IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-0338
Filed May 3, 2017
IN THE INTEREST OF A.W.,
Minor Child,
L.C., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County, Mary L. Timko,
Associate Juvenile Judge.
A mother appeals from a dispositional order entered pursuant to Iowa
Code chapter 232 (2017). AFFIRMED.
Zachary S. Hindman of Mayne, Arneson, Hindman, Hisey & Daane, Sioux
City, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Molly Vakulskas Joly of Vakulskas Law Firm, P.C., Sioux City, guardian ad
litem for minor child.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ.
2
DOYLE, Judge.
A mother appeals from a dispositional order entered pursuant to Iowa
Code chapter 232 (2017) challenging the juvenile court’s finding that aggravated
circumstances exist to waive the requirement for making reasonable efforts.
Because we agree with the juvenile court’s determination, we affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
L.C. is the biological mother of six children, including A.W., born in
September 2016.1 The mother’s parental rights to her five older children were
terminated before A.W.’s birth. Her oldest child B.W. was removed from her care
in 2008 after her “home was raided by law enforcement due to several
individuals, who were living in the residence, using various illegal drugs to the
extent that [B.W., then an infant], tested positive for amphetamines, cocaine,
alcohol and other substances.” Following almost a year of reunification services,
the mother’s parental rights to B.W. were terminated.
The mother gave birth to her second child a few months after the
termination of her parental rights to B.W. in 2009. Her third, fourth, and fifth
children were born in 2010, 2013, and 2014, respectively. From May 2009 to
July 2014, the mother, with her children in tow, “roamed from place to place,
living with multiple people who used / sold illegal drugs.”
The family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Human
Services (Department) in June 2015, after it was alleged the children were at risk
because the mother was not adequately supervising the children. The
Department’s responding protective-services worker and a law enforcement
1
The father is not a party to this appeal.
3
official, who was responding to an unrelated complaint, went to the house where
the mother and children lived. The condition of the home was deplorable:
Police found . . . [t]here had been no electricity or running water for
over a month; the children were observed to be filthy; there were
four adults living in the home with no food “whatsoever” in the
house with “tons of beer cans on the front porch” . . . ; a baby bottle
that was “absolutely filthy,” “absolutely disgusting” with grime
around the white part and something red on the nipple; and the
children had access to dangerous clutter or food lying on the floor,
including a cigarette that [the six-year-old child] had picked up and
lit with a lighter found nearby. Further, an intoxicated adult male
allegedly asked the mother, in front of the [Department’s worker],
“to go upstairs and have sex with him.”
The children were removed from her care at that time.
Services were again offered to the mother for reunification but the
mother’s participation was minimal. Despite being offered numerous chances to
engage in reunification services and meet the expectations explicitly laid out for
her, the mother’s participation was inconsistent. Among other things, the mother
was discharged from her substance-abuse treatment program due to her lack of
attendance and compliance. Ultimately, the juvenile court in March 2016
terminated her parental rights to the four children. The court found that although
reunification services had been offered or provided to the mother, she and the
children’s father
have been unable or unwilling to stabilize their lifestyles. The
circumstances leading to the adjudication of the children continue
to exist. Neither [parent] has taken any affirmative action to
assume their role as the children’s parents. They have met no
financial obligations and have made no reasonable effort to
complete responsibilities of the case permanency plan.
Supervised visits were provided, with parent skill
development and resource referrals offered at the time of visits.
Neither [parent was] consistent in attending visits, which caused
significant emotional turmoil for the children and resulted in
4
weakened parent-child relationships. [The parents] have done
nothing to maintain a place of importance in the children’s lives.
Neither [parent] has demonstrated they are capable of
providing for their children. There is no evidence that either
[parent] has fully addressed their respective addictions and
maintained sobriety. Neither [parent] has obtained / maintained
stable employment in order to provide for the basic needs of their
children. Neither [parent] has addressed their mental health issues.
Neither [parent] has obtained / maintained stable housing. They
have continually moved from relatives to friends to motels to
shelters, often times not knowing the names of the individuals they
are staying with. These children were removed from a deplorable
living environment, with no food, running water, or electricity. The
children have been exposed to and left under the care of numerous
strangers, most of whom are drug users / dealers, and exposed to
ongoing drug usage.
The circumstances which led to the removal, adjudication,
and termination of parental rights concerning their [oldest child,
B.W.], are eerily similar to the circumstances which resulted in the
removal and adjudication of these four children. Nothing has
changed over the past decade. [The parents] have been unable to
identify, much less address, the concerns raised in order to provide
for and protect their children.
[The parents] were granted an additional period of
time . . . to work toward reunification. They made little to no
progress to that end. Neither [parent] requested additional services
to assist with reunification. There are no further services which can
be provided that will correct the circumstances which led to the
adjudication of their children. [The parents] continue to lack the
ability or willingness to respond to services and an additional period
of rehabilitation would not correct the situation. . . .
The children have . . . [not] been returned to the custody of
either parent [since their removal], and no trial home placement has
taken place . . . . The children could not be returned to the custody
of either parent due to [the parents’] ongoing unstable lifestyle, lack
of stable housing, lack of financial resources, unhealthy
relationships, and parenting deficiencies at the present time without
suffering further harmful effects, nor could they be returned at any
time in the foreseeable future.
5
A.W. tested positive for methamphetamine at birth, and the child was
removed from the mother’s care.2 After the removal, the child’s hair was tested
and was positive for methamphetamine. The child was subsequently adjudicated
a child in need of assistance, and the State requested provision of reasonable
efforts to the parents be waived and a hearing set on the matter. The court
ordered that the waiver-of-reasonable-efforts request be heard at the disposition
hearing.
The dispositional/aggravated-circumstances hearing was held in February
2017. There, the mother testified she still received Social Security disability
benefits for an intellectual disability. She confirmed this was still her only income,
but she testified a lot had changed since the February 2016 termination-of-
parental-rights hearing, explaining she was “more depressed now, stressed out,
having problems doing anything. But [she was] trying [her] best and hardest to
get it done.” She missed scheduled visits with the child. She admitted that she
understood she was to obtain a substance-abuse evaluation, and she had “been
trying to get around to do it,” but she had not done so.
Following the mother’s testimony, the child’s guardian ad litem (GAL)
requested reasonable efforts be waived due to aggravated circumstances. The
GAL likened the mother’s repeated actions—or lack thereof—to a Groundhog
Day3 time-loop scenario, reflecting:
2
The mother and child were actually released from the hospital before the test results
were obtained, and despite the Department’s tenacious efforts, they were not found until
December 2016. The child was then formally removed from the mother’s care.
3
Groundhog Day is a fantasy-comedy film wherein the main character, a weatherman
covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, “finds
himself inexplicably living the same day over and over again.” Groundhog Day
6
We’re back in court like we were a year ago. The parties are at the
same position where they are regarding housing, regarding
treatment, and they come in on the eve of this hearing and say,
“Give us another chance; we need another chance.” And my
position, Your Honor, is that [A.W.] needs a chance . . . to not be a
part of this chaotic lifestyle.”
The court agreed, finding the service providers and caseworkers had gone above
and beyond to try to get the mother involved in the case, but, “for whatever
reason, [the mother was] unable to take advantage of the things that people have
been trying to give [her] for years.” The court stressed it had tried to give the
mother explicit, concrete expectations, but the mother did not attempt to meet
them. The court found aggravated circumstances existed pursuant to Iowa Code
section 232.102(12)(a), finding the mother abandoned the child. The court also
found aggravated circumstances existed under section 232.102(12)(c), finding
the mother’s parental rights to her other children had been terminated “and there
is clear and convincing evidence to show that the offer or receipt of services
would not likely, within a reasonable period of time, correct the conditions which
led to the child’s removal.” The court directed the State to file a petition for
termination of parental rights.
II. Discussion.
The mother now appeals the juvenile court’s ruling that aggravated
circumstances exist under paragraphs (a) and (c). We need only determine
whether the court’s finding that aggravated circumstances exist under one of the
paragraphs was proper. See Iowa Code § 232.102(12) (stating the “existence of
aggravated circumstances is indicated by any of” the paragraphs that followed).
(Columbia Pictures 1993); Groundhog Day, IMDB, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107048
(last visited Apr. 19, 2017).
7
Our review is de novo. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.907; In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40
(Iowa 2014); In re B.B., 598 N.W.2d 312, 315 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999).
The parent-child relationship is constitutionally protected. See Quilloin v.
Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 255 (1978); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 233
(1972); State v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 828 N.W.2d 607, 615 (Iowa 2013); In re K.L.C.,
372 N.W.2d 223, 226 (Iowa 1985). Additionally, “freedom of personal choice in
matters of family life is a fundamental liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth
Amendment.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982). Notwithstanding:
The protection of children is one of the most well-established
duties and public policies of the State of Iowa. The State has a
duty to assure that every child within its borders receives proper
care and treatment, and must intercede when parents fail to provide
it. Both [the Department] and the juvenile court have the important
function of protecting children who are in need of assistance.
In re A.M., 856 N.W.2d 365, 376 (Iowa 2014) (alterations, internal citations, and
quotation marks omitted).
In light of these competing interests, the legislature has directed chapter
232 be “liberally construed to the end that each child under the jurisdiction of the
court . . . receive, preferably in the child’s own home, the care, guidance and
control that will best serve the child’s welfare and the best interest of the state.”
Iowa Code § 232.1 (emphasis added); see also A.M., 856 N.W.2d at 373. Thus,
“[w]e afford a rebuttable presumption that the best interest of a child is served
when custody is with the natural parents,” In re N.M., 491 N.W.2d 153, 156 (Iowa
1992), and “[w]henever possible the court should permit the child to remain at
home,” Iowa Code § 232.102(5)(a). But it is the juvenile court’s duty to intervene
and remove children from the care and custody of parents, either temporarily or
8
permanently, when necessary. See A.M., 856 N.W.2d at 376. If children are
removed from their home, DHS must “make every reasonable effort” to return
them to their home as quickly as possible consistent with their best interests.
Iowa Code § 232.102(7); In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000).
However, the reasonable efforts requirement may be waived in limited specific
situations. See id. §§ 232.102(12), .111(2)(a)(2).
Upon our de novo review, we agree with the juvenile court that
aggravating circumstances exist under 232.102(12)(c) to waive the reasonable
efforts requirement. We do not doubt the mother loves A.W., and we recognize
the mother’s intellectual disability has steepened her learning curve.
Nevertheless, the record overwhelmingly shows the mother has not been able to
safely care for her children—and at times herself—over the years, and there is
nothing in the record to suggest anything has changed. We do not find, as the
mother’s appellate counsel zealously advocates, that the mother “made some
progress toward reunification, and . . . she is poised to make significant additional
progress in the near future.” Conversely, the record shows the mother, time and
time again, has either been unable or unwilling to put the needs of her children
first and address her numerous issues. She has been offered a plethora of
services over the years and has had ample time to address the valid safety
concerns of the juvenile court, but she has not done so. Instead, she points to
her care of A.W. for the first three months of the child’s life as evidence she could
safely parent the child such that the child could be returned to her care, but the
mother overlooks the facts that the child tested positive for methamphetamine at
birth and again at the end of those three months in the mother’s care. This is
9
basically the same scenario that occurred in her eldest child’s case in 2008. The
facts of this case along with the mother’s history evidence that the conditions
which led to the child’s removal are not likely to be corrected within a reasonable
period of time by the offer or receipt of services.
III. Conclusion.
Because we agree with the juvenile court’s determination that aggravated
circumstances exist to waive the requirement for making reasonable efforts, we
affirm the juvenile court’s dispositional order.
AFFIRMED.
In the Interest of A.W., Minor Child, L.C., Mother
Combined Opinion