State v. Blalock

[Cite as State v. Blalock, 2017-Ohio-2658.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 104773

STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

vs.

MARCUS BLALOCK
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT

JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED

Criminal Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-01-407194-B

BEFORE: Blackmon, J., Kilbane, P.J., and Laster Mays, J.

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 4, 2017
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Paul A. Mancino, Jr.
Mancino Mancino & Mancino
75 Public Square, Suite 1016
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

Mary McGrath
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
PATRICIA A. BLACKMON, J.:

{¶1} Marcus Blalock (“Blalock”) appeals from the trial court’s denial of his third

motion for a new trial. He assigns the following errors for our review:

I. [Blalock] was denied due process of law when the trial court failed to
follow the mandate from the previous appeal.

II. [Blalock] was denied due process of law when the court ruled that the
information supplied did not constitute new evidence which is contrary to
the finding in the prior appeal.

III. [Blalock] was denied due process of law when he was not awarded a
new trial based on the fact defendant proved he was actually innocent.

IV. The misconduct by the prosecuting attorney requires that [Blalock] be

awarded a new trial.

{¶2} Having reviewed the record and pertinent law, we affirm. The apposite

facts follow.

{¶3} Following the 2001 shooting death of Howard Rose (“Rose”) at the home of

Arketa Willis (“Willis”), Blalock, Willis, Ernest McCauley (“McCauley”), and Dion

Johnson (“Johnson”) were charged with aggravated murder, murder, kidnaping,

aggravated robbery, and firearms specifications in Case No. CR-01-407194. The

indictment also charged Blalock, McCauley, and Johnson with having weapons while

under disability. Additionally, in Case No. CR-01-407947, all four defendants were

charged with tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice in connection with the

investigation into Rose’s death.
 Blalock’s Trial

{¶4} Both cases against Blalock were consolidated and proceeded to a jury trial on

August 31, 2001.1 Willis testified against Blalock as part of a plea agreement in which

the aggravated murder and other charges in Case No. CR-01-407194 were dismissed in

exchange for her guilty plea to obstruction of justice and tampering with evidence, and

her agreement to testify truthfully against Blalock. McCauley and Johnson did not testify

during Blalock’s trial.2

{¶5} The state’s evidence indicated that Willis spoke with the police twice after

the shooting and eventually told them that she was afraid of Blalock and he was the

person who killed Rose. On the day of the shooting, Rose had approximately $1,000 in

cash and $3,000 in cocaine. Blalock called Willis asking if she knew anyone who had

1
Blalock waived his right to a jury trial on the charge of having a weapon while under
disability.
2
The charges against McCauley proceeded to a separate trial on September 18, 2001. The
evidence in that trial included Willis’s testimony that after setting up the drug purchase, she went to
work. When Rose did not meet her at work after the meeting, she called Blalock and he told her to
come home. “[W]hen she arrived, she discovered Blalock, McCauley, and Dion Johnson there,
along with Rose’s corpse. Blalock admitted that he shot Rose.” See State v. McCauley, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 80630, 2003-Ohio-3211, ¶ 2. In addition, Johnson testified that McCauley admitted
owning the gun. McCauley at ¶ 8. McCauley was acquitted of aggravated murder, murder,
kidnaping, aggravated robbery, but convicted of having a weapon while under disability in Case No.
CR-01-407194. He pled guilty to tampering and obstruction of justice in Case No. CR-01-407947.
McCauley was sentenced to a total of nine years. This court affirmed the convictions but reversed
and remanded for resentencing. Id. Later, on August 21, 2006, McCauley received an “agreed
sentence,” totaling seven years.
Johnson entered into a plea agreement with the state on August 21, 2001, pleading guilty to
tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice in Case No. CR-01-407947, in exchange for the
dismissal of charges in Case No. CR-01-407194.
drugs. He then agreed to meet Rose at Willis’s house. After Blalock arrived, Willis

went to work in Rose’s truck. When Rose failed to come to her work place to get his

truck, Willis called Blalock several times. He told her he was busy, then called her back,

telling her to come home and bring the truck. When she arrived home, Rose was dead

and Blalock told her that he had to “do” Rose. Later, Blalock, McCauley, and Johnson

carried the body to the truck. Blalock drove Rose’s truck eastbound on Interstate 90,

with Willis and her friend Omar following. They eventually stopped along the road and

Blalock set fire to the truck containing Rose’s body. Rose’s wallet was never found.

State v. Blalock, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 80419 and 80420, 2002-Ohio-4580 (“Blalock

I”).

{¶6} During his trial, Blalock argued that the only witness to connect him to the

death of Rose was Willis and that her testimony was not credible. Blalock was

convicted of all charges. In Case No. CR-01-407194, he was sentenced to life

imprisonment with eligibility for parole in 20 years on each of the aggravated murder

charges, 15 years to life on the murder charge, ten 10 years on the aggravated robbery and

kidnapping charges, and 12 months on the weapons under disability charge, plus

three-years for the firearm specifications. In Case No. CR-01-407947, he was sentenced

to concurrent five-year terms on the tampering with evidence and obstructing justice

charges, to be served consecutively to the term imposed in Case No. CR-01-407194.

Blalock’s Direct Appeal
 {¶7} On direct appeal, most of Blalock’s arguments pertained to Willis. In

relevant part, Blalock asserted that the prosecuting attorney improperly bolstered Willis’s

testimony after she admitted during cross-examination that she had provided three

statements to police and that “basically everything [she] told the police on April 6th was a

lie.” Blalock also asserted that the prosecuting attorney improperly instructed Willis to

identify the true and untrue portions of her statement to police, impermissibly argued that

it was the role of the jury and not defense counsel to “label [Willis] a liar,” and

impermissibly argued that “[t]his is not the work nor is this bullet in the back of the head

the work of Arketa Willis.” Blalock also asserted that the trial court improperly limited

his cross-examination of Willis regarding the penalties she faced prior to her plea, erred

in excluding McCauley’s out-of-court statement that “Willis admitted to him that she

killed Rose,” and erred in refusing to instruct the jury that if it found that Willis testified

falsely about a material fact, it could disregard her testimony entirely. This court found

“no error relevant to [Blalock’s] convictions in Case No. CR-407194 for murder,

aggravated murder, kidnaping, aggravated robbery and having a weapon while under

disability,” but reversed Blalock’s conviction for obstruction of justice, and remanded for

resentencing on the consecutive terms. See Blalock I at ¶ 30-31. Id.

Blalock’s First Motion for A New Trial

{¶8} On February 21, 2002, Blalock filed a motion for a new trial, or, in the

alternative, postconviction relief, in which he argued that after his trial, McCauley and

Johnson made statements that exculpated Blalock. According to McCauley’s statements
during his presentence report interview, Willis called him on March 23, 2001, and said

that she shot Rose and needed him to come over to help her, and that Blalock merely

helped move Rose’s body. According to Johnson’s presentence report interview

statements, Johnson was cutting Blalock’s hair at Blalock’s house and they learned from

McCauley that Willis shot someone and they agreed to help her move the body.

{¶9} The trial court denied Blalock’s motion without an evidentiary hearing and

this court affirmed. State v. Blalock, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 82080 and 82081,

2003-Ohio-3026 (“Blalock II”). This court concluded that this evidence was not new

and merely corroborated McCauley’s and Johnson’s earlier videotaped police interviews

that were known to Blalock prior to his trial.

Federal Proceedings

{¶10} On October 28, 2004, Blalock filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in

the federal district court. On May 13, 2005, the magistrate judge issued a report and

recommendation denying the petition. Blalock v. Wilson, N.D.Ohio No. 1:04CV2156,

2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9418 (May 13, 2005) (“Blalock III”).

{¶11} Blalock objected to the magistrate’s report, arguing that he is actually

innocent of the offenses. Blalock moved to expand the record to include Willis’s taped

conversations with McCauley that took place in 2005 while McCauley was incarcerated at

the Lake Erie Correctional Institution (“LECI”). The magistrate granted the motion and

considered the phone conversations.
 {¶12} The magistrate then issued a second report and recommendation. Quoting

extensively from the taped conversations, the magistrate found there was “new evidence”

of Blalock’s actual innocence that included McCauley’s expressions of guilt over having

involved Blalock in the matter, McCauley’s questions to Willis about the circumstances

of the murder, Willis’s surprise that the jury believed her testimony because she “told 50

different stories,” and Willis’s statement that she “lied [to her attorneys and/or the police]

to the last day.”

{¶13} In relevant part, the taped conversation provide as follows:

MR. MCCAULEY: I asked [Blalock] to help us and because of that, he
lost his life. And I feel responsible for that.

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

MR. MCCAULEY: I can’t but feel responsible for that because just like I
asked you to help me do something. And then my dude turn around and
say, you did it. Then I’m like I’m going crazy like, oh wait a minute; wait
a minute. Ain’t no way. You know what I’m saying?

And here it is you sitting there like, well damn — I’m sitting down here and
I’m dealing with this because I trusted you. I came to help you. I didn’t
know what ya’ll was going through. You understand what I’m saying?

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

MR. MCCAULEY: And all of a sudden, you doing time for something
you didn’t do. That would weigh on me because of who I am. And that’s
what you need to understand about me as a person. And I have a
conscience about certain things. You understand what I’m saying?

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

MR. MCCAULEY: Certain things bother me because he entrusted me. *
* * In some way, he saved your life just like I did. That’s what you not
seeing. No matter how you — no matter how much revenge you got in
 you. No matter how much you look at the picture and what you know how
you try to justify, had I not asked this man to help us —

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

MR. MCCAULEY: — then what do you think would have happened to
you? * * *

MR. McCAULEY: That really bothers me. If it was a different situation it
probably wouldn’t even bother me. But it bothers me because what you
not seeing is I asked him to help me to save you. And at the cost of saving
you, he lost his life. That’s what bothers me more than anything, baby, and
that’s what I need you to think about. That’s why — that’s what bothers
me more than anything. I mean, that really hurts me.

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

MR. McCAULEY: You understand? Do you kind of feel what I’m
saying now?

MS. WILLIS: Yeah.

MR. McCAULEY: Now, see you didn’t probably look at it like that, did
you?

MS. WILLIS: Yeah, I did thought about that but I mmmm.

MR. McCAULEY: Oh, you have?

MS. WILLIS: Yeah.

{¶14} At another point, McCauley questioned Willis about what was to be gained

by the murder and she said that there was no gain. As the conversation continued, Willis

explained why she made a deal with the state as follows:

MS. WILLIS: It was like everybody — I felt everybody — when
everybody said a story after me, I felt like it was like every man for theirself
and when I had got the deal and I was like well, I know they going to say I
told like 50 different stories. So I ain’t think — I’m for real in my heart of
 heart, I ain’t think no jury would believe me to convict anybody. Know
what I mean?

MR. McCAULEY: I know that. I know that.

{¶15} They then acknowledged that a considerable portion of Blalock’s trial was

spent addressing Willis’s lies. They stated:

MS. WILLIS: Oh yeah. He spent like four hours straight discussing my
lies. I’m like well —

MR. McCAULEY: I — I read it.

MS. WILLIS: — he ain’t going to believe this. * * * It ain’t I did stuff
intentionally, it’s like I probably told a story first.

***

MR. McCAULEY: This is my understanding of everything. What you’re
not understanding is, no matter how you look at it, everybody trying to do
this and that. Nobody would’ve had nothing to do if we was never charged
with something because of what you told them. Do you understand that
now? * * * I’m sitting here. They was about to let me go. * * *

But they didn’t because Dion decided he wanted to tell them what
happened based on what he knew, right? * * *

I’m thinking I’m going to get a charge of obstruction and tampering.
I’m going to plead out. Take responsibility and do my time, right. It
didn’t work out that way. * * * . What bothers me the most, more than
the fact that I called Blalock to come, that bothers me. But what bothers
me more than that is something* * * what if he didn’t come to help us?

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

McCAULEY: And he came back. Then what would’ve happened? * * *
[W]hen did you take the turn at? When did you decide to take the turn
and put it on [Blalock]?

MS. WILLIS: I don’t know.
 MR. McCAULEY: That’s the part I’m lost in. That’s where I’m really
lost at.

MS. WILLIS: It wouldn’t have been you. * * *

MR. McCAULEY: Listen. It’s not even in his life, in my life. I was
saying this the other day in my mind. I was saying, she going to realize if
you — if you free, you done took a soul right?

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

MR. McCAULEY: But you can free two souls to save another soul. Do
you know what that means?

MS. WILLIS: What?

MR. McCAULEY: Okay, you took a soul.

MS. WILLIS: Right.

MR. McCAULEY: Which would be Howard.

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

MR. McCAULEY: You can save two souls, which would be me and Mark
—

MS. WILLIS: Uh-huh.

{¶16} Additionally within this conversation, McCauley and Willis discussed a
novel that Willis is writing that appears to be a fictionalized account of a murder and
robbery.

{¶17} After reviewing the additional evidence, the magistrate expressed concern

that “the state of Ohio may have convicted the wrong person when it found Blalock

guilty of the murder of Rose.” However, the magistrate determined that

Blalock was not entitled to relief on the merits, absent an underlying constitutional
violation in the trial process.3 The district court concurred with the magistrate’s findings

and conclusions in the second report. Blalock v. Wilson, N.D. Ohio No. 1:04 CV 2156,

2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65794 (June 30, 2006) (“Blalock IV”).

{¶18} These rulings were affirmed on further appeal to the Sixth Circuit Court of

Appeals. Blalock v. Wilson, 320 Fed. Appx. 396, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 7567 (6th Cir.

2009) (“Blalock V”). The Sixth Circuit additionally concluded that it lacked jurisdiction

to determine whether the trial court erred in denying Blalock’s motion for a new trial

since this is a question for the state courts. Id.

Blalock’s Second Motion for A New Trial

{¶19} While the federal habeas proceedings were pending, Blalock filed a motion

for leave to file a second motion for a new trial in the court of common pleas. In support

of this motion, Blalock submitted to the court Willis’s letters and the transcripts of her

phone conversations with McCauley. Blalock argued that these materials demonstrated

that Willis shot Rose and Blalock had merely assisted with disposing of Rose’s body.

{¶20} In opposition, the state maintained that Blalock’s claims were barred

because he had not been unavoidably delayed in presenting the new evidence to the court.

The state also presented a 12-page handwritten statement from McCauley, dated August

21, 2006 and notarized by McCauley’s attorney, Thomas Shaughnessy (“Shaughnessy”),

in which McCauley said that his telephone conversations with Willis were an attempt to

3
The magistrate’s second report was not published but is quoted extensively in subsequent
federal review.
set her up to make it appear that she committed perjury during Blalock’s trial. According

to McCauley’s notarized statement, between 8:00-8:30 p.m, on the night of the shooting,

[McCauley] called Blalock [who] said he was headed over to [Willis’s]
house to meet some dude about some dope. * * * About an hour or so
later, * * * Blalock called and said he needed my help, he shot the dude in
the head. [McCauley] said quit playing. He said Man, I f—d up. This is
for real. [Blalock] said in about 15 to 20 minutes, call [Johnson] and tell
[Johnson] that you got an emergency and to come over, you need him [and
that Willis] called you and said she shot somebody and needed your help
moving the body. Meet me at her house. [McCauley] said are you
serious? [Blalock] said, Tell him the broad [Arketa] called you and said
she shot somebody and needed [Johnson’s] help moving the body. * * *
[McCauley] said are you serious? [Blalock] said look man I got to get this
lame out of her house and we going to need some help because this dude
isn’t small. [McCauley] said where is [Willis]? [Blalock] said she at
work. [McCauley] said don’t be playing. [Blalock] said this is for real. *
**

[McCauley and Johnson went to Willis’s house] Blalock was standing there.
[McCauley] said what in the f– is going on? [Blalock] said he was trying to
get the lame to tell him where the dope was in the house. [Blalock] stated
the lame was not talking so he layed [sic] him down, shot him in the head
and went through his pockets. [Blalock] said he searched the house and
did not find any dope. For some reason, [McCauley] didn’t believe
[Blalock] because he had already been home and Blalock was good at lying.
***
[Willis] came home [and said to Blalock] where is [Rose]? As she kept
walking [McCauley] followed and * * * saw a gun on the kitchen counter.
[Willis] looked in her room and yelled what is wrong with him. Blalock
didn’t speak. She asked Blalock what happened to him. Blalock said I
layed [sic] down. * * *
[Blalock] was indicted of murder. In truth I felt he got what he deserved
but when the State of Ohio decided to take me to trial I was livid. * * *

In 2003 while in prison, Blalock started writing me and saying he needed
me to help him get out [and ] convince [Willis] to change her statement
because double jeopardy protects her from murder. He stated that if that
does not work convince her to blame Omar because they will never find
him.
 {¶21} On October 5, 2009, the trial court denied Blalock’s motion without a

hearing. This court outlined the totality of the proceedings including the federal

proceedings and Blalock’s supplemental evidence that included Willis’s letters and her

transcribed phone calls with McCauley. This court ruled that Blalock’s claim that

Willis was the assailant was barred by res judicata. State v. Blalock, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 94198, 2010-Ohio-4494, ¶ 21 (“Blalock V”). The Blalock V court explained:

Blalock previously raised this issue in Blalock I, supra, when he argued that
he believed Willis was the real shooter. As previously found by this court,
Blalock was aware of Willis’s existence and the allegations against her
prior to trial. This cannot be described as new evidence. Accordingly, we
find that the lower court acted properly when it found that Blalock is barred
from again raising the claim that Willis was the real shooter. Accordingly,
his claim is barred by res judicata.

Id. at ¶ 21.

{¶22} The Blalock V court also rejected Blalock’s claim that the trial court violated

his right to due process because he offered proof that he was innocent. The court stated:

[A]fter the phone conversation with Willis, McCauley provided a written
statement, notarized by his attorney in which McCauley stated that on
March 23, 2001, Blalock without question murdered Rose in cold blood.
McCauley further stated that Blalock told him he shot Rose in the head
because Rose would not tell him where the drugs were.

Although the magistrate may have believed there were some issues
surrounding the phone conversations and inconsistent testimony, the
magistrate, as well as the other courts, found that these inconsistencies did
not outweigh the evidence.

Id. at ¶ 23-25.

Blalock’s Third Motion for A New Trial
 {¶23} On April 26, 2013, Blalock filed a motion for leave to file a third motion for

new trial based on newly discovered evidence, or in the alternative, a petition for

postconviction relief. The new evidence offered in support of this motion was an

affidavit from Shannon Drake dated April 15, 2013. Drake averred that while he had

been imprisoned with McCauley, he overheard telephone conversations between

McCauley and Willis, in which Willis indicated that she set up Blalock to get back at him

for ending their relationship and in retaliation for Blalock’s prior abuse. In opposition to

Blalock’s Third Motion for a New Trial, the state insisted that the allegations were res

judicata and without merit in light of McCauley’s August 21, 2006 notarized statement

incriminating Blalock. In his reply, Blalock asserted that McCauley has since denied the

contents of the notarized statement.

{¶24} The trial court concluded that the motion for leave to file the third new trial

motion was barred by res judicata and denied it without a hearing. On appeal, this court

concluded that the trial court committed prejudicial error in denying the motion without a

hearing to determine whether “Blalock was unavoidably prevented from discovering the

new evidence presented in his motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial.” State v.

Blalock, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100194, 2014-Ohio-934 (“Blalock VI”). The Blalock VI

court stated:

Blalock was entitled to such a hearing because the document attached to his
motion for leave, Drake’s affidavit, demonstrated on its face that Blalock
could not with due diligence have discovered this evidence within 120 days
of his September 2001 verdict. Accordingly, the trial court abused its
discretion in ruling on the merits of Blalock’s motion for a new trial without
first having a hearing on Blalock’s motion for leave to file the motion.
Id. at ¶ 45. This court noted that “it is not immediately apparent, as the state asserts and

the trial court found, that Blalock’s claim is barred by the doctrine of res judicata.” Id. at

¶ 47. This court “[r]eversed and remanded with instructions for the trial court to hold a

hearing to determine whether Blalock was unavoidably prevented from discovering the

new evidence presented in his motion for leave to file a motion for new trial.” Id. at ¶

52.

June 18, 2014 Hearing on Remand

{¶25} Following this court’s remand in Blalock VI, the trial court granted

Blalock’s motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial. The court then held an

evidentiary hearing on June 18, 2014, and permitted Blalock to “supplement the record

with transcripts from prior appeal.” The parties also filed additional briefs.

{¶26} The evidence at the hearing included testimony from Drake who stated that

while he and McCauley were imprisoned together at LECI, he observed letters written by

Willis and listened in on McCauley’s phone conversations in which McCauley plotted to

get her to discuss the shooting. According to Drake, “if you read between the lines,”

Willis admitted killing Rose and stated that she set up Blalock for this crime in retaliation

for him beginning a relationship with another woman. Drake also maintained that

McCauley told him that Blalock’s only involvement in the case was cleaning Willis’s

house after the murder and moving Rose’s body.

{¶27} McCauley testified that the phone calls at LECI are all recorded. He

spoke with Willis about Rose’s murder, with Drake listening in. McCauley
acknowledged that in the letters and recordings Willis “didn’t come right out and say

[she] did it.” However, he maintained that Willis did tell him immediately after the

shooting that she killed Rose, explaining that she shot Rose in her bed. McCauley

admitted that on August 21, 2006, or subsequent to his phone conversations with Willis,

he made a notarized statement in which he explained that Blalock actually shot Rose.

McCauley maintained that the notarized statement was not truthful, and he made it at the

request of his attorney and the prosecuting attorney in order to obtain a reduction in his

sentence. McCauley also insisted that he did not sign the August 21, 2006 notarized

statement and that notarization on the statement by attorney Shaughnessy is not truthful.

{¶28} The trial court called attorney Shaughnessy as a court witness.

Shaughnessy testified that he could not recall the statement at issue but that he would not

have notarized a statement without examining the identification of the maker of the

statement. Shaughnessy also stated that the signature of the notary appeared to be his

signature and that he has never notarized a statement in blank.

{¶29} Blalock also testified. He asserted that he arrived at Willis’s home, at

McCauley’s request, after Rose had been murdered in order to help dispose of Rose’s

body. Blalock stated that he had learned prior to trial that Willis killed Rose and planned

to blame him in order to get back at him for ending their relationship. He stated,

however, that he could not pursue this defense because his attorneys advised him not to

testify at trial, and he did not want to upset his new girlfriend who watched the trial. He
maintained that he had only recently learned from Drake that Willis set him up to take the

blame for the murder.

{¶30} On June 28, 2016, the trial court denied Blalock’s motion for a new trial

concluding, “Deft. Has failed to establish that there is any newly discovered evidence

warranting a new trial.” Blalock appeals from this judgment.

First Assigned Error — Failure to Follow Law of the Case

{¶31} Blalock argues that the trial court erred in failing to follow the law of the

case from Blalock VI. He also makes the related argument that the trial court erred in

failing to find that he presented new evidence under Crim.R. 33(A)(6). Under the

doctrine of the law of the case, the decision of a reviewing court in a case remains the law

of the case on all legal questions involved for all subsequent proceedings in the case at

both the trial and reviewing levels. Nolan v. Nolan, 11 Ohio St.3d 1, 462 N.E.2d 410

(1984); State v. Valentine, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96047, 2011-Ohio-5828, ¶ 17.

{¶32} In Blalock VI, this court noted that the merits of the motion were not before

the court. Id. at ¶ 47. Ultimately, this court reversed and “remanded with instructions

for the trial court to hold a hearing to determine whether Blalock was unavoidably

prevented from discovering the new evidence presented in his motion for leave to file a

motion for new trial.” Id. at ¶ 52. Thereafter, the trial court ruled that “upon remand

from the Court of Appeals, Deft’s April 26, 2013 motion for leave to file motion for a

new trial is granted.” Later, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on remand to

consider whether Blalock was unavoidably prevented from discovering the new evidence
presented. In accordance with the foregoing, the trial court did not deviate from the

mandate in Blalock VI and did not disregard the law of the case.

{¶33} The first assigned error is without merit.

Second Assigned Error
Failure to Find that There Is No New Evidence

{¶34} Blalock next maintains that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a

new trial.

{¶35} New trials are governed by Crim.R. 33. Crim.R. 33(A)(6) provides that a

motion for a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence may be granted only if

that evidence:

(1) discloses a strong probability that it will change the result if a new trial
is granted, (2) has been discovered since the trial, (3) is such as could not in
the exercise of due diligence have been discovered before the trial, (4) is
material to the issues, (5) is not merely cumulative to former evidence, and
(6) does not merely impeach or contradict the former evidence.

State v. Cannon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103298, 2016-Ohio-3173, ¶ 12, citing State v.

Petro, 148 Ohio St. 505, 76 N.E.2d 370 (1947), syllabus.

{¶36} Under Crim.R. 33(B), motions for a new trial based upon newly discovered

evidence must be filed within one hundred twenty days after the verdict was rendered,

unless it appears, by clear and convincing proof, that the movant was unavoidably

prevented from discovering the new evidence. A defendant is “unavoidably

prevented”from filing a timely motion for new trial if the defendant had no knowledge of

the existence of the ground supporting the motion for new trial and could not have

learned of the existence of that ground within the time prescribed for filing the motion for
new trial in the exercise of reasonable diligence. State v. Walden, 19 Ohio App.3d 141,

145-146, 483 N.E.2d 859 (10th Dist.1984). Res judicata bars all subsequent motions

seeking a new trial that are based on claims that were brought or could have been brought

on direct appeal or in prior motions filed under Crim.R. 33. State v. Bridges, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 103634 and 104506, 2016-Ohio-7298.

{¶37} Moreover, the evidence submitted must not be merely cumulative to the

evidence presented at trial. State v. Hale, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103654,

2016-Ohio-5837, ¶ 9; State v. Powell, 90 Ohio App.3d 260, 264, 629 N.E.2d 13 (1st

Dist.1993); State v. Combs, 100 Ohio App.3d 90, 652 N.E.2d 205 (1st Dist.1994).

{¶38} The grant or denial of a motion for a new trial on the grounds of newly

discovered evidence is within the discretion of the trial judge and this ruling will not be

disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Hill, 64 Ohio St.3d 313, 333,

595 N.E.2d 884 (1992); State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 76, 564 N.E.2d 54 (1990).

An abuse of discretion is more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court’s

attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio

St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

{¶39} In this matter, the record demonstrates that Blalock has been presenting

evidence concerning Willis’s purported guilt since his trial in 2002. Further, in his direct

appeal, most of Blalock’s arguments pertained to Willis, because he argued that the

prosecuting attorney improperly bolstered Willis’s testimony; improperly instructed

Willis to identify the true and untrue portions of her statement to police; impermissibly
argued that it was the role of the jury and not defense counsel to “label [Willis] a liar”;

and improperly stated that “[t]his is not the work nor is this bullet in the back of the head

the work of Arketa Willis.” Also in his direct appeal, Blalock argued that the trial court

improperly limited his cross-examination of Willis regarding the penalties she faced prior

to her plea, erred in excluding McCauley’s out-of-court statement that “Willis admitted to

him that she killed Rose,” and erred in refusing to instruct the jury that if it found that

Willis testified falsely about a material fact, it could disregard her testimony entirely.

Blalock I .

{¶40} Additionally, Blalock raised McCauley’s statements concerning Willis’s

responsibility for the murder again in his motion for a new trial in February 2002. At

that time, he also included Johnson’s statements that Willis shot Rose. The motion was

denied and this court affirmed in Blalock II. Blalock raised Willis’s purported

admissions again in his second motion for a new trial, supplementing them with the

transcripts of McCauley’s and Willis’s phone conversations from LECI and letters from

Willis to McCauley. The trial court denied the motion in 2009 and this court affirmed in

Blalock V. Although McCauley testified at the June 18, 2014 hearing that he did not sign

the April 21, 2006 notarized statement inculpating Blalock, we cannot conclude that the

trial court abused its discretion in this matter, as the court learned, after calling

Shaughnessy as a court witness, that Shaughnessy does not notarize statements in blank

and always checks the identification of affiants whose statements he is notarizing.
 {¶41} The third motion for a new trial again used this same evidence, as reframed

by Drake’s claims that he had listened to Willis’s conversations with McCauley and also

read the letters. Therefore, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion

in determining that Blalock did not meet the requirements of Crim.R. 33, because Blalock

had knowledge of this same information since 2002. As this court stated in Blalock V,

“[a]s previously found by this court, Blalock was aware of Willis’s existence and the

allegations against her prior to trial. This cannot be described as new evidence.” Id. at ¶

21. Moreover, this evidence is merely cumulative of the evidence presented during the

trial.

{¶42} The second assigned error is without merit.

Evidence of Actual Innocence

{¶43} In his third assigned error, Blalock maintains that the trial court erred in

failing to conclude that he had demonstrated he is actually innocent of shooting Rose.

{¶44} In Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 113 S.Ct. 853, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993),

the United States Supreme Court held that a claim of actual innocence based on newly

discovered evidence is not a ground for federal habeas relief absent an independent

constitutional violation that occurred in the underlying state criminal proceeding.

Accord State v. Watson, 126 Ohio App.3d 316, 710 N.E.2d 340 (12th Dist.1998). See

also State v. Tolbert, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-960944, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 5507

(Dec. 12, 1997) (citing Herrera in rejecting a claim of actual innocence based upon

impeaching evidence in a motion for a new trial); Byrd, 145 Ohio App.3d at 330-331.
Further, the evidentiary threshold for a claim of actual innocence is “extraordinarily

high.” Byrd at 331.

{¶45} Under Crim.R. 33, a motion for a new trial based upon actual innocence

must demonstrate the strong probability that newly discovered evidence would have led to

a verdict of not guilty. State v. Cannon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.103298,

2016-Ohio-3173, ¶ 12, citing State v. Jalowiec, 2015-Ohio-5042, 52 N.E.3d 244, ¶ 30

(9th Dist.).

{¶46} In this matter, no constitutional violation has been shown. Moreover, we

are unable to conclude that Blalock has met the extraordinarily high burden of

demonstrating actual innocence. Likewise, Blalock has not demonstrated the strong

probability that newly discovered evidence would have led to a verdict of not guilty.

Drake’s testimony pertained directly to the phone calls and merely reframed the earlier

claims that Willis’s phone conversations and letters indicated that she lied about Blalock

killing Rose. After these phone conversations, however, McCauley’s notarized

statement outlining Blalock’s guilt was presented to the court. McCauley averred that

Blalock was the shooter and that Blalock shot Rose for refusing to tell him where he had

hidden the drugs. Although McCauley asserted that he did not sign this document, the

evidence demonstrated that attorney Shaughnessy would not notarize a statement in

blank. Moreover, although Blalock relies upon the fact that in the recorded

conversations, Willis stated that she “lied to the last day,” the record demonstrates that

during the trial, Willis stated on cross-examination that “basically everything [she] told
the police on April the 6th was a lie,” but ultimately, she testified that Blalock killed

Rose, and she also incriminated Blalock during McCauley’s trial. Morever, in the taped

conversations, Willis stated that Blalock came to her home right after she got ready to go

to work, and this was consistent with her trial testimony. Further, McCauley stated in

the taped conversation that Blalock “came back” to help them with moving the body, and

this is consistent with the April 21, 2006 statement.

{¶47} From all of the foregoing, the trial court did not err in failing to find Blalock

actually innocent of the offenses.

{¶48} The third assigned error is without merit.

Claim of Prosecutorial Misconduct

{¶49} Blalock next asserts that the trial court erred in failing to determine that the

prosecuting attorney committed misconduct and that this due process violation entitles

him to a new trial.

{¶50} A conviction based upon perjured testimony does not implicate

constitutional rights and entitle the defendant to a new trial absent a showing that the state

knew of the perjury. Blalock VI at ¶ 50.

{¶51} In this matter, this court noted in Blalock VI that there is no evidence that

the prosecuting attorney knew of the alleged perjury. Id. The evidence presented at the

hearing following our remand in Blalock VI likewise failed to demonstrate that the

prosecuting attorney knew of any alleged perjury or that the evidence against Blalock was

untrue.
 {¶52} Accordingly, this claim is without merit.

{¶53} Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J., and
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR