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SUSAN L. CARLSON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of ) No. 92698-1
)
MICHAEL LOUIS RHEM, ) En Banc
)
Petitioner. )
__________ ) Filed MAY 1 1 2017
JOHNSON, J.-This case involves a constitutional public trial closure claim
where the central issue is procedurally whether Michael Rhem adequately raised an
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim by including in his pro se reply
brief, "Rhem would also request that this Court consider sua [s]ponte the
ineffective appellate argument that the State broaches in their response. Or allow
additional briefing." Reply Br. of Pet'r at 7; U.S. CONST. amend. VI. The Court of
Appeals determined, among other things, that ( 1) Rhem did not adequately raise an
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, (2) he did not demonstrate actual
and substantial prejudice in supporting his claim of a violation of the right to a
public trial, and (3) he did not timely raise a federal public trial right violation. In
re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 35195-1-II (Wash. Ct. App. Dec. 22, 2015)
(unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/35195-l.15.pdf, review
granted, 186 Wn.2d 1017, 383 P.3d 1028 (2016). We affirm.
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 2000, a jury acquitted Rhem and an accomplice, Kimothy Wynn, of drive-
by shooting and convicted them of two counts of first degree assault with firearm
sentence enhancements and first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. The
Court of Appeals reversed due to prejudicially defective jury instructions. Rhem
and Wynn were retried on two counts of first degree assault and one count of first
degree unlawful possession of a firearm. The trial court closed the courtroom to
spectators during jury selection; this included members ofRhem's family. The jury
convicted Rhem and Wynn. Division Two of the Court of Appeals affirmed the
convictions and sentences on direct appeal. No public trial closure issue was raised
in the appeal. The appeal mandated on February 9, 2006.
On July 21, 2006, Rhem, acting pro se, timely filed a personal restraint
petition (PRP) in the Court of Appeals. Rhem raised claims that his right to a
public trial was violated, that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to propose
proper instructions, and that his right to confrontation was violated. If the court
found for Rhem on any of those claims, he argued, the court should determine
whether he was denied effective assistance of trial counsel under the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. The State disputed the courtroom
closure allegation and further argued that since Rhem did not raise an issue that
appellate counsel was ineffective, he could not demonstrate prejudice. Rhem filed
2
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
a reply arguing that the courtroom was closed and that the closure is structural
error, thus, he does not need to demonstrate prejudice. Rhem then stated in
conclusion, "Rhem would also request that this Court consider sua [s]ponte the
ineffective appellate argument that the State broaches in their response. Or allow
additional briefing." Reply Br. of Pet'r at 7.
In 2008, the Court of Appeals appointed Jeffrey Ellis to represent Rhem.
From 2008 to 2013, the case was stayed numerous times and the Court of Appeals
asked for supplemental briefing regarding a number of public trial right cases
decided during that time.
In October 2013, the Court of Appeals remanded the case to the superior court
for a reference hearing on the public trial issue with directions to make findings of
facts and conclusions of law as to the following issues: (1) whether and to what
extent the trial court closed the courtroom to the public during voir dire, (2) whether
petitioner's family members were excluded, (3) whether petitioner requested or
objected to the closure, (4) whether the trial court examined the Bone-Club 1 factors
before ordering the closure, (5) the duration of the closure, and (6) if there was a
closure, whether the closure resulted in actual and substantial prejudice to the
outcome ofRhem's trial. Rhem, slip op. at 10. After taking testimony at the reference
1
State v. Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254,906 P.2d 325 (1995).
3
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
hearing, the superior court made the following findings and conclusions: (1) the
courtroom was effectively closed during all or most of jury selection, (2) Rhem's
family members and other members of the public were excluded from the courtroom,
(3) counsel neither requested nor objected to the closure, (4) the trial court did not
conduct a Bone-Club analysis before closing the courtroom, and (5) there was no
evidence of actual and substantial prejudice to Rhem's trial. Rhem, slip op. at 10.
The Court of Appeals then directed the parties to file supplemental briefing
on the impact, if any, of In re Personal Restraint of Speight, 182 Wn.2d 103, 340
P.3d 207 (2014) (plurality opinion), and In re Personal Restraint of Coggin, 182
Wn.2d 115, 340 P.3d 810 (2014) (plurality opinion). After briefs were submitted,
the court denied Rhem's petition on all issues. The Court of Appeals determined,
among other things, that (1) Rhem did not raise an ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel claim, (2) he did not demonstrate actual and substantial prejudice
for the violation of his right to a public trial, and (3) he did not timely raise a
federal public trial rights violation. We granted review on the public trial issues
only. Both parties filed supplemental briefing. 2
2
On December 29, 2016, the State filed a motion to strike petitioner's supplemental brief
because it raised a new claim. The State argued that Rhem failed to raise a claim of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel in his initial petition and did not timely amend his petition. Also,
the State argued Rhem failed to comply with RAP 13. 7 and 17.3-his motion for discretionary
review did not have a concise statement of the issues or supporting argument. The State's motion
to strike was passed to the merits. Given our resolution of the issues, we deny the State's motion
to strike.
4
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
ANALYSIS
The central issue in this case is whether procedurally Rhem adequately
raised an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim where he provided in his
reply brief, "Rhem would also request that this Court consider sua [s]ponte the
ineffective appellate argument that the State broaches in their response. Or allow
additional briefing." Reply Br. of Pet'r at 7. Rhem argues the claim was timely and
adequately raised because his statement constituted an amendment to his PRP and
it was made within the one-year time limit for collateral attack. If Rhem
demonstrates he adequately raised this claim, no dispute exists that he would be
entitled to relief. In re Pers. Restraint of Orange, 152 Wn.2d 795, 814, 100 P.3d
291 (2004) (finding prejudice when appellate counsel failed to raise a public trial
violation since the error would have been presumptively prejudicial on direct
appeal); see also In re Pers. Restraint ofMorris, 176 Wn.2d 157, 166,288 P.3d
1140 (2012) (plurality opinion).
In Rhem's PRP filed in the Court of Appeals, he claimed that his right to a
public trial was violated, that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to propose
proper instructions, and that his right to confrontation was violated. U.S. CONST.
amend. VI. If the court found for Rhem on any of those claims, he argued, the
court should determine whether he was denied effective assistance of trial counsel
under the Sixth Amendment.
5
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
Under the rules, a petitioner can amend an initial PRP and raise new grounds
for relief, without requesting a formal amendment, as long as the brief is timely
filed and the new issue is adequately raised. See RAP 16.8(e); RAP 12.l(a); RAP
16.7(a)(2); In re Pers. Restraint ofDavis, 151 Wn. App. 331,335 n.6, 211 P.3d
1055 (2009) ("Although Davis did not move to amend his PRP, his opening brief
serves as an amended PRP because it adds a claim never raised in his PRP.").
Here, there is no dispute that Rhem' s reply brief was filed within the one-year time
limit for collateral attack; thus, we focus our analysis on whether the issue was
adequately raised.
First, we have generally held that we will not review an issue that was raised
and argued for the first time in a reply brief. In re Marriage ofSacco, 114 Wn.2d
1, 5, 784 P.2d 1266 (1990) (citing RAP 10.3(c)). Here, Rhem's ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel claim was raised, if raised at all, for the first time in
his pro se reply brief and made without supporting argument. Under this analysis,
the statement does not properly raise the issue.
Second, even if we were to look past our precedent regarding raising new
issues in a reply brief, a claim must still be adequately supported. Under our rules,
an "appellate court will decide a case only on the basis of issues set forth by the
parties in their briefs." RAP 12.l(a). A petition should set forth "[a] statement of
(i) the facts upon which the claim of unlawful restraint of petitioner is based and
6
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
the evidence available to support the factual allegations, and (ii) why the
petitioner[']s restraint is unlawful for one or more of the reasons specified in rule
16.4(c)." RAP 16.7(a)(2). The PRP must contain more than a conclusory allegation
or merely a claim in broad general terms. See In re Pers. Restraint of Williams, 111
Wn.2d 353, 364-65, 759 P.2d 436 (1988). Here, because Rhem's ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel claim was not supported by argument,3 he has failed
to comply with the rules.
Despite the noncompliance with our procedural requirements, Rhem urges
us to "liberally" construe his statement because he was a prose petitioner. Mot. for
Discr. Review at 5. He relies on federal case law to support a more relaxed
pleading standard. However, in our cases, we have established a stricter approach
that pro se petitioners must comply with applicable rules and statutes and,
importantly, we hold them to the same standard as an attorney. In re Pers.
Restraint ofBonds, 165 Wn.2d 135, 143, 196 P.3d 672 (2008) (plurality opinion).
3
The next time Rhem mentioned an ineffective assistance of counsel claim was in his
surreply regarding Coggin and Speight in 2015-almost eight years after his initial PRP. There,
he says that his case is "nearly a carbon copy of Orange." Pet'r's Surreply at 4. He further
expands this statement in a footnote saying, "In his prose Reply, Mr. Rhem asked this Court to
fully apply Orange and consider 'the ineffective assistance claim' that flows from Orange, and
which was identified by the State in its response." Pet'r's Surreply at 4 n. l. However, in Rhem's
pro se reply, there was no argument that we should fully apply Orange. Instead, there was one
sentence in the conclusion of his reply brief that asked the court to review the issue sua sponte.
7
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
Appellate courts should not be placed in a role of crafting issues for the
parties; thus, mere "'naked castings into the constitutional sea are not sufficient to
command judicial consideration and discussion."' Williams, 111 Wn.2d at 365
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting In re Rosier, 105 Wn.2d 606, 616, 717
P.2d 1353 (1986)). Although this result seems harsh, our prior cases have dealt
with the requirements regarding timely raising issues in a PRP. In Bonds, the
defendant timely filed a PRP asserting a violation of his confrontation rights and
arguing ineffective assistance of counsel. The State filed a reply. The acting chief
judge did not rule on Bonds' s petition or appoint counsel until a few days before
the one-year time bar had passed. Bonds' s counsel then moved to amend the PRP,
adding a public trial right violation. We determined that Bonds' s public trial right
violation was time barred and that, in these cases, "the issues generally are limited
to those raised in the petition and ... nothing prevented Bonds from timely
asserting the public trial issue himself." Bonds, 165 Wn.2d at 143. Although the
Court of Appeals failed to appoint counsel until a few days before the one-year
time bar, we still held Bonds to the same standard as an attorney. Similarly here,
counsel was not appointed until after the one-year time bar, and Rhem could have
raised the issue and, in fact, did adequately raise other issues he sought relief
under. Thus, we agree with the Court of Appeals and hold that Rhem failed to raise
an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, and affirm.
8
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
Rhem asserts other arguments regarding the violation of his right to a public
trial. He argues that the Court of Appeals erred when it (1) applied the actual and
substantial prejudice standard and (2) failed to consider, as prejudice, the facts that
his family could not participate in the jury selection process, and that prospective
jurors could see that his family was not participating. 4
We have recently held that where a public trial violation is raised for the first
time in a PRP, actual and substantial prejudice must be shown. 5 Coggin, 182
Wn.2d at 120; Speight, 182 Wn.2d at 107. The exception, discussed above, is when
the public trial right violation is raised through an ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel claim, where prejudice is presumed. Since we decide Rhem has
not raised an ineffectiveness of appellate counsel claim, under those cases, Rhem
must demonstrate actual and substantial prejudice in order to obtain relief.
4
Rhem also argued a public trial claim under the federal constitution. The Court of
Appeals accurately determined that Rhem's federal claim is untimely because it was not raised
within the one-year time limit for collateral attack.
5
Coggin was a plurality decision with then Chief Justice Madsen writing a concurring
opinion agreeing that prejudice must be shown in a PRP where there is a public trial rights
violation and the error was not invited. She stated, "Nevertheless, because guidance is needed I
would agree with the majority that the error here, failure to engage in the analysis outlined in
State v. Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254, 906 P.2d 325 (1995), requires a petitioner in a personal
restraint petition to prove prejudice unless he can demonstrate that the error in his case
'infect[ ed] the entire trial process' and deprive the defendant of 'basic protections,' without
which 'no criminal punishment may be regarded as fundamentally fair."' Coggin, 182 Wn.2d at
123 (Madsen, C.J., concurring) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8-9, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 144 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1999)).
9
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
The Court of Appeals below correctly relied on the trial court findings from
the reference hearing that Rhem presented no evidence of actual and substantial
prejudice, nor did he challenge the trial court's reference hearing finding on this
point. Rhem argues in a supplemental brief a slightly different theory that prejudice
was shown because his family, who was excluded, could not participate in the jury
selection process, and prospective jurors could see that his family was not
participating. This assertion is insufficient to overturn the finding by the trial court.
Even if we were to consider Rhem' s arguments, Rhem fails to show the
courtroom closure caused him actual and substantial prejudice. Rhem analogizes
the facts of his case to Orange. Although Rhem's family was similarly excluded
from voir dire, Orange involved a different issue and dealt with a public trial
violation that was properly raised through an ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel claim. The court did not find that the exclusion of Orange's family was
evidence of prejudice. Thus, Orange does not support Rhem's argument.
We affirm the Court of Appeals' decision and hold that (1) Rhem did not
raise an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim and (2) Rhem has not
demonstrated actual and substantial prejudice to warrant reversal of his other
10
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem, No. 92698-1
public trial right claims.
(
WE CONCUR:
11
In re Pers. Restraint ofRhem
No. 92698-1
OWENS, J. (dissenting) - "Although the public trial right may not be
absolute, protection of this basic constitutional right clearly calls for a trial court to
resist a closure ... except under the most unusual circumstances." State v. Bone-
Club, 128 Wn.2d 254, 259, 906 P.2d 325 (1995). In this case, the majority finds that a
defendant who has suffered a violation of his public trial right can be denied a remedy
if that defendant raised, but failed to adequately support, an ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel claim in his pro se personal restraint petition. See CONST. amend.
VI. I would hold that any violation of the public trial right is structural error, is
prejudicial on its face, and requires relief.
We presume prejudice when a violation of the public trial right occurs. Id. at
261-62. It is structural error to close a courtroom without adequate justification,
violating the right to a public trial. State v. Wise, 176 Wn.2d 1, 14, 288 P.3d 1113
(2012). Structural error is a defect "that 'affect[s] the framework within which the
trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself."' Id. at 13-14
In re Pers. Restraint of Rhem, No. 92698-1
Owens, J., Dissenting
(alteration in original) (quoting Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279,310, 111 S. Ct.
1246, 113 L. Ed. 2d 302 (1991)). Such an "uninvited, unwaived violation of this
important right [i.e., structural error] is always inherently prejudicial." In re Pers.
Restraint of Coggin, 182 Wn.2d 115,126,340 P.3d 810 (2014) (Stephens, J.,
dissenting).
Here, the court violated Rhem's public trial right. It removed both Rhem's
family and the public without considering any of the Bone-Club factors, constituting
an erroneous closure. Since this erroneous closure comes before us unchallenged, it is
a verity on appeal. State v. Alexander, 125 Wn.2d 717, 723, 888 P.2d 1169 (1995).
Further, this erroneous closure is a violation of Rhem's public trial right, structural
error, and prejudicial on its face. See, e.g., State v. Frawley, 181 Wn.2d 452,459,334
P.3d 1022 (2014) (C. Johnson, J., lead opinion); Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 13; In re Pers.
Restraint of Orange, 152 Wn.2d 795, 814, 100 P.3d 291 (2004). Rhem "'should not
be required to prove specific prejudice in order to obtain relief'" from an improper
closure. Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 14 (quoting Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 49, 104 S.
Ct. 2210, 81 L. Ed. 2d 31 (1984)). A violation itself is enough.
After 11 years of litigation, Rhem asks us to remedy a structural error in his
trial and the majority denies his request on procedural grounds. He filed his first
timely personal restraint petition on July 21, 2006. Division Two of the Court of
Appeals stayed this petition, awaiting our conclusions from other public trial rights
2
In re Pers. Restraint of Rhem, No. 92698-1
Owens, J., Dissenting
cases. After the initial stay was lifted, Rhem's petition was stayed and lifted three
more times, each calling for additional briefing or evidentiary hearings regarding
another case before this court. The Court of Appeals finally denied his petition in
2015 after In re Personal Restraint of Coggin and In re Personal Restraint of Speight,
182 Wn.2d 103, 340 P.3d 207 (2014) (plurality opinion), and this court denies it as
well. I disagree and would hold that Rhem's right to a public trial was violated, and
that this constitutes structural error prejudicial on its face, and would grant Rhem's
personal restraint petition. To do otherwise would be to inadequately defend the
public trial rights of Rhem and ignore the prejudice inherent in public trial right
violations. I respectfully dissent.
3
In re Pers. Restraint of Rhem, No. 92698-1
Owens, J., Dissenting
4
In re Pers. Restraint of Rhem
Combined Opinion