Filed 4/19/17 Certified for Publication 5/11/17 (order attached)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Colusa)
----
CENTRAL VALLEY GAS STORAGE LLC,
Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and C078196
Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. CV23921)
v.
FRED SOUTHAM et al.,
Defendants, Cross-complainants and
Appellants.
This appeal arises out of a condemnation action in which Fred Southam and
Southam & Son (collectively Southam) sought to introduce evidence of the value of their
land for an underground natural gas storage project based on reservoir volume. The trial
court‟s in limine ruling excluded Southam‟s valuation approach based on evidence all
independently operated gas storage projects in California compensate landowners based
on surface acres contributed to the project. Based on surface acre valuation testimony at
trial, the jury found Southam is entitled to a minimum rent of $400 per acre per year for
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80 acres and an overage rent of 11.82 percent times 4 percent of the annual gross income
(AGI) of the 677-acre project.
On appeal, Southam contends (1) on remand Central Valley Gas Storage, LLC
(Central Valley) should be required to compute the volume of gas storage under the
Southam property, (2) this court‟s decision in Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Zuckerman
(1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 1113 (Zuckerman) precluded the use of surface acres as a
valuation measure for natural gas storage leases, (3) Central Valley‟s in limine motion
under Code of Civil Procedure section 1260.040 was defective for lack of cross-
examination of the expert who provided a supporting declaration, (4) the trial court
should have admitted the testimony of Fred Southam and his expert witness, Harold
Bertholf, (5) Southam should have been allowed to present its theory of the case at trial,
(6) mathematical errors favored nearby landowners at the expense of Southam, and (7)
“Central Valley‟s allocation of 11.118% of the 4% of the AGI to Southam” violated his
Fifth Amendment rights under United States v. Miller (1943) 317 U.S. 369 [63 S.Ct. 276,
87 L. Ed. 336].
We conclude the trial court did not err in factually distinguishing the holding in
Zuckerman, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d 1113 that was decided at a time when there was not
yet a developed market in California for natural gas storage leases. The trial court
properly considered evidence showing the development of an independently operated gas
storage market that relies exclusively on surface acres as the valuation metric. Further,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding a volume-based valuation
approach based on Southam‟s failure to present any evidence this vaulation approach had
ever been used in the market for natural gas storage leases. As a result, there is no need
to remand this case for Central Valley to make a calculation that is irrelevant for
valuation purposes. We also conclude Southam has not established his entitlement to
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cross examine an expert before that expert may give a declaration in support of a pretrial
motion.
The remainder of Southam‟s arguments are forfeited for failure to develop the
argument, to cite any legal authority, or to provide any citation to the appellate record.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Central Valley operates an underground natural gas storage project at a depleted
gas field in Colusa County. At this site, Central Valley injects natural gas into the
underground reservoir for storage and subsequent withdrawal. Central Valley is one of
several independent storage providers in California who operate underground gas storage
projects at market-based rates. In operating the storage project in Colusa County, Central
Valley calculated the boundaries of the storage project along with a buffer sufficient to
account for mapping imprecision or gas migration. With the buffer zone, Central Valley
determined the gas storage project encompassed 677 acres, of which Southam owns
80 acres.
Central Valley successfully negotiated leases for underground storage with almost
all of the landowners who held property within the project zone. Southam was one of
two landowners who refused to enter into a lease. Central Valley ultimately filed a
complaint with the California Public Utilities Commission under Public Utilities Code
section 625 to secure the power of eminent domain to condemn the holdout landowners‟
underground gas storage rights. The California Public Utilities Commission determined
the condemnation was in the public interest and granted Central Valley‟s complaint.
After a settlement with the other holdout landowner, Southam remained the sole
landholder against whom Central Valley proceeded by eminent domain. Although
Southam never disputed his property rights were subject to eminent domain, he insisted
his property was more valuable due to its greater underground storage volume.
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In August 2013, Central Valley filed a motion to exclude evidence of any
valuation method depending on underground storage volume. (Motion No. 1) In
support, Central Valley introduced a declaration from its expert witness, Charles
Stinson, who explained a market for natural gas storage leases has developed in
California over the past 20 years. Stinson further explained that “gas storage operators
in California enter into storage leases that compensate landowners based on the amount
of surface acreage that the landowners own within the storage boundaries, which includes
a buffer zone area to account for fluctuations and uncertainty in the size and location of
storage reservoirs . . . . [T]he market in California does not compensate landowners
based on such volume and there is good reason for not doing so, given the uncertainty
and speculative nature of what is lying underneath the ground, in terms of net thickness
of the reservoir, porosity, lateral extent and communication between reservoirs, among
others. All of these factors can have significant localized variability that is nearly
impossible to determine from the limited data available at the time of development for
gas storage.”
Southam opposed Central Valley‟s motion, arguing it was premature and
conflicted with this court‟s holding in Zuckerman, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d 1113.
In November 2013, the trial court granted Central Valley‟s motion in part.
The trial court found there exists in California a market for natural gas storage lease
rights of the type at issue in this case. The trial court also excluded evidence of
valuation based on storage volume “[a]bsent admissible evidence of such comparable
transactions . . . .”
In February 2014, prior to trial, Central Valley filed an in limine motion to exclude
volume valuation testimony at trial. In March 2014, the trial court granted the motion “in
that this Court‟s November 13, 2013, Evidentiary Order No. 1 applies in this case
because Southam has failed to present evidence of actual comparable transactions in
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which the value of gas storage rights was determined based on the volume of the gas
storage reservoir.” The court order stated it will not admit any evidence or opinion based
on a valuation method utilizing storage reservoir volume or any evidence of the volume
of the gas storage reservoir for purposes of establishing property value.
The case proceeded to trial by jury, which awarded Southam a minimum rent of
$400 per acre per year for 80 acres and an overage rent of 11.82 percent times 4 percent
of the annual gross income of the 677-acre project. The jury‟s verdict was equal to the
valuation testimony presented by Central Valley based on a surface acres metric.
DISCUSSION
I
Remand
Southam contends, “[t]his matter should be remanded so that Central Valley can
compute the relative aliquot volume of the storage sands located on [Southam‟s] property
. . . .” We disagree.
A.
Condemnation Action Valuation of Property for which a Developed Market Exists
As this court has previously explained, “When private property is taken through
eminent domain, the condemning agency must pay „just compensation‟ to the owner.
(U.S. Const., 5th Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 19.) The measure of just compensation is
the fair market value of the property taken. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1263.310.) In normal
circumstances the „fair market value of the property taken is the highest price on the date
of valuation that would be agreed to by a seller, being willing to sell but under no
particular or urgent necessity for so doing, nor obliged to sell, and a buyer, being ready,
willing, and able to buy but under no particular necessity for so doing, each dealing with
the other with full knowledge of all the uses and purposes for which the property is
reasonably adaptable and available.‟ (Code Civ. Proc., § 1263.320, subd. (a).) But where
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there is no relevant market for the property then the fair market value is to be determined
by any method of valuation that is just and equitable. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1263.320,
subd. (b); Evid. Code, § 823.)” (Zuckerman, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1126-1127,
italics added.)
As in this case, Zuckerman involved the question of valuation of natural gas
storage leases in a condemnation action. (189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1121.) In 1987, when
Zuckerman was decided, there was no market in California for natural gas storage leases.
(Id. at p. 1128, 1135.) Zuckerman stated: “It may fairly be said that there are no true
„comparables‟ in dealing with underground storage reservoirs. There are relatively few
such properties in the state, and those noted by the experts involved different
geographical locations, temporal transactions, and physical characteristics. In normal
circumstances this would preclude the use of a comparable sales approach. But it is clear
that underground storage properties are sui generis and that normal approaches to
valuation are problematical. For this reason latitude must be accorded an expert in
valuing such properties, and any approach that is „just and equitable‟ may be considered.
(Evid. Code, § 823; Code Civ. Proc. § 1263.320, subd. (b).)” (Zuckerman, at p. 1128.)
Consequently, Zuckerman affirmed the application of Evidence Code section 823, the
“special statute [that] deals with the unusual occurrence when there is no relevant
market.” (Zuckerman, at p. 1135.)
However, when there is “a market for this property in the private market place as
demonstrated by the evidence,” the trial court errs in admitting evidence of a valuation
methodology that ignores the developed market for a particular type of property. (County
of San Diego v. Rancho Vista Del Mar, Inc. (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 1046, 1065.) To this
end, “[c]ourts, both trial and appellate, have the responsibility of insuring that an expert‟s
determination of value takes into account only reasonable and credible factors.”
(Zuckerman, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1113, 1134.) On review, “the trier of fact‟s
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valuation findings will be upheld when they are supported by substantial evidence.” (Id.
at p. 1134.)
B.
The Developed Market for Underground Natural Gas Storage
Substantial evidence supports the trial court‟s factual finding a developed market
for natural gas storage leases has developed in California since this court‟s decision in
Zuckerman, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d 1113. Central Valley‟s expert witness declared a
market for natural gas storage lease rights has developed in California over the past two
decades. All of these leases are based on the number of surface acres the landowners
hold within the storage and buffer zone boundaries. Moreover, Central Valley‟s expert
explained there is “good reason” for not valuing gas storage leases based on underground
volume due to the speculative nature of the volume that may differ based on reservoir
porosity, thickness, extent, and communication with other reservoirs. By contrast,
despite being given the opportunity and as the trial court twice noted, Southam could not
produce a single actual instance of a natural gas storage lease that based its value on
underground volume. These findings support the trial court‟s exclusion of Southam‟s
volume-based valuation approach.
Because the trial court properly excluded Southam‟s volume-based
valuation approach, we decline to reverse and remand this matter to require
Central Valley to attempt to calculate the irrelevant statistic of storage volume
under Southam‟s property.
II
Surface Acres as Valuation Measure
In a two-sentence argument, Southam claims Zuckerman, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d
1113, precludes the use of surface acres as a valuation measure for underground natural
gas storage. We reject the claim. As explained in part I, ante, the trial court properly
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factually distinguished Zuckerman as applying to a time when the California market for
natural gas storage leases had not yet developed.
III
Challenge to Central Valley’s In Limine Motion to Exclude Evidence of Valuation
Based on Volume
Southam contends Central Valley‟s in limine motion to exclude evidence of
valuation based on underground storage volume was “infirm, both procedurally and
substantively.” We reject the contention.
A.
Procedural Objection
Southam argues Central Valley‟s in limine motion was “procedurally infirm
because it was based on a lack of cross-examination.” We are not persuaded.
In support of his argument, Southam relies solely on Fost v. Superior Court (2000)
80 Cal.App.4th 724 (Fost). Fost holds only that a witness may be cross-examined during
trial. (Id. at pp. 735-736.) Here, Southam concedes he had the opportunity and actually
did cross-examine Central Valley‟s expert witness at length during trial. Fost therefore
does not support Southam‟s assertion of error.
B.
Substantive Objection
Southam‟s argument regarding his “substantive” objection to Central Valley‟s in
limine motion appears to be limited to a single sentence in which he asserts Zuckerman
“is binding upon this Court on the authority of Auto Equity Sales v. Superior Court 57
Cal.2d 450, 454 where an inferior court is bound to honor the precedent set by the higher
Court, here the Third District Court [of Appeal] itself in the Zuckerman case.” We reject
the argument for two reasons.
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First, Auto Equity Sales v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450 holds the
California Supreme Court‟s decisions are binding on the Court of Appeal, not that the
Court of Appeal binds itself with its own prior decisions. As the California Supreme
Court explained, “The decisions of [the Supreme] [C]ourt are binding upon and must be
followed by all the state courts of California. Decisions of every division of the . . .
Courts of Appeal are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the
superior courts of this state, and this is so whether or not the superior court is acting as a
trial or appellate court.” (Auto Equity Sales, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 455.) Auto Equity
Sales does not prevent a Court of Appeal district from departing from its earlier decision
when there exists good reason for doing so. (Lucent Technologies, Inc. v. Board of
Equalization (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 19, 35.)
Second, as we have explained, the trial court reached the correct result by
factually distinguishing Zuckerman as applying at a time when there had not yet
developed a market for natural gas storage leases. Zuckerman did not purport to
constrain valuation methodology for natural gas storage leases in California regardless
of whether a market developed. (See 189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1121.) Thus, Zuckerman
provides no support for Southam‟s argument a volume-based valuation method should
be allowed when a developed market in California invariably uses a different metric. (Id.
at pp. 1128, 1135.)
IV
Testimony of Southam and Bertholf
Southam asserts his own testimony as well as that of his expert, Bertholf, should
have been admitted to prove Southam‟s property “held 43% of the gas storage sands.”
We deem the assertion forfeited for lack of any lack of legal analysis or citation to any
legal authority. “To demonstrate error, appellant must present meaningful legal analysis
supported by citations to authority and citations to facts in the record that support the
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claim of error. (City of Lincoln v. Barringer (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 1211, 1239, fn. 16;
In re Marriage of Nichols (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 661, 672-673, fn. 3.) When a point is
asserted without argument and authority for the proposition, „it is deemed to be without
foundation and requires no discussion by the reviewing court.‟ (Atchley v. City of Fresno
[(1984)] 151 Cal.App.3d [635,] 647; accord, Berger v. Godden [(1985)] 163 Cal.App.3d
[1113,] 1117 [„failure of appellant to advance any pertinent or intelligible legal argument
. . . constitute[s] an abandonment of the [claim of error‟].)” (In re S.C. (2006) 138
Cal.App.4th 396, 408.)
V
Southam’s Opportunity to Advance its Theory of the Case
The entirety of Southam‟s next contention consists of the following sentence:
“Southam was entitled to have [its] fact based theory of his case go to the jury.” The
contention is forfeited for lack of any analysis or a single citation to the appellate record.
(City of Lincoln v. Barringer (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 1211, 1239, fn. 16; Miller v.
Superior Court (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 728, 743 [failure to cite to the record waives the
claim of error].)
VI
“Fallacy” in Referring to Other Owners of the Project
Southam claims mathematical errors favored nearby landowners at his expense.
The argument contains no legal analysis or legal authority in support and is therefore
forfeited. (In re S.C., supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 408; City of Lincoln v. Barringer,
supra, 102 Cal.App.4th at p. 1239, fn. 16.)
VII
Allocation of 11.18 Percent of the 4 Percent of AGI to Southam
Finally, Southam asserts his Fifth Amendment right to just compensation was
undermined by “Central Valley‟s allocation of 11.18% of 4% of the AGI” to him. The
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assertion is forfeited for lack of meaningful analysis or any citation to the appellate
record. (City of Lincoln v. Barringer, supra, 102 Cal.App.4th at p. 1239, fn. 16; Miller v.
Superior Court, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 743.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Central Valley Gas Storage LLC shall recover its costs
on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1) & (2).)
/s/
HOCH, J.
We concur:
/s/
HULL, Acting P. J.
/s/
RENNER, J.
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Filed 5/11/17
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Colusa)
----
CENTRAL VALLEY GAS STORAGE
LLC,
Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and C078196
Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. CV23921)
FRED SOUTHAM et al., ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION
FOR PUBLICATION
Defendants, Cross-
complainants and Appellants. [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
BY THE COURT:
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Colusa County, Jeffery A.
Thompson, Judge. Affirmed.
TREZZA, ITHURBURN, STEIDLMAYER & ITHURBURN and Mark G.
Steidlmayer for Defendants, Cross-complainants and Appellants.
DAY CARTER & MURPHY, Ralph R. Nevis and E. Ryan Stephensen for
Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and Respondent.
1
The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed on April 19, 2017, was not certified
for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause it now appears the opinion should
be published in the Official Reports and it is so ordered. There is no change in the
judgment.
/s/
HULL, Acting P. J.
/s/
HOCH, J.
/s/
RENNER, J.
2