In re Massey Energy Co. Derivative and Class Action Litigation

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

)
IN RE MASSEY ENERGY ) Consolidated
COMPANY DERIVATIVE AND ) C.A. No. 5430-CB
CLASS ACTION LITIGATION )
)

OPINION

Date Submitted: February 8, 2017
Date Decided: May 4, 2017

Stuart Grant, Cynthia A. Calder, and Michael T. Manuel of GRANT &
EISENHOFFER P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Mark Lebovitch and David Wales of
BERNSTEIN LITOWITZ BERGER & GROSSMANN LLP, New York, New York;
Gregory M. Nespole and Benjamin Y. Kaufman of WOLF HALDENSTEIN
ADLER FREEMAN & HERZ LLP, New York, New York; Nadeem Faruqi of
FARUQI & FARUQI, LLP, New York, New York; Co-Lead Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Kevin G. Abrams, Matthew L. Miller, and Michael A. Barlow of ABRAMS &
BAYLISS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Ronald S. Rolfe and Julie A. North of
CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP, New York, New York; Attorneys for
Defendants James B. Crawford, Robert H. Foglesong, Richard M. Gabrys, E.
Gordon Gee, Bobby R. Inman, Dan R. Moore, Stanley C. Suboleski, and Lady
Barbara Thomas Judge.

Kenneth J. Nachbar and Ryan D. Stottmann of MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; William W. Taylor, III and Steven N.
Herman of ZUCKERMAN SPAEDER LLP, Washington, DC (on behalf of Don. L.
Blankenship); Peter H. White of SCHULTE ROTH & ZABEL LLP, Washington,
DC (on behalf of Mark A. Clemens and Jeffrey M. Jarosinski); Stephen E. Baril of
KAPLAN VOEKLER CUNNINGHAM & FRANK PLC, Richmond, Virginia;
Stephen P. Anthony of COVINGTON & BURLING LLP, Washington, DC (on
behalf of Christopher Adkins); Attorneys for Defendants J. Christopher Adkins, Don
L. Blankenship, Mark A. Clemens, Jeffrey M. Jarosinski, and Baxter F. Phillips, Jr.
Kevin G. Abrams, Matthew L. Miller, and Michael A. Barlow of ABRAMS &
BAYLISS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Greg A. Danilow and Caroline H. Zalka of
WEIL, GOTSCHAL & MANGES LLP, New York, New York; Attorneys for
Defendant Linda J. Welty.

Donald J. Wolfe, Jr., Matthew E. Fischer, and Jacqueline A. Rogers of POTTER
ANDERSON & CORROON LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Victor L. Hou of
CLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON LLP, New York, New York;
Attorneys for Nominal Defendant Alpha Appalachia Holdings, Inc.

BOUCHARD, C
 In April 2010, an explosion occurred at Massey Energy Company’s Upper

Big Branch coal mine in West Virginia, killing 29 miners. It was the worst mining

disaster in the United States in 40 years, but it was not the first serious accident at a

Massey mine. Within weeks of the explosion, stockholders of Massey filed

numerous derivative lawsuits, seeking to recover damages on behalf of the company

for fines, judgments and other harm it would suffer because of the alleged failure of

Massey directors and officers to make a good faith effort to ensure that Massey

complied with mine safety regulations.

A series of government and private investigatory reports concluded that the

Upper Big Branch mine tragedy was a direct result of Massey’s systematic and

willful violations of federal and state safety regulations. The disaster later led to the

criminal conviction of several Massey executives, including its former Chairman

and Chief Executive Officer, Don Blankenship, who resigned in December 2010.

On January 27, 2011, after a lengthy sale process during which multiple

strategic parties were solicited to bid, Massey entered into a merger agreement with

Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. If Massey stockholders approved the merger, they

would receive a combination of shares of Alpha common stock and cash then

estimated to be worth approximately $7 billion in exchange for their shares of

Massey stock, and Massey would become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alpha. The

1
merger consideration represented a 27% premium over Massey’s stock price on the

day before the Upper Big Branch disaster.

Plaintiffs moved for a preliminary injunction against the proposed merger.

Their central grievance was that the Massey board failed to transfer their pending

derivative claims into a litigation trust for the exclusive benefit of the Massey

stockholders rather than allowing the claims to pass to Alpha as the acquiror of

Massey.

On May 31, 2011, then-Vice Chancellor Strine denied the motion for a

preliminary injunction. Relevant here, he found based on an extensive record that

“there seems little doubt” that plaintiffs’ derivative claims would survive a motion

to dismiss but that plaintiffs also were likely to lose standing to pursue those claims

if the merger was consummated.1 In particular, then-Vice Chancellor Strine noted

that plaintiffs were unlikely to satisfy either of the two narrow exceptions to the

continuous ownership rule for maintaining derivative standing that the Supreme

Court enunciated over thirty years ago in Lewis v. Anderson.2

After receiving the approval of Massey’s stockholders, the Massey-Alpha

merger closed in June 2011. For the next five years, this action was stayed, initially

1
In re Massey Energy Co., 2011 WL 2176479, at *2, *20 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2011).
2
477 A.2d 1040 (Del. 1984).

2
at the request of prosecutors because of ongoing criminal investigations, and later

because of Alpha’s bankruptcy filing in 2015.

After Alpha emerged from bankruptcy in 2016, the Court was asked to decide

motions to dismiss that the defendants had filed. By this point, the operative

complaint asserted two claims against fourteen former directors and officers of

Massey for breaching their fiduciary duties by “causing Massey to employ a

deliberate and systematic business plan of willfully disregarding both internal and

external safety regulations.”3

The allegations underlying both claims are identical. The first claim was

styled as a direct claim for “inseparable fraud” based on dictum from a 2010

Delaware Supreme Court decision in Arkansas Teacher Ret. Sys. v. Caiafa.4 The

second claim was styled as a derivative claim. For the reasons discussed below, I

conclude that both claims must be dismissed.

Although Count II contains numerous detailed allegations that would state a

viable derivative claim for relief under Caremark, it must be dismissed because

plaintiffs lost standing to pursue the claim under well-settled Delaware law that

stockholders of Delaware corporations who transfer their shares as a result of a

merger lose standing to litigate the derivative claims unless one of two narrow

3
Compl. ¶¶ 235, 245.
4
996 A.2d 321 (Del. 2010).

3
exceptions applies. Neither exception applies in this case, however, as then-Vice

Chancellor Strine foretold in 2011, and as plaintiffs effectively concede.

The plaintiffs’ putative “direct” claim (Count I) also must be dismissed. As

explained below, our Supreme Court clarified in 2013 that the theory of “inseparable

fraud” does not constitute a third exception to the continuous ownership rule and

that, in order to state such a claim, the challenged conduct preceding a merger must

itself form the basis of a direct claim. Here, despite plaintiffs’ best efforts to

transform their case from a derivative action to a class action, application of the

Tooley test for distinguishing between direct and derivative claims leads to the

conclusion that Count I is, in reality, a derivative claim to remedy corporate

mismanagement that caused injury to Massey. Count I thus meets the same fate as

Count II, and must be dismissed.

Although the net result of this decision is that plaintiffs will not be able to

press what otherwise would be a viable derivative claim, that result is equitable in

my view. Alpha paid a substantial sum in 2011 to acquire all of the assets of Massey.

One of those assets is the derivative claim at issue in this case. It thus is appropriate

that Alpha, which assumed considerable liabilities when it acquired Massey in the

wake of the UBB disaster, have the right to exercise control over the property it paid

to acquire, if for no other reason so that it may mitigate the considerable liabilities it

assumed when it acquired Massey.

4
I. BACKGROUND

The facts in this opinion come from the Verified Stockholder Fourth Amended

Class Action and Derivative Complaint filed on October 17, 2014 (the “Complaint”)

and the May 31, 2011 memorandum opinion denying plaintiffs’ motion for a

preliminary injunction (the “May 2011 Opinion”),5 which is referenced in the

Complaint. Any additional facts are either undisputed or subject to judicial notice.

A. The Parties
Nominal Defendant Massey Energy Company (“Massey” or the “Company”)

was a Delaware corporation that maintained its corporate headquarters in Richmond,

Virginia. On June 1, 2011, Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. (“Alpha”) acquired

Massey in a merger transaction pursuant to which Massey became a wholly-owned

subsidiary of Alpha (the “Merger”). Massey is now known as Alpha Appalachia

Holdings, Inc.

Before the Merger, Massey was the largest producer of Central Appalachian

coal, and the fourth largest producer of bituminous coal in the United States. Massey

subsidiary Performance Coal Company owned the Upper Big Branch (“UBB”)

mine.

Plaintiffs consist of two pension funds and two individuals who allege they

were stockholders of Massey at all times relevant to this action. Defendants consist

5
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479.

5
of fourteen individuals who served at various times as directors or officers of Massey

before the Merger.

Defendant Don L. Blankenship was a Massey director from 1996 through

December 31, 2010, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board from

November 30, 2000 through December 31, 2010, and President from November

2000 until November 2008.

Defendant Christopher Adkins was Senior Vice President and Chief

Operating Officer of Massey starting July 2003. Throughout the relevant timeframe,

Adkins was responsible for all underground mining operations at Massey, including

those at UBB.

Defendant Mark A. Clemens was Massey’s Senior Vice President, Group

Operations from July 2007 until the Merger.

Defendant Jeffrey M. Jarosinski was Massey’s Chief Compliance Officer

since December 9, 2002 and Vice President, Finance since November 30, 2000.

Jarosinski was also Chief Financial Officer between November 30, 2000 and

December 9, 2002.

Defendant Baxter F. Phillips, Jr. was a Massey director from May 2007 and

was President from November 2008 until the Merger. Phillips succeeded

Blankenship as Chief Executive Officer on January 1, 2011.

6
 Defendant Bobby R. Inman served as a Massey director from 1985 until the

Merger. Inman was appointed as the Company’s lead independent director and

assumed the Chairman role when Blankenship left the Company.

Defendants James B. Crawford, Robert H. Foglesong, Richard M. Gabrys, E.

Dan R. Moore, Stanley C. Suboleski, and Lady Barbara Thomas Judge, each served

as non-management directors of Massey since at least 2008, and were on the board

at the time of the UBB disaster and when the board approved the Merger.

Defendant E. Gordon Gee was a member of the board from November 30,

2000 until July 1, 2009, during which period he served as a member of the Safety

Committee. Defendant Linda J. Welty was appointed a director of Massey on

August 16, 2010.

B. Massey’s Institutional Hostility Toward Miner Safety
Between November 2000 and December 2010, Don Blankenship ran Massey

as the Company’s CEO and Chairman of the Board. “Although Massey, like most

other public companies, had a majority of independent directors, Blankenship was,

by any measure, a high profile and dominant CEO” with an “‘autocratic’

management style.”6

6
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *5.

7
 Blankenship believed that “when it came to a miner’s safety, Blankenship

knew best,”7 and had a combative relationship with the Mining Safety and Health

Administration (“MSHA”), a division of the United States Department of Labor and

the key agency responsible for ensuring mine safety and regulatory compliance. In

a 2005 internal memorandum, for example, Blankenship instructed Massey’s Deep

Mine Superintendents to “ignore” certain safety measures in favor of maximizing

coal production:

If any of you have been asked by your group presidents, your
supervisors, engineers or anyone else to do anything other than run coal
(i.e.—build overcasts, do construction jobs, or whatever), you need to
ignore them and run coal. This memo is necessary only because we
seem not to understand that the coal pays the bills.8

Although Blankenship later issued a clarification, “at the very least it was rational

for Massey managers and employees to perceive that if you wished to stay or get

ahead at Massey under Blankenship, then the priority of profits over safety was one

not to be questioned.”9

Massey as a company manifested Blankenship’s hostility toward regulatory

compliance and safety in numerous ways. Massey had a practice of sounding an

alarm to notify mine employees of approaching MSHA inspectors up to forty-five

7
Id.
8
Id. at *6; Compl. ¶ 48.
9
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *6.

8
minutes ahead of time so that workers could “spruce things up.”10 There was a

practice of manipulating gas monitor reports by taking multiple monitors into a mine

and reporting only the lowest reading. The Company took steps to minimize the

number of reported job-related injuries by encouraging miners not to fill out the

required paperwork. Those who complained of these practices allegedly were

terminated. The MSHA concluded that Massey even maintained two separate sets

of production and maintenance books, recording safety violations in the UBB mine

in one internal set of books while providing another set to the MSHA during required

inspections that concealed those violations.

An electrician at the UBB mine recalled in a New York Times interview that

“[i]t was all about production. If you worked for them, you didn’t ask questions

about whether some step like running a cable around the breaker was a smart idea.

You just did it.”11 A veteran foreman claimed that “I have had guys come to me and

cry. Grown men cried—because they are scared.”12

Massey’s record reflected its cavalier attitude toward worker safety. In 2006,

two miners died in a conveyer belt fire at Massey’s Aracoma Coal Co. mine after

ventilation controls were removed. In 2007, a jury awarded a former Massey safety

10
Compl. ¶ 51-52.
11
Compl. ¶ 49.
12
Compl. ¶ 49.

9
inspector $2 million in punitive damages, back pay, and emotional and reputational

damages, after Massey fired him in retaliation for reporting to the MSHA

unaddressed safety violations at a Massey mine.

In 2008, following a joint MSHA and FBI investigation, “Massey pled guilty

to criminal charges including one felony count for willful violation of mandatory

safety standards resulting in death, eight counts for willful violation of mandatory

safety standards, and one count for making a false statement.”13 Massey agreed to

pay approximately $4.5 million in criminal fines and civil penalties, then the largest

financial settlement in the history of the coal industry. Reports surfaced after the

plea that Blankenship was informed about the unsafe conditions that led to the

Aracoma fire as few as six days before the tragedy, but did nothing.

Also in 2008, Massey settled a derivative action accusing Blankenship and

the rest of the board of disregarding federal and state safety and environmental laws.

As part of the settlement, the Massey board formed a new committee, the Safety and

Environmental Committee, that was required to give quarterly safety reports to the

Board on Massey’s compliance with mine safety laws.

In 2009, the MSHA assessed 10,653 citations against Massey, an all-time

high. The number of MSHA citations against Massey for safety violations had

increased every year between 2005 and 2009. Even before the UBB tragedy, Massey

13
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *6.

10
had more coal mine fatalities than any other US coal operator from 2000 through the

end of 2007, and the most recorded safety violations out of any United States mining

company between 2000 and 2009, despite it being only the sixth largest coal

producer in the United States.

In 2009, four Massey mines had injury rates more than twice the national rate.

Remarkably, UBB was not among them, despite receiving 515 citations and orders

in 2009 totaling $897,325 in penalties, and another 124 citations in 2010 just prior

to the disaster. Over 39% of the 2009 citations issued at UBB were for “significant

and substantial” violations.14

According to a MSHA report on the UBB tragedy, the “MSHA issued more

orders under Section 104(d) of the Act (‘unwarrantable failure’ violations, which

indicate higher negligence and gravity than some other types of citations) at UBB

than at any other coal mine in the country in fiscal year 2009.”15 Also in 2009, the

MSHA issued 48 “withdrawal orders” suspending mining activity at the UBB mine

on the basis of “‘repeated significant and substantial violations that the mine

operator either knew, or should have known constituted a hazard,’ ‘nearly 19 times

14
The MSHA defines “significant and substantial” as infractions where an “inspector has
indicated that based upon the particular facts surrounding the violation there exists a
reasonable likelihood the hazard contributed to will result in an injury or illness of a
reasonably serious nature.” Compl. ¶ 66 n.2.
15
Compl. ¶ 102.

11
the national rate’ for that category of violation.”16 In March 2010, the UBB mine

received 53 MSHA citations, including ten for ventilation problems, two for failure

to maintain adequate drill dust control and respirable dust standards, and seven

related to the accumulation of combustible materials.

In the months after the inauguration of President Obama in January 2009,

when prominent union players with ties to a 1984 union showdown at Massey

assumed important positions at the MSHA, Blankenship’s attitude towards

regulators deteriorated further. At a 2009 Labor Day function in Washington, D.C.,

for example, Blankenship told a crowd: “I also know Washington and state

politicians have no idea how to improve miner safety. The very idea that they care

more about coal miner safety than we do is as silly as global warming.”17

C. The UBB Disaster
On April 5, 2010, an explosion at the UBB mine killed 29 miners. It was the

deadliest mining disaster in the United States in 40 years. The tragedy prompted

investigations by the State of West Virginia, the United Mine Workers of America,

and the MSHA, which culminated in the McAteer Report in May 2011, the UMWA

Report in October 2011, and the MSHA Report in December 2011.

16
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *8 (emphasis in original).
17
Id.

12
 The McAteer Report, commissioned by former West Virginia Governor Joe

Manchin in the days following the blast, attributes the explosion to “the ignition of

a small amount of methane gas” that was then “fueled by coal dust that had been

allowed to build up for miles through the mine.”18 The report found that this “minor”

methane ignition would not have culminated in tragedy had mine operators complied

with basic safety requirements:

Small methane ignitions do not have to turn into major explosions if
mine operators adhere to basic safety measures, such as maintaining
adequate ventilation systems, removing explosive coal dust from
mining operations, spreading required amounts of rock dust and
ensuring that water sprays on mining equipment are kept in good repair
and function properly. Because these basic safety systems failed at
UBB, a minor flare-up of methane led to the nation’s worst coal mining
disaster in 40 years.19

The McAteer Report described in painstaking detail Massey’s numerous and blatant

failures to properly implement legally mandated safety precautions, and how those

failures led directly to the deaths of 29 miners. The Report squarely laid the blame

for the tragedy on Massey’s management:

Ultimately, the responsibility for the explosion at the Upper Big Branch
mine lies with the management of Massey Energy. The company broke
faith with its workers by frequently and knowingly violating the law
and blatantly disregarding known safety practices while creating a
public perception that its operations exceeded industry safety standards.

18
Compl. ¶ 165.
19
Compl. ¶ 165.

13
 The story of Upper Big Branch is a cautionary tale of hubris. A
company that was a towering presence in the Appalachian coalfields
operated its mines in a profoundly reckless manner, and 29 coal miners
paid with their lives for the corporate risk-taking. The April 5, 2010,
explosion was not something that happened out of the blue, an event
that could not have been anticipated or prevented. It was, to the
contrary, a completely predictable result for a company that ignored
basic safety standards and put too much faith in its own mythology. 20

This conclusion—that Massey knowingly flouted the law and caused the UBB

disaster by ignoring safety requirements and actively subverting regulatory

enforcement—was shared by both the MSHA and the UMWA Reports.21

In the weeks following the explosion, Massey stockholders filed derivative

suits in West Virginia and Delaware asserting claims for breach of fiduciary duties

against Massey directors and officers for disregarding mine safety regulations and

failing to address poor safety conditions. In response, on August 16, 2010, the

Massey board created an “Advisory Committee” of two newly appointed

independent directors, Linda J. Welty and Robert B. Holland III, who were charged

with making recommendations on whether Massey should pursue the derivative

claims, and whether Massey should change any “management, operations, practice

and/or policies.”22

20
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *9.
21
See Compl. ¶¶ 132-36.
22
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *11.

14
 D. The Alpha Merger
On April 26, 2010, less than one month after the UBB disaster, Michael

Quillen, Alpha’s board Chairman approached Blankenship about a potential

business combination with Massey. Alpha was America’s third largest coal

producer and had shown an interest in acquiring Massey in the past. By the time

Quillen reached out, Massey’s stock price had dropped from $53.05 on the last full

day of trading before the UBB disaster, to $43.61. Blankenship responded that he

did not support a deal with Alpha due to the depressed value of Massey’s stock, but

agreed to inform the board of Alpha’s interest. As then-Vice Chancellor Strine

commented in the May 2011 Opinion, “[o]ne senses from the record that

Blankenship had no desire to do a deal with Alpha or anyone else that resulted in

him not being CEO of the resulting entity.”23

On May 3, 2010, the Massey board decided that a business combination with

Alpha at that time would not be in stockholders’ best interest. Despite the setback,

on August 11, Alpha sent Massey a non-binding proposal to buy all of Massey’s

outstanding stock in an all-stock transaction that valued Massey at $37.19 per share,

a 20% premium over Massey’s then-market price of $30.99. The Massey board

concluded that the offer was inadequate and rejected it later that month.

23
Id. at *10.

15
 By the fall of 2010, while Blankenship “was espousing the bullish view that

Massey had an extrinsic value of at least $90-100 a share,” that “selling right after

the Disaster was imprudent,” and that he “should lead any consideration of an

alternative.” 24 During this period, lead independent director Bobby Inman and other

outside directors increasingly became of the view that it was time for Blankenship

to step down, and that remaining independent may not be the best course.

On September 13, 2010, Alpha made another non-binding all-stock offer to

purchase Massey, this time for $41.07 per share, a 26% premium over the then-

market price of $32.49. On September 28, the two parties met to discuss the

proposed combination. At the meeting, Inman clarified to Alpha that the Massey

board was open to strategic alternatives, regardless of Blankenship’s statements to

the contrary. On September 30, Inman further urged Alpha to continue discussions

regarding a potential transaction and emphasized that the decision on whether to

pursue a deal was for the board and not Blankenship to make.

On October 12, 2010, the independent directors unanimously resolved to

establish a strategic alternatives review committee to consider strategic opportunities

and to make recommendations to the board about potential transactions. The

committee consisted of independent directors Inman and Richard Gabrys, along with

Baxter Phillips, a director and Massey’s President. Pointedly, Blankenship was

24
Id. at *11.

16
excluded from the committee but his subordinate (Phillips) was included. The

committee retained Perella Weinberg Partners LP as its financial advisor. On

October 19, the Wall Street Journal published an article about Massey’s openness to

considering strategic alternatives.

During this period, Blankenship’s support among the directors deteriorated.

Not only did Blankenship oppose the board’s decision to explore a possible sale of

the Company, Blankenship’s hostility toward regulation had not dimmed in the face

of the intense media and government scrutiny that Massey attracted in the wake of

the disaster, and he continued to stir controversy with openly-defiant public

statements.

In November 2010, after Blankenship denounced the MSHA at a Massey

press conference, the board had Inman convey to Blankenship the independent

directors’ “unanimous view” that he must “stop his public assaults on [the]

MSHA.”25 On the evening of November 20, the Advisory Committee on the UBB-

related derivative actions delivered a progress report to the other independent

directors, stating that Massey’s safety protocols remained suboptimal and that “a

change in top leadership was required to build the Company’s reputation, regain the

25
Id. at *12.

17
confidence of shareholders, regulators and public officials, and be in a position to

enhance the Company’s safety and compliance performance.”26

On November 21, at Massey’s quarterly board meeting, Blankenship agreed

to retire after a confrontation with Inman:

At the quarterly Board meeting on November 21, Blankenship
presented his 5-year strategic stand-alone plan for Massey.
Blankenship also expressed his continued dissatisfaction with what he
perceived were ‘constraints’ on his ability to ‘run the company as he
wanted’ and to continue his public fight with the MSHA.
Blankenship’s long-time supporter, Inman, told Blankenship he should
consider retiring if he was not comfortable with the situation.
Blankenship acceded, and the Board instructed counsel to draft a
severance agreement, which when finalized, ultimately permitted
Blankenship to receive roughly $12 million in severance.27

Later that evening, Perella Weinberg briefed the strategic alternatives

committee on the various strategic options, including Massey’s standalone plan. The

board issued a press release the next day announcing that it was engaging in a

“formal review of strategic alternatives,” though “there can be no assurance” that a

transaction would result.28 The committee solicited bids from Alpha, ArcelorMittal,

S.A., Arch Coal, Inc., and WuSan International Steel, all of whom were strategic

acquirors who had expressed past interest in acquiring Massey. Alpha and Arch

ultimately submitted bids.

26
Compl. ¶ 197.
27
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *13.
28
Id.

18
 On December 3, 2010, Massey announced Blankenship’s retirement, effective

December 31. The board appointed Phillips to replace Blankenship as CEO, and

Inman to succeed him as Chairman.

On December 10, Arch and Alpha each submitted initial bids that impliedly

valued Massey’s stock at $70.89 and $60.51 respectively. On January 3, 2011,

Alpha and Arch commenced due diligence.

On January 14, Perella Weinberg informed the board that as of January 12,

the competing bids represented purchase prices of $74.70 for Alpha and $74.99 for

Arch. Perella Weinberg “determined that the synergies that could be achieved

through a combination with Alpha exceeded those that were possible or likely with

Arch.”29 Perella Weinberg also advised the board, which was considering whether

Massey’s standalone prospects were superior to the third-party offers, that both bids

“materially exceeded” the $68 “upper reach of what [Massey] could achieve” on its

own.30 The board also considered the fact that Massey rarely reached its own

projections and that the UBB disaster had damaged Massey’s reputation for

competence and integrity. The board ultimately concluded that a sale would deliver

more value to stockholders and instructed Perella Weinberg to ask Arch and Alpha

to submit their final bids by January 24, 2011.

29
Id.
30
Id.

19
 On January 24, Arch submitted a reduced final offer valued at $55.50 per

Massey share. “Despite that loss in leverage, the Board was able to negotiate a

further increase in Alpha’s already higher bid:”

Thus, Alpha’s final bid was 1.025 Alpha shares plus $10.00 in cash for
each Massey share. This bid represented $69.33 per share based on
Alpha’s January 26, 2011 closing stock price, a 25% premium to
Massey’s closing stock price on the same day of $55.26, a 95%
premium to Massey’s last closing price before the October 19, 2010
Wall Street Journal article reporting that Massey was exploring
strategic transactions, and a 27% premium to Massey’s stock price
immediately preceding the explosion at the Upper Big Branch mine.31

On January 27, 2011, the board unanimously approved the Merger with

Alpha, which closed on June 1, 2011.

E. Criminal Liability for the UBB Disaster

On December 6, 2011, Alpha entered into a non-prosecution agreement with

the Department of Justice relating to its criminal investigation of the UBB disaster.

The agreement required Alpha to (1) invest at least $80 million in remedial efforts

to improve health and safety at legacy Massey operations; (2) pay $48 million into

a trust to fund research and development projects to improve miner health and safety;

(3) not contest and to resolve certain MSHA proceedings, including all proceedings

related to the regulatory violations and explosion at UBB; (4) pay $46.5 million in

restitution to the families of the 29 miners who were killed and two miners who were

31
Id. at *14.

20
injured in the UBB disaster; and (5) fully cooperate with the criminal investigation.

Alpha also settled a class action lawsuit against Massey for securities fraud for $265

million.

Since the UBB disaster, multiple Massey employees have pled guilty or been

convicted of criminal charges for their roles in the UBB tragedy. On December 3,

2015, a federal jury convicted Blankenship of conspiracy to violate federal mine

safety and health standards, but acquitted him of other charges.

F. Procedural Posture

This suit was filed as a derivative action in April 2010, and consolidated with

several other derivative actions on October 21, 2010. After the proposed merger

with Alpha was announced, plaintiffs amended their complaint and moved to enjoin

the proposed transaction because the Massey board had not negotiated to have the

pending derivative claim transferred into a litigation trust for the exclusive benefit

of Massey stockholders. The Court denied this motion in the May 2011 Opinion.

The Merger closed the next day, on June 1, 2011.

After the Merger, this action was stayed for approximately three years at the

request of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of West Virginia,

which was conducting the Department of Justice’s criminal investigation. The U.S.

Attorney’s office later agreed that the parties could proceed with motions to dismiss.

21
 On October 17, 2014, plaintiffs filed their Verified Stockholder Fourth

Amended Class Action and Derivative Complaint. Defendants moved to dismiss.

On August 3, 2015, Alpha filed for bankruptcy and this action was

automatically stayed. In July 2016, Alpha’s reorganization plan was confirmed by

the Bankruptcy Court and became effective, dissolving the automatic stay.

II. ANALYSIS
The standards governing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim for

relief are well settled:

(i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even
vague allegations are “well-pleaded” if they give the opposing party
notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of the non-moving party; and (iv) dismissal is
inappropriate unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover
under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible
of proof.32

The Court is not required to accept mere conclusory allegations as true or make

inferences unsupported by well-pleaded factual allegations,33 and it “is not required

to accept every strained interpretation of the allegations proposed by the plaintiff.”34

32
Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (internal quotations
omitted).
33
In re Lukens Inc. S’holders Litig., 757 A.2d 720, 727 (Del. Ch. 1999) (“trial court need
not blindly accept as true all allegations, nor must it draw all inferences from them in
plaintiffs’ favor unless they are reasonable inferences”), aff’d sub nom. Walker v. Lukens,
Inc., 757 A.2d 1278 (Del. 2000) (TABLE).
34
In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S'holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del. 2006) (quoting
Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1083 (Del. 2001)).

22
 A. Plaintiffs’ Claims

The Complaint asserts two claims for breach of fiduciary duty against fourteen

individual defendants, each of whom served at various times as a director or officer

of Massey. Count I is asserted as a direct claim and Count II is asserted, in the

alternative, as a derivative claim. The allegations underlying both claims are the

same. The Complaint summarizes Count I, the direct claim, as follows:

235. The Individual Defendants consciously breached their
fiduciary duties by causing Massey to employ a deliberate and
systematic business plan of willfully disregarding both internal and
external safety regulations. The Individual Defendants authorized and
implemented Massey policies and practices of endorsing patently
unsafe work conditions. Massey’s abysmal record for citations, fines
and the like was the result of these policies.

236. The Individual Defendants also endorsed Blankenship’s
overt and publicly known hostility toward all regulatory bodies and
organizations devoted to safety in Massey’s mines prior to the UBB
disaster.

237. Several regulatory investigations of Massey’s operations
have concluded that management’s willful disregard for compliance
with safety regulations led to the UBB disaster.

238. Even in the wake of the UBB disaster, the Individual
Defendants continued to support Blankenship’s leadership, including
his strong criticism of regulators. They knew that Massey was coming
under heavier scrutiny and criticism than ever before for its abysmal
safety practices, yet they refused to change Massey leadership or
practices at Company mines.

239. The Individual Defendants soon came to realize that their
long-followed system of attacking regulators and operating their mines
without regard to compliance with safety regulations would not work
in the post-UBB atmosphere. Regulators were coming down harder
23
 than ever before on Massey’s operations while Blankenship was
increasing the vitriol in his attack on regulatory bodies and other
protecting miners [sic]. The Individual Defendants realized that Massey
simply could not operate as a stand-alone company anymore, and that
an immediate sale of Massey was the Company’s only option.

240. As a direct and proximate result of the Individual
Defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duty, Massey entered into the merger
agreement with Alpha at an inadequate, fire sale price for Massey
shares.35

The Complaint uses identical language to describe Count II, the derivative claim.36

I address plaintiffs’ claims below, in reverse order.

B. Plaintiffs Lack Standing to Assert the Derivative Claim

Count II of the Complaint clearly would state a viable claim for relief that

could be pursued in this action if the Merger had not happened. Although a

Caremark claim is “possibly the most difficult theory in corporation law upon which

a plaintiff might hope to win a judgment,”37 the Complaint alleges in excruciating

detail a web of specific facts from which it would be reasonable to infer at the

pleading stage that Massey fiduciaries knowingly failed to discharge their duty to

ensure that Massey complied with its legal obligations when it came to mine safety.38

35
Compl. ¶¶ 235-40 (Count I).
36
See Compl. ¶¶ 245-50. Although there are a few word differences between paragraphs
235-40 (Count I) and paragraphs 245-50 (Count II), they are entirely non-substantive.
37
In re Caremark Int'l Inc. Derivative Litig., 698 A.2d 959, 967 (Del. Ch. 1996).
38
In expressing this view, it is unnecessary for me to draw any distinctions between the
various individual defendants. The viability of the Caremark claim undoubtedly may vary

24
Then-Vice Chancellor Strine reached that conclusion based on an earlier pleading in

the May 2011 Opinion, where he noted that “there seems little doubt that a faithful

application of the plaintiff-friendly pleading standard would preclude a dismissal of

[plaintiffs’] claims at the pleading stage.”39

Count II nevertheless must be dismissed because plaintiffs lost standing to

pursue the claim by virtue of the Merger. Since our Supreme Court’s decision in

Lewis v. Anderson, it has been a matter of well-settled Delaware law for over three

decades that stockholders of Delaware corporations must hold shares not only at the

time of the alleged wrong, but continuously thereafter throughout the litigation in

order to have standing to maintain derivative claims, and will lose standing when

their status as stockholders of the company is terminated as a result of a merger,

except in one of two specific circumstances:

(i) if the merger itself is the subject of a claim of fraud, being
perpetrated merely to deprive shareholders of the standing to bring a
derivative action; or (ii) if the merger is in reality merely a

depending on individual circumstances. For example, the claim would appear to be
tenuous as to director Welty, who joined the Massey board in August 2010 after the UBB
disaster and was appointed to the board’s Advisory Committee to investigate and make
recommendations concerning the derivative claims. It is not necessary for me to parse the
record individual by individual, however, given that Count II will be dismissed in its
entirety.
39
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *20; see also id. at *21 (“But for purposes of this motion,
candor requires acknowledging that the plaintiffs likely have pled Derivative Claims that
would survive a motion to dismiss, even under the heightened pleading standard applicable
under Rule 23.1.”).

25
 reorganization which does not affect plaintiff’s ownership in the
business enterprise.40

The continuous ownership rule has been repeatedly reaffirmed by our Supreme

Court, including as recently as a few months ago.41 The rationale for the rule is that

“a derivative claim is a property right owned by the nominal corporate defendant”

that then “flows to the acquiring corporation by operation of a merger.”42

Here, the Complaint does not plead facts from which it would be reasonable

to infer that either of the exceptions to the continuous ownership rule applies.

Indeed, plaintiffs did not argue in their opposition brief that either exception applies

(thus waiving the claim)43 and, to their credit, plaintiffs expressly acknowledged they

were not contending that the derivative claim survived the Merger.44

Plaintiffs’ concession is hardly surprising. The Merger plainly was not a mere

reorganization, and then-Vice Chancellor Strine expressly held, based on an

40
Lewis v. Ward, 852 A.2d 896, 902 (Del. 2004) (clarifying the exceptions originally
identified in Lewis v. Anderson).
41
See El Paso Pipeline GP Co., L.L.C. v. Brinckerhoff, 152 A.3d 1248, 1260 (Del. 2016);
see also Kahn v. Kolberg Kravis Roberts & Co., L.P., 23 A.3d 831, 836 (Del. 2011)
(“Under Delaware law, standing to maintain a derivative suit requires stockholder
ownership of the shares throughout the pendency of the case.”); Lambrecht v. O’Neal, 3
A.3d 277, 284 (Del. 2010) (describing continuous ownership rule).
42
Feldman v. Cutaia, 956 A.2d 644, 654 (Del. Ch. 2007), aff'd, 951 A.2d 727 (Del. 2008).
43
Emerald Partners v. Berlin, 726 A.2d 1215, 1224 (Del. 1999) (“Issues not briefed are
deemed waived.”).
44
Tr. 44 (Feb. 8, 2017) (“I am not arguing that the derivative claim survives the merger”).

26
extensive preliminary injunction record, that “the record in this case does not support

the notion that the Massey Board’s pre-Merger conduct necessitated the Merger with

Alpha,” and actually supported the opposite inference:

Indeed, the record supports the inference that the Massey Board
considered its stand-alone plan as being a viable option, but on the basis
of the company’s tarnished reputation and history of missing
management projections, determined that pursuing the profitable stand-
alone plan was not the best choice available.45

For these reasons, Count II will be dismissed with prejudice as to the plaintiffs

in this action. For the avoidance of any doubt, the dismissal is without prejudice to

the ability of Alpha, to which the derivative claim transferred as a property right by

virtue of the Merger, to pursue the claim itself.

C. Plaintiffs Fails to State a Direct Claim for Inseparable Fraud

Plaintiffs contend that Count I asserts a direct claim of “inseparable fraud”

that our Supreme Court endorsed in Arkansas Teacher Retirement System v. Caiafa

(“Countrywide I”) in 2010,46 and clarified three years later in Arkansas Teacher

Retirement System v. Countrywide Financial Corp. (“Countrywide II”).47 In

response, defendants advance two primary arguments in favor of dismissal of Count

I: (1) that the Massey stockholders’ approval of the Merger compels dismissal of

45
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *30 n.199.
46
996 A.2d 321 (Del. 2010).
47
75 A.3d 888. (Del. 2013).

27
the claim under Corwin v. KKR Financial Holdings and its progeny,48 and (2) that

the Complaint fails to state a direct claim for inseparable fraud.49

For the reasons explained below, the second argument is dispositive in my

opinion. To put the issue in context, I begin by reviewing the theory of “inseparable

fraud” as articulated in the Countrywide decisions.

1. Delaware Law on “Inseparable Fraud”

In Countrywide I, plaintiff Arkansas Teacher Retirement Systems (“TRS”), a

former stockholder of Countrywide Financial Corp., appealed the Court of

Chancery’s approval of a settlement of stockholder litigation relating to

Countrywide’s merger with Bank of America Corp. Previously, TRS and several

other stockholders had asserted derivative claims against Countrywide’s directors in

federal court in California arising out of the demise of Countrywide before its merger

with Bank of America. Those derivative claims were described to the Court of

Chancery as—

—breaches of fiduciary duty by certain Countrywide board members
by, their, among other things, (i) abandoning prudent lending practices
by focusing the business more heavily on risky (and potentially more
lucrative) loans such as pay-option adjustable rate mortgages and home
equity lines of credit; (ii) engaging in illegal insider sales by enacting a
stock repurchase program at the same time that the individual directors

48
125 A.3d 304 (Del. 2015).
49
Various defendants make other arguments for dismissal of the claims asserted against
them. It is not necessary to address those arguments to resolve the pending motions.

28
 were selling their own shares; and (iii) manipulating the corporate
machinery for their own benefit.50

The district court dismissed these claims because the stockholder plaintiffs failed to

satisfy the continuous ownership requirement to maintain standing to assert

derivative claims on behalf of Countrywide as a result of the Countrywide/Bank of

America merger.51

Later, when Countrywide and Bank of America sought the Court of

Chancery’s approval of a settlement of litigation relating to their merger, the

stockholder plaintiffs from the California federal action objected to the settlement.

They argued that the value of their derivative claims, which had been dismissed by

this time, “should have been preserved by carving the asset out of the merger

transaction and establishing a litigation trust for the benefit of the Countrywide

shareholders.”52 The Vice Chancellor overruled the objection, concluding that

“surrendering functionally worthless claims in the context of the settlement would

be fair, reasonable, and, applying the Court’s own business judgment, acceptable.”53

On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the Vice Chancellor did not abuse his

discretion in finding that TRS’s derivative claims were worthless and affirmed his

50
In re Countrywide Corp. Shareholders Litig., 2009 WL 846019, at *8 (Del. Ch. Mar. 31,
2009).
51
Id. at *4.
52
Id. at *4, 8.
53
Id. at *9.

29
approval of the settlement. After noting, however, that the facts TRS had alleged

“reflect conduct wholly inappropriate for Delaware corporate directors,” the

Supreme Court went on to comment in dictum that “Delaware law recognizes a

single, inseparable fraud when directors cover massive wrongdoing with an

otherwise permissible merger.”54 In explaining the nature of such a claim, the

Supreme Court emphasized (1) the fraudulent character of the alleged pre-merger

misconduct and (2) how that misconduct “necessitated” the merger:

Although we agree that the Countrywide directors and stockholders ran
from the crest of a ruinous wave of losses, we cannot ignore the close
connection between that wave’s crest and its underlying trough. No
one disputes that Countrywide needed to sell itself, and at a price
significantly below its recent share price. An otherwise pristine merger
cannot absolve fiduciaries from accountability for fraudulent conduct
that necessitated the merger. TRS has pleaded facts supporting a
colorable claim of fraud that, if proved would have made the
company’s dissolution or auction a fait accompli.

*****

If the Vice Chancellor had found that TRS had successfully pleaded its
fraud claim, then TRS—rather than Countrywide—could recover from
the former Countrywide directors. In that case, the injured parties
would be the shareholders who would have post-merger standing to
recover damages instead of the corporation. We, therefore, must hold
that the Vice Chancellor did not abuse his discretion in approving the
settlement, despite facts in the complaint suggesting that the
Countrywide directors’ premerger agreement fraud severely depressed
the company’s value at the time of BOA’s acquisition, and arguably
necessitated a fire sale merger. 55

54
Countrywide I, 996 A.2d at 322-23.
55
Id. at 323-24 (emphasis added).

30
 In support of the proposition that Delaware law recognizes a claim for

“inseparable fraud,” the Supreme Court in Countrywide I cited a single case—the

Court of Chancery’s 1964 decision in Braasch v. Goldschmidt.56 In that case, it was

alleged that a controlling stockholder had “coerced the public stockholders into

selling their shares pursuant to the offer to buy upon false, deceptive, and misleading

statements made in the public press and in official documents,” and then completed

a short-form merger as “part of a conspiracy to loot” the company “of its assets and

properties at the expense of the minority stockholders.”57 In other words, as the

Court of Chancery further explained, the complaint charged “in effect if not

expressly, that the merger was the final step of a conspiracy to accomplish an

unlawful end by unlawful means” to benefit the controller to the detriment of the

minority stockholders.58

After Countrywide I was decided, the stockholder plaintiffs in the California

action moved for reconsideration of the dismissal of their derivative claims based on

the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision. The district court denied the motion. The

plaintiffs then appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit,

where the parties vigorously disputed the meaning of Countrywide I. Plaintiffs

56
199 A.2d 760 (Del. Ch. 1964).
57
Id. at 763, 767 (internal quotations omitted).
58
Id. at 764.

31
argued that the inseparable fraud theory constitutes a third exception to the

continuous ownership rule while defendants argued that Countrywide I did not

change the law:

The plaintiffs argue that, because they allege “a single, inseparable
fraud” by which the Countrywide “directors cover[ed] massive
wrongdoing with an otherwise permissible merger,” they maintain
post-merger derivative standing under the fraud exception to the
continuous ownership rule, as interpreted by [Countrywide I].

The defendant asserts that [Countrywide I] merely reaffirmed the
traditional scope of the fraud exception, as articulated in Lewis v.
Anderson, and its progeny. The defendants argue that the fraud
exception to the continuous ownership requirement applies only where
the plaintiffs allege that the merger was executed “merely” to destroy
derivative standing and lacked any legitimate business purpose.59

Against this backdrop, the Court of Appeals certified the following question to the

Delaware Supreme Court:

Whether, under the “fraud exception” to Delaware’s continuous
ownership rule, shareholder plaintiffs may maintain a derivative suit
after a merger that divests them of their ownership interest in the
corporation on whose behalf they sue by alleging that the merger at
issue was necessitated by, and is inseparable from, the alleged fraud
that is the subject of their derivative claims.60

In Countrywide II, the Delaware Supreme Court answered that question “in

the negative” and reaffirmed the continuous ownership rule and the two exceptions

59
Countrywide II, 75 A.3d at 891 (internal citations omitted).
60
Id. at 890.

32
recognized in Lewis v. Anderson.61 In doing so, the Supreme Court held

unequivocally that its “dictum about ‘inseparable fraud’” in Countrywide I “referred

to direct, not derivative claims,”62 and explained how this conclusion was supported

by the Braasch decision, as follows:

Braasch v. Goldschmidt was cited in both Lewis v. Anderson and
[Countrywide I]. It supports the conclusion that where pre-merger
fraudulent conduct makes a merger inevitable, that conduct gives rise
to a direct claim that can survive the merger, but not a derivative claim.
In [Countrywide I], this Court was careful to cite that portion of
Braasch which discusses the survival of direct claims, when addressing
the direct claims that the plaintiffs here could have brought (but did
not), and separately to that portion of Braasch that discusses loss of
derivative standing when addressing the plaintiffs’ derivative claims.

Thus, Countrywide II holds that a claim for inseparable fraud does not

constitute a third exception to the continuous ownership rule for derivative standing,

but that such a claim must itself be a direct claim. The Court further explained that

its “‘inseparable fraud’ dictum is consistent with the framework for distinguishing

between direct and derivative claims adopted in Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin &

Jenrette:”63

In Tooley, this Court held that whether a claim is direct or derivative
turns “solely on the following questions: who suffered the alleged
harm—the corporation or the suing stockholder individually—and who
would receive the benefit of the recovery or other remedy?” In
[Countrywide I], this Court stated that any injury flowing from the

61
Id.
62
Id. at 896 (emphasis added).
63
Id.

33
 “inseparable fraud” would be suffered by the shareholders rather than
the corporation and any recovery would go to the shareholders rather
than the corporation: “If the Vice Chancellor had found that the
plaintiffs had successfully pleaded their fraud claim then plaintiffs—
rather than Countrywide—could recover from the former Countrywide
directors. In that case, the injured parties would be the shareholders
who would have post-merger standing to recover damages instead of
the corporation.” Accordingly, this Court's unambiguous language in
[Countrywide I] demonstrates that any “inseparable fraud” claim would
be direct.64

In sum, as I read the Countrywide decisions, in order to state a claim of

inseparable fraud, a plaintiff must plead facts from which it would be reasonably

conceivable that (1) a defendant engaged in serious misconduct before a merger that

constitutes a direct claim65 and (2) the merger must have been “necessitated” or made

“inevitable” by that misconduct. The first issue turns on the application of the Tooley

test. The second issue is one of causation.

Thus, the threshold question here is whether the pre-Merger conduct

challenged in the Complaint forms the basis of a direct or derivative claim. I turn to

that next.

64
Id. at 896-97 (alterations in original omitted).
65
As explained above, the Supreme Court in Countrywide I repeatedly emphasized the
“fraudulent” nature of the conduct at issue in that case when articulating the “inseparable
fraud” theory. It is not clear to me whether it intended to limit the application of the theory
to a claim that literally would satisfy the elements of a fraud claim, or intended that it would
apply to any form of serious misconduct—such as an egregious breach of fiduciary duty—
that necessitates a merger. It is not necessary for me to decide that issue here because,
either way, plaintiffs’ allegations concerning the defendants’ pre-merger conduct fail to
support a direct claim for relief.

34
 2. Defendants’ Claim Challenging the Defendants’ Pre-Merger
Conduct is Derivative

In Tooley, the Delaware Supreme Court held that whether a stockholder’s

claim is derivative or direct “must turn solely on the following questions: (1) who

suffered the alleged harm (the corporation or the suing stockholders, individually);

and (2) who would receive the benefit of any recovery or other remedy (the

corporation or the stockholders, individually).”66 Elaborating on its holding that “a

court should look to the nature of the wrong and to whom the relief should go,” the

Supreme Court further explained that the stockholder’s “claimed direct injury must

be independent of any alleged injury to the corporation,” and that the stockholder

“must demonstrate that the duty breached was owed to the stockholder and that he

or she can prevail without showing an injury to the corporation.”67

Although Count I is pled as a direct claim, a “claim is not ‘direct’ simply

because it is pled that way, and mentioning a merger does not talismanically create

direct action. Instead, the court must look to all the facts of the complaint and

determine for itself whether a direct claim exists.”68

66
845 A.2d at 1033.
67
Id. at 1039.
68
Dieterich v. Harrer, 857 A.2d 1017, 1027 (Del. Ch. 2004).

35
 Here, the gravamen of plaintiffs’ allegations is that the defendants breached

their fiduciary duties by employing “a deliberate and systematic business plan of

willfully disregarding both internal and external safety regulations” for several years

before the Merger69 According to the Complaint, defendants’ misconduct exposed

Massey to legal liability for fines, restitution and remedial work,70 ruined its

relationship with regulators,71 damaged its reputation,72 depressed its stock price,73

impaired its ability to operate as a standalone entity,74 and ultimately caused Massey

to enter the Merger at an inadequate price.75

On its face, engaging in a “business plan” to disregard safety regulations is a

form of mismanagement, whether or not it is styled as a Caremark claim for failing

to exercise proper oversight and supervision. The duty implicated “is plainly the

69
Compl. ¶ 235.
70
See Compl. ¶ 207 (alleging that, after the Merger, Alpha entered a non-prosecution
agreement requiring it to invest at least $80 million in “remedial safety measures,” to pay
$48 million “into a trust to fund research and development projects to improve miner health
and safety,” and to pay $46.5 million in restitution “to the families of the 29 miners killed
and the two miners injured by the explosion at the UBB”); see also Compl. ¶ 18 (alleging
that Alpha was required to “pay and invest more than $200 million for remedial efforts,
safety research, fines and restitution”).
71
Compl. ¶¶ 11, 239.
72
Compl. ¶ 1.
73
Compl. ¶ 205.
74
Compl. ¶ 239.
75
Compl. ¶ 240.

36
directors’ normal duty to manage the affairs of the corporation,” which “is owed to

the corporation and not separately or independently to the stockholders.”76 That the

mismanagement is alleged to have involved unlawful activity makes no difference.77

The allegations of harm identified in the Complaint, furthermore, are

prototypical examples of corporate harm that can be pursued only derivatively. The

prospect of Massey paying fines, penalties, restitution, legal settlements, and the like

as a result of defendants’ systematic disregard of safety regulations that would come

out of its corporate treasury constitute harm to the Company by definition and not to

any individual stockholder. On the flip side, the benefit of any recovery for such

harm naturally would be owed to the Company as reimbursement and not to any

individual stockholder. The depressive effect that such mismanagement may have

caused to the Company’s stock price also would be derivative of the harm caused to

the corporation. As our Supreme Court explained in Kramer v. Western Pacific

Industries, Inc., a case cited with approval in Tooley: “Delaware courts have long

recognized that actions charging mismanagement which depress the value of stock

76
Dieterich, 857 A.2d at 1027.
77
In re Syncor Int’l Corp. S’holders Litig., 857 A.2d 994, 998 (Del. Ch. 2004) (finding that
company chairman’s violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which resulted in a
$2 million fine and downward renegotiation of a potential merger price, gave rise to
derivative claims because “[t]he change in the terms of the then-pending merger agreement
simply reflected a change in the market value of [the company] resulting from the public
disclosure of [the director’s] alleged misconduct”).

37
allege a wrong to the corporation; i.e., the stockholders collectively to be enforced

by a derivative action.”78

None of this is news to the plaintiffs. Indeed, this is precisely how they

viewed essentially the same constellation of allegations found in their current

Complaint when they sought a preliminary injunction against the Merger six years

ago, asserting that their “pending ‘Derivative Claims’ should be transferred into a

litigation trust for the exclusive benefit of Massey stockholders.”79

Recognizing the strictures that the continuous ownership rule imposes on a

former stockholder’s standing to assert derivative claims after the closing of a

merger, it is understandable that plaintiffs’ counsel, as zealous and highly

experienced advocates, would try to repackage their allegations into a direct claim

under the theory of inseparable fraud. But the attempt misses the mark because, at

bottom, the thesis of the Complaint does not involve conduct—fraudulent or

otherwise—that caused injury to any stockholder individually or separately from

78
Kramer v. W. Pac. Indus., Inc., 546 A.2d 348, 353 (Del. 1988) (alterations and internal
quotations omitted); see also Feldman v. Cutaia, 951 A.2d 727, 734-35 (Del. 2008) (“In
Kramer, our analysis recognized that claims of mismanagement resulting in a decrease in
the value of corporate stock are derivative in nature, while ‘attacks involving fair dealing
or fair price’ in a corporate transaction are direct in nature.”); Agostino v. Hicks, 845 A.2d
1110, 1123 (Del. Ch. 2004) (internal quotations omitted) (“In my opinion, the nature of
this claim is nothing more than a claim of mismanagement that . . . is entirely derivative in
nature”)
79
2011 WL 2176479, at *2.

38
causing harm to the corporation. The point is perhaps best illustrated by comparing

the allegations underlying the claims asserted in Braasch and Countrywide to this

case.

In Braasch, a controlling stockholder was alleged to have defrauded the

minority stockholders into selling their shares based on false and misleading

statements made in a tender offer that was followed by a pre-planned short-form

merger. Clearly, the minority stockholders—not the corporation—suffered the harm

from the alleged scheme to acquire their shares on the cheap. Stated differently, the

minority stockholders articulated a theory on which they could prevail against the

controller without showing an injury to the corporation.

In Countrywide, certain insiders allegedly inflated Countrywide’s stock price

by causing the company to engage in unsustainable short-term business practices

while conducting a stock repurchase program, during which time the defendants sold

$848 million worth of their own stock, knowing that their actions ultimately would

destroy the company.80 Countrywide’s market capitalization fell precipitously

during this period, from approximately $26 billion in 2007 to just $4.1 billion in

2008. As in Braasch, insiders again were alleged to have profited through fraudulent

behavior at the expense of other stockholders.

80
See In re Countrywide Fin. Corp. Derivative Litig., 554 F. Supp. 2d 1044, 1055 (C.D.
Cal. 2008).

39
 Here, in contrast to Braasch and Countrywide, the Complaint is devoid of any

allegations that any of the defendants—including Blankenship, the protagonist

behind Massey’s abysmal safety record—engaged in misconduct to secure personal

benefits for themselves to the detriment of any Massey stockholder separately or

individually. The Complaint does not allege, for instance, that any of the defendants

sold stock at inflated values or engaged in any other form of self-enrichment through

the pursuit of the alleged “business plan of willfully disregarding both internal and

external safety regulations.”81

Indeed, the Complaint does not even allege that the Company’s disregard of

safety was concealed, the hallmark of a fraud. The Complaint proceeds from the

opposite premise: that Massey had an “openly hostile relationship with its

regulators” and that the individual defendants endorsed Blankenship’s “overt and

publicly known hostility toward all regulatory bodies and organizations devoted to

safety in Massey’s mines prior to the UBB disaster.”82

81
Compl. ¶¶ 235, 245. During argument, plaintiffs’ counsel conceded that plaintiffs did
not “have any allegations of when [Blankenship] sold stock,” but then suggested that he
obtained personal benefits by receiving salary, bonuses, and stock “along the way.” Tr.
Oral. Arg. 54-55. I have since reviewed the Complaint in its entirety and did not find any
allegations that Blankenship, or any of the other defendants, received unusual
compensation or otherwise personally profited to the detriment of any other stockholders
of the Company as a result of the Company’s alleged systemic disregard of safety
regulations.
82
Compl. ¶¶ 1, 236, 246.

40
 When pressed to identify their best evidence of fraudulent conduct, plaintiffs’

counsel focused on the allegation that Massey maintained “two sets of books” for

recording safety violations, one for internal purposes and another that “routinely hid

safety violations from the regulators though various illegal practices.”83 As

troublesome as this allegation is, the alleged deception was perpetrated on regulators

as part of the Company’s failure to comply with safety regulations to the detriment

of the Company—and not to the detriment of any individual stockholder.

Finally, plaintiffs point to the fact that a “federal judge did, in fact, find viable

securities fraud claims” that “Alpha paid a sizeable sum [i.e., $265 million] to

settle.”84 This allegation is of no help to plaintiffs and just illustrates the difference

between direct claims and what is pled here. The securities fraud settlement resolved

claims on behalf of a class of purchasers and acquirers of Massey stock between

February 1, 2008 and July, 2010 for alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a)

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 as a result of alleged

misstatements and omissions made during the class period.85 The claims asserted in

83
Oral Arg. Tr. 60-61; see Compl. ¶¶ 7, 53, 123.
84
Def. Ans. Br. 31; Compl. ¶ 18 (“Alpha also subsequently settled class action securities
lawsuits against Massey for $265 million”).
85
See In re Massey Energy Co. Sec. Litig., 2014 WL 10750743, at *9 (S.D.W. Va. Feb.
19, 2014) (order granting preliminary approval of settlement).

41
the securities action thus were personal claims86 intended to remedy harm to a

specific group of stockholders.

Here, by contrast, plaintiffs’ challenge to defendants’ pre-Merger conduct

boils down to a theory of mismanagement—very serious allegations of

mismanagement to be sure—which would have survived in this action as a derivative

Caremark claim if the Merger had not occurred, notwithstanding the challenges

inherent in pleading such a claim under Rule 23.1 and our case law. But these

allegations cannot be alchemized into a direct claim because, as discussed above, the

duty implicated—to manage the affairs of Massey—was owed to the Company and

not any stockholder individually, and the harm that allegedly resulted was to the

Company and not any stockholder separately. For these reasons, Count I fails to

state a claim of inseparable fraud and must be dismissed.

*****

86
See, e.g., In re Activision Blizzard, Inc. Stockholder Litig., 124 A.3d 1025, 1056 (Del.
Ch. 2015) (“Quintessential examples of personal claims would include . . . a tort claim for
fraud in connection with the purchase or sale of shares.”); Citigroup Inc. v. AHW Inv.
P’ship, 140 A.3d 1125, 1126, 1138 (Del. 2016) (Strine, C.J.) (holding that holder claims
“based on the plaintiff’s continuing to hold the corporation’s stock in reliance on the
defendant’s misstatements” are direct claims “analytically indistinct from seller and
purchaser claims,” and that Tooley does not apply because holder claims “are ones that
only the holders can assert, not claims that could plausibly belong to the issuer
corporation”).

42
 As noted above, then-Vice Chancellor Strine found in the context of deciding

a motion for preliminary injunction in 2011 that “the record in this case does not

support the notion that the Massey Board’s pre-Merger conduct necessitated the

Merger with Alpha.”87 As defendants point out, this finding is directly at odds with

the theory of inseparable fraud articulated in the Countrywide decisions, which flows

from the premise that a merger was necessitated or made inevitable by the challenged

pre-merger conduct.

Noting the procedure postural of the present motion to dismiss, plaintiffs

argue that the Court must ignore this finding and should conclude based on the four

corners of the Complaint that sufficient facts have been pled to support a reasonable

inference that the Merger was the “direct and proximate result” of the conduct they

challenge notwithstanding the Court’s prior finding.88 The plaintiffs raise a valid

procedural point, although it is telling that the current Complaint, which was filed

well after the May 2011 Opinion, is noticeably thin on specific factual allegations

that call into question then-Vice Chancellor Strine’s finding.

Ultimately it is not necessary for me to address further this issue of causation,

a subject that does not lend itself to easy resolution at the pleadings stage. Given

my determination that the pre-Merger conduct challenged in the Complaint does not

87
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *30 n.199.
88
Compl. ¶¶ 240, 250.

43
support a direct claim in the first place, it is irrelevant whether or not it legitimately

could be said that such conduct “necessitated” the Merger.

3. A Few Words on Policy and Corwin

In a final effort to stave off dismissal, plaintiffs invoke public policy, arguing

that “Massey’s former stockholders should finally be given the opportunity to hold

the Massey Board accountable for the damage they created.”89 I agree that

accountability is an imperative of our law, but adherence to principles governing

derivative standing that have been repeatedly reaffirmed by our Supreme Court does

not mean that defendants will not be held accountable for their actions at the helm

of Massey.

As plaintiffs point out, the UBB disaster has led to a number of criminal

convictions of Massey executives, including Blankenship, for their failure to comply

with safety laws. That is a form of accountability no civil court can provide. Massey

stockholders who possess legitimate direct claims arising from the events at issue,

moreover, have been free to pursue appropriate recourse and indeed have obtained

a measure of financial accountability, as evidenced by the $265 million securities

fraud settlement Alpha entered into after the Merger.

It also must be recognized that there is another important policy at stake here.

Alpha acquired the derivative claims in the Merger as a good faith purchaser for

89
Pl.s’ Br. at 8.

44
value. As then-Vice Chancellor Strine recognized six years ago, it would be

problematic as a matter of equity to effectively carve those assets out of the

Company that Alpha paid approximately $7 billion in cash and stock to acquire and

thereby deprive Alpha of the ability to use the derivative claims to mitigate the

considerable liabilities it assumed in acquiring Massey:

Alpha will bear important ongoing costs to remedy the Disaster Fall-
Out. The Derivative Claims are a tool by which Alpha can mitigate that
liability. To divest Alpha of that tool and shift it to the Massey
stockholders alone is therefore problematic as a matter of equity. So
too would be exposing the Massey defendants to liability both to the
former Massey stockholders and to Massey, through its new owners. 90

Finally, for the sake of completeness, I briefly address defendants’ reliance

on Corwin as a separate ground for dismissal. The argument is mystifying to me.

The fundamental policy underlying Corwin, and a wealth of prior precedents, is to

avoid “judicial second-guessing when the disinterested stockholders have had the

free and informed chance to decide on the economic merits of a transaction

themselves.” 91 That policy is not implicated here.

The Complaint does not challenge the economic merits of the Merger itself.

It is not alleged, for example, that the Massey directors played favorites with any

90
Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *30 n.199.
91
Corwin, 125 A.3d at 313.

45
bidder, erected improper defensive measures, or otherwise failed to maximize value

for the Company’s stockholders once a decision was made to consider strategic

alternatives.92 Rather, as previously discussed, the Complaint challenges

defendants’ allegedly conscious disregard of safety laws over a period of several

years and the harm it caused to the Company well before the Merger and the sale

process that led to the Merger.

The policy underlying Corwin, to my mind, was never intended to serve as a

massive eraser, exonerating corporate fiduciaries for any and all of their actions or

inactions preceding their decision to undertake a transaction for which stockholder

approval is obtained. Here, in voting on the Merger, the Massey stockholders were

asked simply whether or not they wished to accept a specified amount of Alpha

shares and cash in exchange for their Massey shares or, alternatively, to stay the

course as stockholders of Massey as a standalone enterprise, which would have

allowed plaintiffs to press derivative claims. Massey’s stockholders were not asked

in any direct or straightforward way to approve releasing defendants from any

92
In a supplemental letter submission, plaintiffs argued that Massey’s directors “took
personal advantage of the sale [to Alpha] by negotiating unique indemnification provisions
for themselves.” Pl.s’ Feb. 6, 2017 Letter. This assertion, which is not found in the
Complaint, flies in the face of the finding in the May 2011 Opinion that “Alpha only
promised to indemnify the Massey Board and management to the extent Massey itself
could have and did in fact do so.” Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *26. Plaintiff later
conceded the correctness of this finding. Oral Arg. Tr. at 70.

46
liability they may have to the Company for the years of alleged mismanagement that

preceded the sale process. Indeed, the proxy statement for the Merger implied just

the opposite in stating that control over the derivative claims likely would pass to

Alpha as a result of the Merger.93 To top it off, if defendants’ view of Corwin were

correct, it would have the disconcerting and perverse effect of negating the value of

the derivative claims that Alpha paid to acquire along with Massey’s other assets.

In short, in order to invoke the cleansing effect of a stockholder vote under

Corwin, there logically must be a far more proximate relationship than exists here

between the transaction or issue for which stockholder approval is sought and the

nature of the claims to be “cleansed” as a result of a fully-informed vote. For this

reason, defendants’ Corwin argument is flawed and does not provide a separate basis

for dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims.

III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Complaint is hereby dismissed in its entirety.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

93
See Massey, 2011 WL 2176479, at *14 (“the proxy statement makes clear that a vote for
the Merger would likely result in control over the Derivative Claims passing to Alpha along
with Massey’s other assets”).

47