She was told that her son was being questioned simultaneously. She was not read her
rights at this time . Subsequent to the last taped session, Appellant was confronted with
her son's accusations and made some incriminating statements . Appellant was then
arrested and read her Miranda rights . Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U .S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602,
16 L .Ed .2d 694 (1966). Appellant filed a motion to suppress the statements she made
to police based on the fact she was not read her rights until the end of questioning .
The police are required to advise a person of her Miranda rights "only where
there has been such a restriction on a person's freedom as to render him 'in custody."'
Stansbury v. California , 511 U.S . 318, 322, 114 S .Ct. 1526, 1528, 128 L.Ed .2d 293
(1994); see also Watkins v. Commonwealth , 105 S.W.3d 449, 451 (Ky. 2003) . In
determining whether a person is in custody, the court "must examine all of the
circumstances surrounding the interrogation," but the "relevant inquiry is how a
reasonable man in the suspect's position would have understood the situation."
Stansbury , 511 U .S. at 322, 114 S.Ct. at 1529, 128 L.Ed.2d 293.
Appellant came to the detective's office voluntarily . While she was there, she
was not monitored . When Appellant was not being interviewed, she was allowed to
smoke, drink and eat. She was left alone in the office . During the course of the
interview, she never asked to be taken home . Detective Davis testified that at no time
did Appellant indicate that she did not want to talk. She was allowed to use the
restroom and returned to the office on her own. It would not have been reasonable,
considering these circumstances, for Appellant to believe that she was in custody .
Appellant also alleges that Detective Davis's interrogation violated Missouri v.
Seibert , 542 U.S . 600, 124 S.Ct. 2601, 159 L.Ed .2d 643 (2004). There, the
interrogating officer "made a conscious decision to withhold Miranda warnings, thus
resorting to an interrogation technique that he had been taught: question first, then give
the warnings, and then repeat the question `until 1 get an answer that she's already
provided once ."' Id. at 600, 124 S .Ct. at 2606, 159 L.Ed .2d 43. The Court found that
post- Miranda statements obtained using this technique are invalid only where police
deliberately employ the technique to circumvent the suspect's Miranda rights.
However, Appellant's argument fails for the simple reason that Miranda rights
only pertain to custodial interrogation . Stansbury, 511 U.S . at 322, 114 S . Ct. at 1528,
128 L. Ed . 2d 293 (1994). Having established that Appellant was not in custody until
she confessed involvement in the murder, there was no Seibert violation .
B. Jury Selection Procedure
Appellant alleges that the procedure employed by the Jefferson County courts in
summoning prospective jurors constitutes a substantial deviation from the procedures
set forth in the Administrative Procedures for the Court of Justice and in KRS 29A.
Appellant initially complained that the Jefferson County court did not require that the
juror qualification form be returned within 10 days and that those failing to return the
form be personally served by the sheriff. However, the applicable rule states that the
form may also be returned "at such other times as may be specified in the summons."
See Administrative Procedures for the Court of Justice, Part II, Section 6(2). The jurors
in this case were instructed to bring the qualification form with them on the day they
reported . The procedure for return of the form was in compliance with the rule.
This Court has made it clear that it will not consider minor errors in jury selection
reversible unless some prejudice is demonstrated . Robertson v. Commonwealth, 597
S.W .2d 864 (Ky. 1980). The question then is whether the failure to have the jurors who
failed to respond to the summons personally served by the sheriff is a substantial
deviation from the proper administrative procedure .
Under KRS 29A.060(4), personal service is permissive . It is mandatory under
Administrative Procedures for the Court of Justice, Part II, Section 6(2). The concern
under either procedure, however, is to ensure that the court has enough jurors present
to conduct the business of the court. In this case, 700 summons were sent in order to
obtain at least 120 prospective jurors. Had there been an insufficient number of jurors,
the court could have ordered service under Administrative Procedures for the Court of
Justice, Part II, Section 7(4). There was a sufficient number of jurors and the
randomness of the jury pool was unaffected . There was no prejudice to Appellant .
Therefore, under Robertson , this Court finds no error .
C. Facilitation Instruction
Appellant argues that the jury should have received an instruction on facilitation .
KRE 506.080 provides that a person is guilty of criminal facilitation when, acting with
knowledge that another person is committing or intends to commit a crime, he engages
in conduct which knowingly provides such person with means or opportunity for the
commission of the crime and which in fact aids such person to commit the crime . The
primary difference between facilitation and complicity is the state of mind; complicity
requires the complicitor to "intend that the crime take place." Webb v. Commonwealth,
904 S.W.2d 226, 228 (Ky. 1995) . Perhaps a clearer statement is that a complicitor must
be an instigator, or otherwise invested in the crime, while a facilitator need only be a
knowing, cooperative bystander with no stake in the crime .
Prior to the giving of an instruction, however, there must be evidence to support
it. Thompkins v. Commonwealth , 54 S.W.3d 147 (Ky. 2001). In this case, facilitation
would require Appellant providing money to Emerson, knowing that he would use it to
commit the crime, but without intention to promote the crime itself. Appellant was not
entitled to the facilitation instruction because no reasonable juror could conclude that
Appellant was involved and had knowledge, but was indifferent to whether Emerson
committed the murder. There is no evidence to support that contention and Appellant
was not entitled to the instruction .
D. Hearsay Statements
The Commonwealth sought to introduce certain statements made by Emerson
under KRE 801(a)(b)(5) as statements of a co-conspirator made during the course of,
and in furtherance of, the conspiracy to murder Gerald Monroe for the purpose of profit.
The statements the Commonwealth sought to have admitted were as follows, verbatim :
Statements made by Emerson to Jeffrey Rawlings
1 . His mother wanted him to take care of Jerry and have him pretty much killed .
2. He told me Vicki had said that she would pay somebody to do it and she
wanted him to find somebody .
3. She was just pressuring him to find somebody to do something to Jerry.
4. She wants me to do it before I go to Florida .
Statements made by-Emerson to Justin Crews
1 . About 2 months after Jerry was killed, Emerson told Crews that Vicki wanted
Emerson to kill him .
2. He said he had to kill Jerry.
3. Vicki had been on Leslie (Emerson) pretty hard about killing Jerry.
4. Leslie told him after phone conversations with Vicki that she won't get off my
back, she is trying to get me to do it now.
5 . Leslie (Emerson) asked Justin if he knew how to make a silencer.
Statements made by Emerson to Amanda Crews Decker
1 . His mom wanted somebody to kill Jerry for her.
2. She said that she was going to give him like $5,000 but she is not sure of the
dollar figure.
3. He bought the gun to kill Jerry.
4. She would call and cry to him and say that Jerry made her look like an ass in
front of people and stuff like that.
KRE 801(a)(b)(5) provides that "a statement is not excluded by the hearsay rule,
even though the declarant is available as a witness, if the statement is offered against a
party and is . . . a statement by a co-conspirator of a party during the course and in
furtherance of a conspiracy." In order to fall within this exception, the proponent of the
statement must show (1) a conspiracy existed, (2) the conspiracy involved the
defendant, and (3) the statement was made in furtherance of the conspiracy . Gerlaugh
v. Commonwealth, 156 S.W.3d 747, 752 (Ky. 2005); Marshall v. Commonwealth , 60
S .W.3d 513, 520 (Ky. 2001). The government must establish these three prongs by a
preponderance of the evidence . Bouriaily v. United States , 483 U .S. 171, 175, 107
S .Ct. 2775, 97 L.Ed.2d 144 (1987). The trial judge must make the findings of fact
necessary to determine whether these statements may be admitted . KRE 104(a) .
Defense counsel maintains that the Commonwealth has not proven a conspiracy,
and alternatively, that the statements were not made "in furtherance" of a conspiracy.
"A conspiracy begins. . . as soon as an agreement is reached to commit a crime ." Robert
G . Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook § 8.30[3] at 608 (4th ed . 2003).
By her own admission, Appellant asked Emerson what it would cost to get rid of her
husband and gave him $2,000 . Appellant claimed that she thought he would use that
9
money to pay bills, and Emerson did in fact use it for that purpose . However, taken with
the other evidence of her financial affairs and a sudden spike in calls to Emerson a
month or so before the murder, there was sufficient evidence for the trial court to believe
by a preponderance of the evidence that a conspiracy existed . It has long been the
case that the statements of a defendant may be used to establish the fact of a
conspiracy provided there is additional evidence supporting the theory . See
Commonwealth v. King , 950 S.W.2d 807 (Ky. 1997) . In this case, the trial court had a
sufficient basis to find that a conspiracy between Monroe and Emerson was established
according to the appropriate standard . The remaining question is whether the
statements sought to be introduced were made in furtherance of a conspiracy .
As this Court noted in Gerlaugh, 156 S .W.3d 747, one of the objectives of the
drafters of the Kentucky Rules of Evidence was to achieve uniformity with federal rules
to the extent possible and to depart only for good reasons. Federal courts have
specified what will not be considered under the co-conspirator exception : "nothing more
than casual conversation," United States v. Lieberman, 637 F .2d 95, 102 (2d Cir. 1980),
"idle conversation," United States v. Urbanik, 801 F .2d 692, 696 (4th Cir. 1986), and
"mere idle chatter." United States v. Cornett, 195 F .3d 776, 781 (5th Cir. 1999).
However, even with these specifications, the federal courts have been generous in
finding compliance with the furtherance requirement . See United States v. Paone , 782
F.2d 386 (3d Cir. 1976) (not a stringent requirement); United States v. Gierde, 110 F.3d
595 (8th Cir. 1997) (broadly construed); United States v. Johnson , 200 F.3d 529 (7th
Cir. 2000) (some reasonable basis for finding furtherance) .
The Commonwealth relies on the reasoning in United States v. Clark , 18 F .3d
1337 (6th Cir . 1994) to support the proposition that the statements were properly
10
admitted . In Clark, citing U .S . v. Hitow , 889 F .2d 1573 (6th Cir. 1989), it was noted that
statements which identify the participants and their roles in the conspiracy are made "in
furtherance" of a conspiracy. Clark at 1342. Certainly, most of the admitted statements
did identify Appellant or Emerson, her alleged co-conspirator: However, this Court finds
this interpretation of KRE 801(a)(b)(5) far too broad . The plain language of the rule
requires not only that the statement be made during and about the conspiracy, but adds
the conjunctive "AND in furtherance of the conspiracy" (Emphasis added.) The
determining factor is whether a statement in any way assists or advances the objectives
of the conspiracy. The federal view that "furtherance" should be interpreted broadly
does a disservice to the word, and is not what was intended by the drafters. As pointed
out above, other federal courts have held that casual comments or statements made to
a confidant are not within the conspiracy exception, and the Clark case of 1994 departs
from that reasoning.
The concept of "assists or advances" is nicely illustrated by an old pre-Rules
case in which the plaintiffs proved the existence of a criminal conspiracy in an action to
set aside an election, by offering statements made asking that the room selected to
receive the ballots be left unlocked and unattended after the election . Ottle v.
Herriford , 161 Ky. 7, 170 S.W. 205 (1914). Clearly, these statements assisted in the
objectives of the conspiracy. Asking that the rooms be left unlocked pushed the
conspiracy forward in a way that casual conversation does not. To illustrate further, the
danger in too broadly interpreting "furtherance" is demonstrated by what followed the
admission of these statements in this case.
Once these statements were admitted, defense counsel then invoked KRE 806
to offer statements that Emerson had made to police officers which served to impeach
the hearsay statements, which in turn led to the Commonwealth arguing that the door
had been opened to play the entirety of Emerson's three statements made to police that
had been recorded . Emerson was unavailable as a witness, having invoked his Fifth
Amendment right not to incriminate himself. (That he had this right at this point was
debatable as he had been convicted in his own trial, but this was not raised .) The
defense argued that the entire statements should not be permitted pursuant to Crawford
v. Washington , 541 U.S . 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354 (2004). The trial court concluded that the
rule of entirety of the evidence and fundamental fairness required that the
Commonwealth be allowed to attack the impeachment, and allowed the statements to
be played to the jury in their entirety.
Had the impermissible hearsay not been admitted, this chain of events would not
have occurred, and large amounts of otherwise impermissible evidence would not have
tainted the trial . It is tempting to say that the hearsay statements were merely
cumulative to statements placed before the jury by the defendant and Emerson's own
statements. However, the error of admitting impermissible hearsay under the
conspiracy exception cannot be made harmless by the use of otherwise impermissible
evidence it caused to be admitted, i.e. Emerson's three taped statements .
Viewing the statements admitted through this lens, this Court must conclude that
almost all of the statements were hearsay and that the Commonwealth failed to provide
a proper exception that would have allowed them to be admitted . Only three of the
thirteen statements have other grounds of admissibility: the statement from Emerson to
Justin Crews asking if he knew how to make a silencer met the co-conspirator
exception; the statement from Emerson to Amanda Decker saying that he bought the
gun to kill Jerry was a statement against his penal interest, and also possibly the
statement to Jeffrey Rawlings that Appellant wanted him to find somebody to kill Jerry.
The other ten statements are nothing more than Emerson confiding in his friends
or casual comments, and the admission of these statements was clear error. They
certainly create a reasonable probability that they affected the verdict given their weight
and the line of impermissible evidence they caused to follow. There can be no doubt
that the testimony of a son against his mother carries substantial weight. Thus these
hearsay statements cannot be harmless .
111. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth herein, the judgment of the Jefferson Circuit Court is
reversed and remanded for a new trial .
All sitting . Lambert, C.J.; Abramson, Cunningham and Schroder, JJ ., concur .
Scott, J., concurs in part and dissents in part by separate opinion in which Minton, J .,
joins.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT :
Shannon Dupree
Assistant Public Advocate
Department of Public Advocacy
Suite 301, 100 Fair Oaks Lane
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Gregory D. Stumbo
Attorney General
Gregory C. Fuchs
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Attorney General
Criminal Appellate Division
1024 Capital Center Drive
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601-8204
RENDERED : JANUARY 24, 2008
TO BE PUBLISHED
,$uVreme Courf of lttufurkV
2005-SC-000312-MR
2005-SC-000745-TG
VICKI MONROE APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
V. HONORABLE STEPHEN K . MERSHON, JUDGE
NO. 02-CR-001367-002
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION BY JUSTICE SCOTT CONCURRING IN PART
AND DISSENTING IN PART
I respectfully dissent on the issue of whether Leslie Emerson's statements
were in furtherance of the conspiracy to murder Appellant, Vicki Monroe's,
husband . In my opinion, the trial court properly admitted those statements under
KRE 801 A(b)(5),' commonly known as the coconspirator exception to the
hearsay rule. I would therefore affirm Appellant's conviction for complicity to
commit murder.
We should take guidance from federal case law in determining whether a
particular statement was made in furtherance of the conspiratorial objective . This
Court recently noted that "[o]ne of the objectives of the drafters of the Kentucky
' KRE 801 A(b)(5) provides that "[a] statement is not excluded by the
hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness, if the
statement is offered against a party and is . . . [a] statement by a coconspirator of
a party during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy ."
Rules of Evidence was to achieve uniformity with the Federal Rules of Evidence
(FRE) to the extent possible and to depart from the Federal Rules only for good
reason." Gerlaugh v. Commonwealth , 156 S.W.3d 747, 753 (Ky. 2005). Federal
courts adopt a broad construction'of this furtherance requirement . United States
v. Maaee, 821 F.2d 234, 244 (5th Cir. 1987) ("The phrase 'in furtherance of the
conspiracy' must not be applied too strictly or the purpose of the coconspirator
exception will be defeated ."); United States v. Bentley , 706 F.2d 1498, 1506 (8th
Cir. 1983) (observing that the furtherance requirement is "afforded a broad
construction") .
In accordance with this broad interpretation, federal courts hold that
statements which identify the participants and their roles in the conspiracy are
made in furtherance of that conspiracy. United States v. Clark, 18 F.3d 1337,
1342 (6th Cir. 1994) (codefendant's out of court statements to girlfriend that
defendant helped him in the bank robbery and "didn't have the stomach for it"
were in furtherance of the conspiracy, where statements clearly identified
codefendant as a participant and commented on codefendant's inadequate
performance of his role); Ma ee, 821 F.2d at 244 (hearsay statement of
coconspirator that defendant was the primary buyer of marijuana was made in
furtherance of the conspiracy) ; United States v. Handy , 668 F.2d 407, 408 (8th
Cir. 1982) (in prosecution for mail fraud and conspiracy in connection with
murder to collect proceeds of life insurance policy, statements of coconspirator
that defendant would help him in the scheme and statement following murder
indicating that defendant had driven car the day of the killing were made in
furtherance of the conspiracy) . Emerson's statements indicate that Appellant
agreed to pay him to kill her husband. Thus, these statements clearly identified
Appellant and Emerson as participants in the conspiracy. Therefore, consistent
with our previous pronouncement in Gerlauah , and that of the federal courts, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the statements under KRE
801 A(b)(5) .
Minton, J., joins this concurring in part and dissenting in part opinion .