United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 15-2879
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Rudy F. Webb; Betty Webb; Arnez Harper; Charletha Harper, on behalf of
themselves and all others similarly situated
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellants
v.
Exxon Mobil Corporation; ExxonMobil Pipeline Company; ExxonMobil Pipeline
Company, L.P.; Mobil Pipe Line Company
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
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Submitted: October 19, 2016
Filed: May 11, 2017
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Before RILEY,1 Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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RILEY, Chief Judge.
1
The Honorable William Jay Riley stepped down as Chief Judge of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit at the close of business on March 10,
2017. He has been succeeded by the Honorable Lavenski R. Smith.
Approximately seventy years ago, a pipeline company entered into a series of
easement contracts with landowners in Texas, Arkansas, Illinois, and Missouri for the
purpose of constructing a pipeline that would transport oil from Texas to Illinois.
Decades later, the successors-in-interest of those easement contracts brought this suit
against the pipeline’s current owners and operators, alleging the defendants have
breached their easement contracts by failing to reasonably operate, maintain, and
repair the pipeline. This lawsuit seeks rescission of their easements and the pipeline’s
removal or replacement—or in the alternative, damages. After initially certifying the
lawsuit as a class action, the district court2 reversed its decision and granted summary
judgment to the defendants. Because we conclude the class was correctly decertified
and the claims properly dismissed, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
The relevant portion of the Pegasus Pipeline (pipeline), as it has come to be
known, was constructed between 1947 and 1948 and originally stretched
approximately 650 miles between Corsicana, Texas, and Pakota, Illinois. Today, the
20-inch pipe, containing both seam and seamless welded steel, covers roughly 850
miles, traveling northeast from Nederland, Texas, through Arkansas and Missouri to
Pakota, Illinois. In 2006, the flow of the pipeline was reversed in order to transport
oil from Illinois to Texas, and in 2009, an expansion project increased the pipeline’s
daily capacity by 30,000 barrels of oil. Currently the pipeline can carry up to 95,000
barrels per day.
In April 2013, a group of plaintiffs, who are successors-in-interest to the
easement contracts, filed this class action lawsuit against the pipeline’s current
owners and operators: Exxon Mobil Corporation, ExxonMobil Pipeline Company,
2
The Honorable Brian S. Miller, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Arkansas.
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and Mobil Pipe Line Company (collectively, Exxon).3 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23. As
relevant to the allegations brought forth here, the plaintiffs claim Exxon’s operation
of the pipeline is unreasonable and unsafe. Exxon admits the pipeline has suffered
“releases” over the years: in 1987 near Corsicana and in 1990 near Bragg, Texas,
and—due to a third party, according to Exxon—in 1995 in Hot Springs, Arkansas,
and in 2013 near Doniphan, Missouri. On March 29, 2013, a release of “Wabasca
Heavy crude oil” occurred near Mayflower, Arkansas, forcing residents living near
the release site to evacuate their homes. The plaintiffs claim Exxon has materially
breached the terms of their easement contracts by failing to inspect, maintain, repair,
and replace the pipeline, resulting in hazardous conditions and damages to the
plaintiffs’ servient estates.
The “right of way” easements include generally similar terms and provisions
stating each landowner:
hereby grant[s] and convey[s] to MAGNOLIA PIPE LINE COMPANY
. . . its successors and assigns, the rights of way, easements and
privileges to lay, repair, maintain, operate and remove pipe lines and
replace existing lines with other lines, for the transportation of oil and
gas and the products thereof . . . over, across and through Grantor’s
lands . . . .
TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto said Magnolia Pipe Line Company, its
successors and assigns for the purposes aforesaid. The said Grantors
shall have the right fully to use and enjoy the said premises except for
the purposes hereinbefore granted to said Magnolia Pipe Line Company,
its successors and assigns, which hereby agrees to pay any damages that
may arise to crops, timber or fences from the use of said premises for
3
Plaintiffs named a fourth defendant that Exxon asserts does not exist and was
not served separately.
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such purposes; said damages if not mutually agreed upon to be
ascertained and determined by three disinterested persons . . . . Should
more than one pipe line be laid under this grant at any time, fifty cents
per rod shall be paid for each additional line so laid, besides the damage
above provided for. It is further agreed that said pipes shall be buried
to a sufficient depth so as not to interfere with the cultivation of soil.
In light of the alleged breach, the plaintiffs assert they are entitled to rescind their
easements and force Exxon to remove the pipeline or replace it; or, alternatively, to
recover damages resulting from the breach of contract and diminished value of their
properties.
The amended complaint identified Rudy and Betty Webb of Mayflower,
Arkansas, and Arnez and Charletha Harper of Conway, Arkansas, as the named
plaintiffs for the proposed class. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23. Opposing the plaintiffs’
motion for class certification, Exxon argued the plaintiffs’ claims are preempted by
the Pipeline Safety Act (PSA), 49 U.S.C. §§ 60101, et seq., and the class was not
ascertainable because identification of its members would require individual title
searches of thousands of parcels of land. The district court granted class certification,
but narrowed the class definition from all easement owners to individuals “who
currently own real property subject to an easement for the Pegasus Pipeline and who
have pipeline physically crossing their property.” (Emphasis added). The district
court determined the Webbs lacked standing to be class representatives, because
although their property is subject to an easement, it has no pipeline crossing it. The
district court also determined the lawsuit was not preempted by the PSA because the
claims sought to enforce a private easement agreement.
In August and September 2014, respectively, Exxon moved for reconsideration
of the district court’s certification decision and for summary judgment. Moving for
summary judgment, Exxon argued the plaintiffs could not prove breach of the
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easement contracts because no affirmative duty of maintenance or repair exists under
Arkansas law. See City of Crossett v. Riles, 549 S.W.2d 800, 801-02 (Ark. 1977).
In early March 2015, Exxon filed a second motion for summary judgment,
advancing an additional basis for judgment as a matter of law—that specific
performance and rescission were not available remedies under state law. Two weeks
later, the district court granted Exxon’s motion for reconsideration of the class
certification and first motion for summary judgment, dismissing the plaintiffs’ case
with prejudice. Under further scrutiny, the district court determined class
certification was improper. The district court then concluded the suit was federally
preempted by the PSA, but “[e]ven if” it were not, the plaintiffs’ claims otherwise
failed under Arkansas law. The plaintiffs moved to alter or amend the judgment, but
the district court denied their motion. On appeal, see 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (appellate
jurisdiction), the plaintiffs challenge the district court’s (1) reversal of certification;
(2) grant of summary judgment; and (3) denial of the motion to alter or amend the
judgment.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Class Certification
“The class action is ‘an exception to the usual rule that litigation is conducted
by and on behalf of the individual named parties only.’” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v.
Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 348 (2011) (quoting Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 700-
01 (1979)). “In order to justify a departure from that rule, ‘a class representative must
be part of the class and possess the same interest and suffer the same injury as the
class members.’” Id. (quoting E. Tex. Motor Freight Sys., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S.
395, 403 (1977)). “Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) sets out four threshold
requirements that must be met before a plaintiff may file a lawsuit on behalf of a class
of persons.” Avritt v. Reliastar Life Ins. Co., 615 F.3d 1023, 1029 (8th Cir. 2010).
Those are numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
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23(a). Once those requirements are satisfied, the proposed class must also fit within
“one of the three subsections of Rule 23(b).” Ebert v. Gen. Mills, Inc., 823 F.3d 472,
477 (8th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b). We review a district
court’s class action certification decision for an abuse of discretion. See Avritt, 615
F.3d at 1029.
The plaintiffs sought certification under Rule 23(b)(3), which joins plaintiffs
whose “questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any
questions affecting only individual members.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Reversing
its original order, the district court concluded the plaintiffs could not satisfy
commonality, typicality, or adequacy under Rule 23(a), as the nature of the claims
were more “nuanced” than the district court had initially considered. See, e.g., Day
v. Celadon Trucking Servs., Inc., 827 F.3d 817, 830 (8th Cir. 2016) (“‘Even after a
certification order is entered, the judge remains free to modify it in the light of
subsequent developments in the litigation.’” (quoting Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon,
457 U.S. 147, 160 (1982))). Because the pipeline is comprised of individual
segments, the district court reasoned, “Exxon’s actions, or inactions, on one
individual’s land would not necessarily implicate the interests of other landowners,”
and “trial would necessarily devolve into a parcel-by-parcel analysis of whether
Exxon breached the individual easement.”
We agree with the district court’s assessment. “The ‘common contention’ in
Rule 23(a)(2) ‘must be of such a nature that it is capable of classwide
resolution—which means that determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue
that is central to the validity of each one of the claims in one stroke.’” Sandusky
Wellness Ctr., LLC v. Medtox Sci., Inc., 821 F.3d 992, 998 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting
Dukes, 564 U.S. at 350). The plaintiffs argue they satisfy Rule 23(a)(2) because
Exxon, owing the same contractual promises to class members, operates the pipeline
uniformly as “one continuous unit.” Pivotal to commonality, however, is whether the
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“‘class members have suffered the same injury,’” in addition to being owed identical
duties. Smith v. ConocoPhillips Pipe Line Co., 801 F.3d 921, 925 (8th Cir. 2015)
(quoting Dukes, 564 U.S. at 350). Even if Exxon’s decisions concerning the
transportation of contents throughout the 850-mile pipeline can be considered
uniform, the effect is not. In Smith v. ConocoPhillips Pipe Line Co., a putative class
of landowners sued the owner of a pipeline alleging contamination coming from a
leak in the pipeline had created a nuisance. See id. at 922. We decided fear of
contamination was not a sufficient injury to support a claim for nuisance, and “in the
absence of evidence showing class members were commonly affected by
contamination on their property,” the district court abused its discretion by certifying
the class. See id. at 927. The claims here are for breach of contract, not nuisance, but
establishing breach would require examination of how Exxon’s operation of the
pipeline affects the plaintiffs, which, as the district court found, varies depending on
where individual class members’ property is located, as well as many other factors.
While we have our doubts the plaintiffs could meet commonality under Rule
23(a)(2), they cannot meet the “far more demanding” predominance requirement
under Rule 23(b)(3). Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 624 (1997); see
also Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, 577 U.S. ___, ___, 136 S. Ct. 1036, 1045
(2016). To demonstrate predominance under Rule 23(b)(3), we must analyze
“whether a prima facie showing of liability can be proved by common evidence or
whether this showing varies from [class] member to [class] member.” Day, 827 F.3d
at 833 (quoting Halvorson v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 718 F.3d 773, 778 (8th Cir.
2013)). In Ebert, a group of residential landowners brought a class action lawsuit
against a nearby industrial facility claiming its pollution threatened their health and
diminished their home values. See Ebert, 823 F.3d at 475. We reversed class
certification pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3) because, in order to determine if the properties
had been contaminated, the district court would have needed to make a “property-by-
property assessment.” Id. at 479. The plaintiffs here may assert all of the pipe for
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850 miles is bad, but demonstrating breach is more complicated. Beyond determining
liability, in Ebert we identified several other individualized issues that prevented
certification, including evaluations of each property’s unique features and conditions,
presence of groundwater, possible mitigating factors, and complicated assessments
of diminution in value. See id. Here, the same considerations, unique to each class
member’s property, complicate class-wide resolution. Too many individual issues
predominate over common ones.
Furthermore, the easements may be similar or identical, but the proposed class
would join claims arising out of the contract, property, and tort law in four states:
Arkansas, Illinois, Texas, and Missouri. See, e.g., United States v. Johansen, 93 F.3d
459, 463 (8th Cir. 1996) (“State law will generally govern the interpretation of a real
property conveyance instrument.”). “When claims in a class action arise under state
law—and the class comprises multiple states—the court must consider whether
different state laws will apply to different members of the class.” Johnson v. Nextel
Commc’ns Inc., 780 F.3d 128, 140 (2d Cir. 2015). In this case, as the district court
reasoned, proceeding as a class action was not the preferable method of adjudication
because it “would potentially invite the application of multiple conflicting state
laws.” See Amchem Prods., 521 U.S. at 624 (“Differences in state law . . . compound
these disparities [under Rule 23(b)(3)].”). The district court did not abuse its
discretion by decertifying the class action.4
4
Because we agree with the district court’s decision to decertify the plaintiffs’
class action, the only remaining plaintiffs are Rudy and Betty Webb and Arnez and
Charletha Harper of Arkansas. For them, we apply Arkansas law. See, e.g.,
Blankenship v. USA Truck, Inc., 601 F.3d 852, 856 (8th Cir. 2010).
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B. Breach of Easement Contract
Summary judgment shall be granted if the moving party “shows that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We review de novo a district court’s grant
of summary judgment, construing the record in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. See Woods v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 409 F.3d 984, 990 (8th Cir.
2005). Although the district court decided the plaintiffs’ state claims were preempted
by the PSA, it concluded that “[e]ven if” they were not, summary judgment was
appropriate because “the easement contracts do[] not give rise to a duty under
Arkansas law.” Because we conclude the claims fail under Arkansas law, we need
not consider issues of federal preemption, and we rest our affirmance on state law.
See Spirtas Co. v. Nautilus Ins. Co., 715 F.3d 667, 670-71 (8th Cir. 2013) (“This
court can affirm on any basis supported in the record.”); cf. Columbia Venture, LLC
v. Dewberry & Davis, LLC, 604 F.3d 824, 828 (4th Cir. 2010) (holding state law
grounds must be decided before courts consider preemption); Qwest Corp. v. City of
Santa Fe, 380 F.3d 1258, 1267 n.7 (10th Cir. 2004) (same); BellSouth Telecomms.,
Inc. v. Town of Palm Beach, 252 F.3d 1169, 1176 (11th Cir. 2001) (same). Contra
N. J. Payphone Ass’n v. Town of West New York, 299 F.3d 235, 239 n.2 (3d Cir.
2002) (deciding preemption may be considered before state law issues).
Although this case involves property law in the sense that it concerns
easements, the Webbs’ and Harpers’ causes of action are for breach of the terms and
conditions of their easement contracts. In order to show breach, they must
demonstrate Exxon has failed to perform a duty. See Boellner v. Clinical Study Ctrs.,
LLC, 378 S.W.3d 745, 753 (Ark. 2011) (“When performance of a duty under a
contract is contemplated, any nonperformance of that duty is a breach.”). To begin,
the terms of the easements contain no express contractual provisions imposing duties
of maintenance or repair. The only time repair or maintenance is considered is in
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contemplation of Exxon’s ability to enter the land for those purposes. Still, the
Webbs and Harpers contend such duties are always implied in easement contracts.
One Arkansas case, as relied upon by the district court, expressly dismantles
this proposition, and “[i]n deciding matters of state law, we are bound by the
decisions of the state’s highest court.” Smith, 801 F.3d at 925 (citation omitted). In
City of Crossett v. Riles, the plaintiffs granted the city a 30-foot-wide easement in
their backyard so the city could create a drainage ditch to relieve flooding problems.
See City of Crossett, 549 S.W.2d at 801. Over ten years after the grant of the
easement, the drainage ditch had fallen into disrepair. See id. After one particularly
heavy rain, the drainage ditch flooded and caused extensive property damage to the
plaintiffs’ land. See id. The plaintiffs sued, insisting the city had breached its duty
to maintain the ditch to protect the landowners’ property. See id. Examining the
easement agreement, the court held:
We can find no language in the instrument, and counsel for the
appellees point to none, expressly or impliedly binding the city to
construct or maintain or repair the ditch. The instrument is just what its
title says, “Grant of Easement.” It is essentially a conveyance by the
grantors to the grantee, of certain privileges, with limited protective
language in favor of the grantors. Absent any language imposing an
affirmative duty of maintenance upon the city, no such duty existed.
Id. at 801-02. But see Restatement (Third) of Property (Servitudes) § 4.13(1)
(requiring the “[t]he beneficiary of an easement . . . to repair and maintain the
portions of the servient estate . . . used in the enjoyment of the servitude . . . to
(a) prevent unreasonable interference with the enjoyment of the servient estate, or
(b) avoid liability of the servient-estate owner to third parties”).
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The Webbs and Harpers suggest subsequent Arkansas cases have “placed an
affirmative duty of reasonableness on easement holders and recognized the misuse
of easements as being valid claims for servient landowners,” but none of these later
cases squarely address the duty of maintenance or provide convincing support to
persuade us City of Crossett has been effectively overruled. Cf. Sluyter v. Hale
Fireworks P’ship, 262 S.W.3d 154, 159 (Ark. 2007) (concerning termination of an
easement due to misuse); Dwiggins v. Propst Helicopters, Inc., 832 S.W.2d 840, 843
(Ark. 1992) (ruling summary judgment was granted in error where the trial court
granted the easement holder an “unqualified right to damage” the servient estate
despite the easement’s express terms providing the grantor with the “‘especially
understood’ right to farm and cultivate the same right-of-way”).
The Webbs and Harpers assert Exxon has breached their retained “right to fully
use and enjoy” their properties, and City of Crossett “never addressed the misuse of
an easement which contractually limited the easement to the extent it might interfere
with” that right. Certainly, the Webbs’ and Harpers’ argument that an easement
holder has a duty to exercise its property rights to the easement in a manner that does
not interfere with the easement grantor’s use and enjoyment of the servient estate is
supported by Arkansas law. See Bean v. Johnson, 649 S.W.2d 171, 172 (Ark. 1983)
(“When an easement exists, the rights of both parties are reciprocal, and respective
owners must use the easement in a manner that will not interfere with the other’s
rights to utilization and enjoyment of the property.”); see also Wilson v. Brown, 897
S.W.2d 546, 550 (Ark. 1995); Craig v. O’Bryan, 301 S.W.2d 18, 21 (Ark. 1957).
Despite their belief Exxon has unreasonably operated the pipeline, the Webbs and
Harpers concede Exxon has not caused “any damage to any crops, timber, or fences
on the [Webbs’ and Harpers’] property.” Though the amended complaint alleged the
pipeline “damaged” property in its path, the Webbs and Harpers have not explained
how, or shown any physical injury to their properties, and admittedly not conducted
“the necessary activity to determine if the depth of the pipeline would interfere with
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the cultivation of the soil.” Instead, they claim the pipeline is composed of “bad
pipe” and is “worn out.” Such vague allegations alone cannot provide the basis for
these claims.5
Finally, the Webbs and Harpers allege that even if City of Crossett precludes
their claims under their easement contracts, they have asserted common law property
claims for misuse of an easement and unreasonable interference of property that
should have survived summary judgment. Until now, the Webbs and Harpers have
based their claims in contract law—not property law—with the evidence of breach
being the alleged misuse of the easement. While the question of unreasonable use of
an easement is generally one of fact, dependent on the nature of the easement, the
terms of the grant, and other relevant circumstances, see Jordan v. Guinn, 485 S.W.2d
715, 720 (Ark. 1972), the evidence here is insufficient to raise a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether there was unreasonable interference. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a).
C. Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment
Following the grant of summary judgment to Exxon, the Webbs and Harpers
moved to alter or amend the district court’s judgment, arguing Exxon had withheld
important documents until “a few days before” the district court entered its order, and
those untimely produced documents provided material information that amounted to
“‘newly discovered’” evidence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e), 60(b)(2). In denying the
motion, the district court explained litigation had been ongoing for more than a year
5
The Webbs and Harpers argue the district court improperly limited the
unreasonable interference that could give rise to a breach of contract claim “to only
odor, discoloration, and physical oil damages.” We disagree with that
characterization as the district court does not appear to have been limiting damages,
but rather providing examples of the types of damages that might support such a
claim, which were not shown.
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and a “massive amount of discovery had already been performed.” The district court
concluded the plaintiffs’ new evidence did “not address . . . the heart of its [summary
judgment] order[, that is,] plaintiffs have not suffered any actual damages.”
Motions under Rule 59(e) “serve the limited function of correcting ‘manifest
errors of law or fact or to present newly discovered evidence.’” United States v.
Metro. St. Louis Sewer Dist., 440 F.3d 930, 933 & n.3 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting
Innovative Home Health Care v. P. T.-O. T. Assoc. of the Black Hills, 141 F.3d 1284,
1286 (8th Cir.1998)). “Similarly, a Rule 60(b)(2) motion based on the discovery of
new evidence must show (1) that the evidence was discovered after the court’s order,
(2) that the movant exercised diligence to obtain the evidence before entry of the
order, (3) that the evidence is not merely cumulative or impeaching, (4) that the
evidence is material, and (5) that the evidence would probably have produced a
different result.” Miller v. Baker Implement Co., 439 F.3d 407, 414 (8th Cir. 2006).
“‘A district court has broad discretion in determining whether to grant a motion to
alter or amend judgment, and this court will not reverse absent a clear abuse of
discretion.’” Christensen v. Qwest Pension Plan, 462 F.3d 913, 920 (8th Cir. 2006)
(quoting Global Network Techs., Inc. v. Reg’l Airport Auth., 122 F.3d 661, 665 (8th
Cir. 1997)).
The Webbs and Harpers contend the district court clearly erred by failing to
“rigorously assess[] the evidence” and that Exxon’s delayed responses and refusal to
agree to electronic search terms unfairly prejudiced their ability “to produce an
adequate record” before the district court granted summary judgment. First, we note
that central to the Webbs’ and Harpers’ grievance is their complaint that as part of
producing documents in discovery, Exxon made a “classic ‘document dump’” and
apparently would not agree on search and predictive coding terms. In early December
2014, the plaintiffs filed a motion to compel Exxon to agree to “‘predictive coding’
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or ‘technology assisted review,’” and the district court summarily denied the
plaintiffs’ motion.
As far as the Webbs’ and Harpers’ allegations that Exxon’s late production of
discovery documents should have prevented the grant of summary judgment, they fail
to explain why whatever was produced late would have changed the result. Our own
review of the attachments to the Webbs’ and Harpers’ motion to alter or amend the
judgment does not convince us the district court clearly abused its discretion in
concluding that the additional evidence the Webbs and Harpers sought to introduce
would not have, as the district court said, “produce[d] a different result.” We find no
basis for reversal here.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the district court.
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