UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ALEXANDER OTIS MATTHEWS,
Plaintiff,
v.
Civil Action No. 15-569 (RDM)
FEDERAL BUREAU OF
INVESTIGATION,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
The Court previously determined that pro se prisoner plaintiff Alexander Otis Matthews
accumulated three or more “strikes” under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) before he filed this action. See
Matthews v. FBI, 211 F. Supp. 3d 148, 150 (D.D.C. 2016) (“Matthews I”). The Court then
dismissed the action without prejudice. Id. Matthews now moves for reconsideration of the
three-strikes determination under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). See Dkt. 32. In
Matthews’s view, only one of the four prior actions which the Court identified constitutes a
strike. Id. The Court disagrees and will accordingly DENY the motion.
That said, the Court’s dismissal of the action was too hasty. Matthews’s “strikes” do not
bar him from prosecuting his case altogether; they merely bar him from doing so without first
paying the filing fee. To afford Matthews the chance to pay the fee, the Court, on its own
motion, will VACATE its order dismissing the case, will REVOKE Matthews’s in forma
pauperis status, and will ORDER that Matthews pay the balance of the filing fee on or before
thirty days from the date of this opinion, or the Court will dismiss his case without prejudice.
I. LEGAL STANDARD
A motion to alter or amend a judgment under Rule 59(e) “is discretionary and need not be
granted unless the district court finds that there is an intervening change of controlling law, the
availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice.”
Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d 661, 671 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (internal quotation mark omitted). Such
motions are “generally disfavored” absent “extraordinary circumstances.” Dage v. Johnson, 537
F. Supp. 2d 43, 48 (D.D.C. 2008). A Rule 59(e) motion “is not a vehicle to present a new legal
theory that was available prior to judgment,” Patton Boggs LLP v. Chevron Corp., 683 F.3d 397,
403 (D.C. Cir. 2012), nor is it an opportunity “to reargue facts and theories upon which a court
has already ruled,” New York v. United States, 880 F. Supp. 37, 38 (D.D.C. 1995).
II. ANALYSIS
Plaintiffs must ordinarily pay a filing fee before instituting a civil action. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1914. Individuals unable to do so may seek in forma pauperis (“IFP”) status. Prisoners
granted IFP status must still pay the full filing fee over time, but they need not pay in advance in
order to commence the action. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b); see Thompson v. DEA, 492 F.3d 428, 431
(D.C. Cir. 2007); Credico v. DHS, 170 F. Supp. 3d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2016).
The so-called “three strikes” rule in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), however, “limits courts’
discretion to grant IFP status to prisoners with a track record of frivolous litigation.” Thompson,
492 F.3d at 431. That rule bars prisoners from proceeding IFP “if the prisoner has, on 3 or more
prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action . . . dismissed on
the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be
granted.” § 1915(g). The statute excepts prisoners “under imminent danger of serious physical
injury,” id., but Matthews does not invoke that provision here.
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A. Three-Strikes Determination
In its prior opinion, the Court held that, “before Matthews filed the instant action on April
16, 2015, he had filed at least four different actions that were dismissed as frivolous or for failure
to state a claim, and which therefore constitute ‘strikes’ for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).”
Matthews I, 211 F. Supp. 3d at 150. In particular, the Court identified the following cases:
(1) Matthews v. Sobh, No. 12-cv-294 (E.D. Va. Apr. 11, 2012), ECF No. 2;
(2) Matthews v. Hull, No. 13-cv-450, 2014 WL 12527224 (E.D. Va. Feb. 12, 2014),
ECF No. 35;
(3) Matthews v. Sullivan, No. 14-cv-500, 2014 WL 2206853 (D. Md. May 23,
2014), ECF No. 9; and
(4) Matthews v. HSBC Bank, USA, Nat’l Ass’n, No. 14-cv-810, 2014 WL 12538173
(E.D. Va. July 26, 2014), ECF No. 15.
Id. Matthews now disputes that three of these actions constitute “strikes.” See Dkt. 32 at 1–2.
The Court considers each action in turn.
1. Dismissal of Matthews v. Sobh (Strike 1)
As to the first putative strike, Matthews contends that the dismissal of his action for
failure to state a claim in Matthews v. Sobh, No. 12-cv-294 (E.D. Va. Apr. 11, 2012), ECF No. 2,
should not count because Matthews “has a [pending] motion . . . to remove that strike.” Dkt. 32
at 2. The Court is unconvinced.
For one, Matthews’s factual premise is incorrect: no such motion is pending. In April
2012, the Sobh court entered final judgment dismissing Matthews’s action for failure to state a
claim. Sobh, ECF No. 2 at 4–5. In March 2014—almost two years later—Matthews filed a
“Motion to Remove Improper Strike.” Sobh, ECF No. 4. But, because his motion “identifie[d]
no procedural vehicle . . . which would enable the [c]ourt to grant the relief he seeks,” the court
denied the motion “without prejudice to [Matthews’s] ability to renew his request and to include
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a citation to the procedural vehicle upon which he relies.” Sobh, ECF No. 5 at 1. Matthews has
not renewed his motion in the prescribed manner. Instead, in February 2015, he filed a
“supplement” to his motion, which again failed to specify any procedural basis. Sobh, ECF No.
7. The “supplement” merely presented arguments “[i]n addition” to those he raised earlier. Id.
at 1. In light of this background, and because the Sobh docket has now been dormant for more
than two years, it seems safe to conclude that the Sobh court does not consider any motion to be
pending. 1 The court’s denial of Matthews’s “Motion to Remove Strike” thus remains in effect.
In any event, the dismissal in Sobh qualifies as a strike notwithstanding the supposedly
pending motion. Although the parties cite no squarely on-point precedent, in Coleman v.
Tollefson, 135 S. Ct. 1759 (2015), the Supreme Court answered an analogous question with
respect to pending appeals. “A prior dismissal on a statutorily enumerated ground counts as a
strike,” the Supreme Court held, “even if the dismissal is the subject of an appeal.” Id. at 1763
(emphasis added) (abrogating in part Thompson, 492 F.3d at 432–33). As explained below, the
Supreme Court’s reasoning in Coleman suggests that a dismissal on a statutorily enumerated
ground counts as a strike, even if it is the subject of a pending motion for reconsideration.
First, Coleman reasoned that the phrase “prior occasion” in § 1915(g) refers to single
event—the order dismissing the case. The Supreme Court explained:
1
Matthews’s putative motion in Sobh does not appear on the Administrative Office’s March
2016 report of motions pending six months or more, despite the fact that Matthews filed his
“supplement” some thirteen months before that date. See 28 U.S.C. § 476(a)(1); Admin. Office
of the U.S. Courts, Civil Justice Reform Act Table 7W—Report of Civil Cases Pending Over
Three Years for Period Ending March 31, 2016, at 992 (Oct. 25, 2016), available at
http://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/data_tables/cjra.7.0331.2016.pdf.
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Linguistically speaking, we see nothing about the phrase “prior occasions” that
would transform a dismissal into a dismissal-plus-appellate-review. An “occasion”
is “a particular occurrence,” a “happening,” or an “incident.” Webster's Third New
International Dictionary 1560 (3d ed. 1993). And the statute provides the content
of that occurrence, happening, or incident: It is an instance in which a “prisoner
has . . . brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was
dismissed on” statutorily enumerated grounds. § 1915(g). Under the plain
language of the statute, when [the plaintiff] filed the suits at issue here, he had
already experienced three such “prior occasions.”
135 S. Ct. at 1763 (first alteration in original). So too, then, did the dismissal order in Sobh
constitute a “prior occasion” on which Matthews brought an action dismissed on statutorily
enumerated grounds. A pending motion for reconsideration, like a pending appeal, does not
change that fact.
Second, Coleman found support for its holding in “the way in which the law ordinarily
treats trial court judgments.” Id. at 1764. “[A] trial court’s judgment (say, dismissing a case)
normally takes effect despite a pending appeal,” the Supreme Court observed. Id. “And a
judgment’s preclusive effect is generally immediate, notwithstanding any appeal.” Id. The same
generally holds for motions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) for relief from a
judgment or order. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(2) (“The motion [for relief from a judgment or
order] does not affect the judgment’s finality or suspend its operation.”). 2
Finally, Coleman relied on the three-strikes rule’s statutory purpose, which the Supreme
Court described as follows:
2
Given that Matthews filed his putative motion in Sobh thirty-two months after the court
entered judgment, whatever motion may be pending in that case cannot reasonably be construed
as a motion for reconsideration under Rule 59(e). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) (requiring that such
motions “be filed no later than 28 days after the entry of the judgment”).
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The “three strikes” provision was “designed to filter out the bad claims and
facilitate consideration of the good.” To refuse to count a prior dismissal because
of a pending appeal would produce a leaky filter. Appeals take time. During that
time, a prisoner could file many lawsuits, including additional lawsuits that are
frivolous, malicious, or fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
135 S. Ct. at 1764 (citation omitted) (quoting Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 204 (2007)). Were
the law as Matthews imagines it, this filter would be far leakier. Appeals and motions for
reconsideration both “take time,” but appeals are at least subject to strict procedural
requirements. Under Matthews’s view of the law, however, a motion for relief from a judgment
or order—filed at any time, for any reason, and any number of times—would be sufficient to
suspend the effect of a strike. If that were right, prisoners could artificially suppress their strike
counts with little or no limitation. Such an interpretation would actually encourage frivolous
filings, undermining the statute’s purpose.
For all these reasons, the Court holds that the Saub v. Matthews dismissal constitutes a
strike.
2. Dismissal of Matthews v. Hull (Strike 2)
With respect to the second putative strike, Matthews concedes that the dismissal of his
action for failure to state a claim in Matthews v. Hull, No. 13-cv-450, 2014 WL 12527224 (E.D.
Va. Feb. 12, 2014), constitutes a strike. Dkt. 34 at 2.
3. Dismissal of Matthews v. Sullivan (Strike 3)
The third putative strike consists of the district court’s sua sponte dismissal of Matthews
v. Sullivan, No. 14-cv-500, 2014 WL 2206853 (D. Md. May 23, 2014). In Sullivan, Matthews
brought claims against two federal judges in their official capacities and against his criminal
defense lawyer. The court deemed the claims against the judges frivolous and dismissed them
for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Id. at *4. As to the claim against
the lawyer, the court (1) held that Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), barred recovery; (2)
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deemed the claim frivolous; and (3) dismissed it for failure to state a claim “without prejudice to
[Matthews’s] ability to refile his claim . . . if his federal conviction is overturned or called in[to]
question by the appropriate court.” Id. at *3.
Matthews argues that the Sullivan dismissal is not a strike because the third claim “was
dismissed without prejudice.” Dkt. 32 at 1 (emphasis added). That distinction, however, is
immaterial. As the Supreme Court has put it: “A prior dismissal on a statutorily enumerated
ground counts as a strike . . . . That, after all, is what the statute literally says.” Coleman, 135 S.
Ct. at 1763. The relevant statutorily enumerated ground here is “fail[ure] to state a claim upon
which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). The statute makes no further distinctions
between dismissals with prejudice and those without. The Sullivan decision, moreover, did not
simply permit Matthews to re-plead to correct some technical deficiency in a pro se complaint;
rather, it held that Matthews’s third claim failed as a matter of law and was frivolous. The
“without prejudice” modifier merely recognized that the Heck v. Humphrey bar might not apply
to a future claim if a court were subsequently to set aside Matthews’s conviction. Because that
qualification applies to any claim dismissed under Heck, and because the D.C. Circuit has
established that dismissals under Heck are strikes, see In re Jones, 652 F.3d 36, 38 (D.C. Cir.
2011), there is no question that the dismissal of the Heck-barred claim in Sullivan, in
combination with the dismissal of the claims against the judges, means that the dismissal of the
case constituted a strike.
Matthews also asserts that Sullivan is not a strike because “no strike . . . was ever levied.”
Dkt. 32 at 1. To the extent that Matthews means to argue that the dismissing court must
expressly state that the dismissal counts as a strike, Matthews is incorrect. Again, what matters
is whether the dismissal occurred “on a statutorily enumerated ground.” Coleman, 135 S. Ct. at
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1763. Because the court dismissed each of Matthews’s claims in Sullivan on such an enumerated
ground, that is the end of the story.
The Court holds that Matthews v. Sullivan constitutes at least Matthews’s third strike.
4. Dismissal of Matthews v. HSBC Bank
Finally, the Court’s prior opinion also identified as a strike the dismissal of Matthews’s
action in Matthews v. HSBC Bank USA, National Ass’n, No. 14-cv-810, 2014 WL 12538173
(E.D. Va. July 25, 2014) (“HSBC I”), mot. for reconsideration denied, 2014 WL 4270937 (E.D.
Va. Aug. 29, 2014) (“HSBC II”). Matthews moves this Court to reconsider that conclusion on
the grounds that the HSBC dismissal was not for failure to state a claim but for lack of
jurisdiction. Dkt. 32 at 1. Matthews is correct that “[d]ismissals for lack of jurisdiction do not
count as strikes unless the court expressly states that the action or appeal was frivolous or
malicious,” Thompson, 492 F.3d at 440, which the HSBC court did not.
Several features of the HSBC litigation support the view that the dismissal was on the
merits for failure to state a claim. Most notably, the court granted the defendants’ motion to
dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. ECF Nos. 5,
6, 16. The court also denied Matthews’s motion to remand the matter to state court, and instead
entered judgment for defendants. ECF Nos. 11, 16. And the court held that Matthews failed to
state a claim for each alleged cause of action. HSBC II, 2014 WL 4270937, at *3–5.
On the other hand, the HSBC court also held that Matthews “ha[d] no standing to state a
claim.” HSBC I, 2014 WL 12538173, at *1; accord HSBC II, 2014 WL 4270937, at *1 (“[T]his
Court . . . dismissed Matthews’ Complaint on the procedural ground of lack of standing . . . .”).
Dismissal for lack of standing does not typically constitute a strike. Thompson, 492 F.3d at 435.
The court also stated that “any rights at this issue in this case belong to [a separate limited
liability company], not to Matthews personally,” HSBC II, 2014 WL 4270937, at *3, and cited a
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Fourth Circuit case using that ground to dismiss an action for lack of jurisdiction, see Gen. Tech.
Applications, Inc. v. Exro Ltda, 388 F.3d 114, 119 (4th Cir. 2004). The record does not
explicitly state the precise basis for dismissal.
Defendant declines to tackle this question, writing in its opposition that, “since there are
already three cases that qualify as ‘strikes’ under § 1915(g), there is no need to attempt to
understand Plaintiff[’s] rationale for asking the Court to reject the HSBC Bank decision.” Dkt.
33 at 3. The Court will follow suit. It need not and does not decide whether HSBC I constitutes
a strike.
* * *
Because the Court has identified at least three of Matthews’s previously filed actions that
courts dismissed as frivolous or for failure to state a claim, the Court re-affirms its holding that
Matthews is ineligible for IFP status under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Matthews’s motion for
reconsideration of that holding will, accordingly, be denied.
B. Proper Three-Strikes Remedy
The question remains, however, as to the proper remedy. In the first go around, the Court
determined that Matthews’s three-or-more strikes under § 1915(g) warranted dismissal without
prejudice. See Matthews I, 211 F. Supp. 3d at 150. Neither party takes issue with that aspect of
the ruling. But, having further considered the issue, the Court now takes a different approach.
To be sure, “[a] prisoner’s complaint should be dismissed if he does not qualify for in
forma pauperis status . . . and [he] fails to pay the entire filing fee within a reasonable period of
time.” Watts v. United States, No. 06-cv-1531, 2007 WL 2827917, at *1 (D.D.C. Sept. 26, 2007)
(emphases added). But, by simply assuming Matthews unable to pay the fee, the Court’s
previous order deprived him of the opportunity to pay the fee and to continue with his case.
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The better procedure, which courts in this Circuit typically follow, is to revoke a
disqualified prisoner’s IFP status and order that the filing fee be paid in full within thirty days.
See, e.g., Asemani v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Servs., 797 F.3d 1069, 1078–79 (D.C. Cir.
2015) (taking this approach); Pinson v. Samuels, 761 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (same); Mitchell
v. BOP, 587 F.3d 415, 422 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (same); Ibrahim v. District of Columbia, 208 F.3d
1032, 1037 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (same); Ruston v. U.S. Secret Serv., 751 F. Supp. 2d 59, 59 (D.D.C.
2010) (same); Alston v. FBI, 747 F. Supp. 2d 28, 32 (D.D.C. 2010) (same); Banks v. Lappin, No.
08-cv-0152, 2008 WL 2874193, at *2 (D.D.C. July 25, 2008) (same). The Court will follow that
procedure here. If Matthews fails to pay the full amount of the filing fee on or before the
designated date, the Court will then dismiss his action without prejudice.
CONCLUSION
In light of the above, Matthews’s motion for reconsideration (Dkt. 32) is hereby
DENIED. Matthews has failed to demonstrate that the Court erred in holding him ineligible for
in forma pauperis status under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
Nonetheless, on the Court’s own motion, it is
ORDERED that the order dismissing the action, Dkt. 31, be VACATED and that the
corresponding opinion, Matthews v. FBI, 211 F. Supp. 3d 148 (D.D.C. 2016), be MODIFIED in
light of this opinion;
FURTHER ORDERED that the order granting Matthews leave to proceed in forma
pauperis, Dkt. 3, be VACATED and that his in forma pauperis status be REVOKED; and
FURTHER ORDERED that Matthews pay the balance of the filing fee on or before
June 5, 2017, or the Court will dismiss his case without prejudice.
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The Clerk shall mail a copy of this Memorandum Opinion and Order to Matthews at his
address of record.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Randolph D. Moss
RANDOLPH D. MOSS
United States District Judge
Date: May 5, 2017
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