IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
CLAUDE LACOMBE, §
§ No. 542, 2016
Defendant Below, §
Appellant, §
§ Court Below:
v. § Superior Court of the
§ State of Delaware
STATE OF DELAWARE, §
§
§ Cr. I.D. No. 1201018188 (N)
Plaintiff Below, §
Appellee. §
Submitted: May 3, 2017
Decided: May 17, 2017
Before VALIHURA, VAUGHN, and SEITZ, Justices.
ORDER
This 17th day of May 2017, upon consideration of the briefs and record on appeal,
it appears to the Court that:
(1) Claude Lacombe (“Lacombe”) appeals from the Superior Court’s October
25, 2016 decision summarily dismissing his Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief
(the “Motion”).1 In his Motion, Lacombe raised three ineffective assistance of counsel
claims. He argued that his lawyers in the Superior Court (“Trial Counsel”) failed to present
mitigating evidence during sentencing and failed to demand specific performance of his
plea agreement. As to his plea agreement, Lacombe claims that the State breached its
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing at the sentencing hearing by tacitly arguing
1
State v. Lacombe (Lacombe II), 2016 WL 6301233 (Del. Super. Oct. 25, 2016).
1
for a lengthier sentence than the twenty-two years which the State had agreed to
recommend. He also contended that his lawyer on direct appeal (“Appellate Counsel”)
ineffectively argued that his life sentence was disproportionate.2 In dismissing the Motion,
the Superior Court held that Lacombe’s claim that his Appellate Counsel was ineffective
was procedurally barred, and that his other claims were without merit. 3 We have
considered all three claims on the merits and AFFIRM the dismissal of Lacombe’s Motion.
(2) On December 26, 2011, Lacombe, his brother, Paul, Elijah Pressley, and
Christie Emmons participated in what they planned to be a robbery of two drug dealers.
Lacombe and Emmons waited in Emmons’ car while Paul and Pressley got into the
victims’ car. While in the car, Paul shot and killed both of the victims.4
(3) Lacombe agreed to plead guilty to Murder in the Second Degree, Possession
of a Firearm During the Commission of a Felony (“PFDCF”), Attempted Robbery in the
First Degree, and Conspiracy in the Second Degree, and the State agreed to recommend a
sentence of twenty-two years at Level V incarceration, followed by decreasing levels of
supervision. The total mandatory minimum sentence was 21 years. During Lacombe’s
guilty plea colloquy, Lacombe indicated that he understood that the Superior Court would
not be bound by the State’s recommendation and could lawfully impose a penalty of life
imprisonment for second degree murder, plus additional time on the related charges.
2
Appellate Counsel was also one of the lawyers that represented Lacombe in the Superior Court.
3
Lacombe II, 2016 WL 6301233, at *2-3.
4
Lacombe v. State (Lacombe I), 93 A.3d 654, 2014 WL 2522273, at *1 (Del. May 30, 2014)
(TABLE).
2
(4) The Superior Court sentenced Lacombe and Paul together. At sentencing,
the State presented argument on the two brothers’ relative culpability. Although Paul
actually shot the two victims, the State highlighted his cooperation with the police, his
acceptance of responsibility, and his mental illness as reasons to seek a life sentence rather
than the death penalty. The State portrayed Lacombe as the “mastermind” behind the
incident. According to the State, Lacombe remained out of sight during the robbery
“because it was his intent to rob [the victims] again later, and he didn’t want them to know
who he was.”5
(5) The State recommended a sentence of 22 years for Lacombe as required by
the plea agreement:
So even after two people are dead, four people are arrested, the person most
responsible is trying to take responsibility for what he did, we have the older
brother, the mastermind, the puppet master, still trying to control the outcome
of this.
So don’t be fooled when you consider what sentence to give Claude by the
fact that he stayed in the car when this robbery and double homicide
occurred. He didn’t pull the trigger, but he may as well have, because he set
the whole thing in play.
Now, he has pled to a series of charges before this Court, and the State is
recommending that he receive 22 years Level V time followed by a lengthy
period of probation when he is released.6
(6) Paul pled guilty, but mentally ill, to one count of first degree murder and was
sentenced to life in prison. The Superior Court also sentenced Lacombe to life in prison
for second degree murder plus ten unsuspended years of imprisonment on the three
5
App. to Opening Br. at A52 (Tr. 29:14-17).
6
Id. at A53 (Tr. 32:11-33:3).
3
remaining charges, despite the State’s recommendation and the fact that Lacombe pled to
a lesser degree of murder.7 The court rejected the State’s “mastermind” theory, but noted
that Lacombe was “a significant factor in the planning and determination of the events that
transpired”8 and viewed his role “as being fairly equal in different respects to that of [his]
brother . . . .”9 This Court affirmed the judgment of sentence on direct appeal on May 30,
2014.10
(7) In his Motion, Lacombe argued that Trial Counsel was ineffective at
sentencing by failing to present mitigating evidence and failing to demand specific
performance of his plea agreement. Lacombe also contended that Appellate Counsel was
ineffective for failing to cite comparable cases illustrating the disproportionality of his
sentence. In dismissing the Motion, the Superior Court held that Lacombe’s Appellate
Counsel claim was procedurally barred as previously litigated pursuant to Superior Court
Criminal Rule 61(i)(4). The Superior Court further held that Trial Counsel’s performance
was objectively reasonable and that Lacombe failed to demonstrate prejudice from any
alleged deficiency.
7
Id. at A58 (Tr. 50:10-15). The life sentence was solely for the murder second charge, which
alone had a mandatory minimum of 15 years. See id. at A21 (Truth-in-Sentencing Guilty Plea
Form). Lacombe was also sentenced to five years at Level V for PFDCF, five years at Level V
for attempted robbery in the first degree, and two years at Level V, suspended for two years at
Level IV, for conspiracy in the second degree. Id. at A40-41 (Sentence Order).
8
Id. at A57 (Tr. 46:22-47:1).
9
Id. at A58 (Tr. 50:8-10).
10
Lacombe I, 2014 WL 2522273, at *2.
4
(8) This Court “review[s] the Superior Court’s denial of a motion for post-
conviction relief for abuse of discretion.”11 “Constitutional questions and other questions
of law are reviewed de novo.”12
(9) “To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must satisfy
two requirements” as set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v.
Washington.13 “First, the defendant must establish that his or her ‘counsel’s representation
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.’”14 “Doing so requires overcoming a
‘strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under
the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.’” 15
“Second, the defendant must demonstrate a ‘reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” 16 “A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” 17 A reasonable probability “requires more than a showing ‘merely that the
11
Richardson v. State, 3 A.3d 233, 237 (Del. 2010) (citing Gattis v. State, 955 A.2d 1276, 1280-
81 (Del. 2008)).
12
Redden v. State, 150 A.3d 768, 772 (Del. 2016) (quoting Hoskins v. State, 102 A.3d 724, 728
(Del. 2014)) (internal quotations omitted).
13
Id. at 773.
14
Id. (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984)).
15
Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689) (additional internal quotation marks omitted).
16
Id. at 773-74 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
17
Id. at 774 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694) (internal quotations omitted).
5
conduct could have or might have or it is possible that it would have led to a different
result.’”18
(10) Before reaching the merits of the Motion, this Court must determine whether
the claims are procedurally barred, applying the version of Superior Court Criminal Rule
61 that was in effect at the time Lacombe filed his pro se motion.19 The only claim alleged
to be procedurally barred is the one concerning Appellate Counsel’s performance. The
Superior Court held that Lacombe’s Appellate Counsel claim was procedurally barred as
previously litigated under Rule 61(i)(4), reasoning that, “[a]lthough Defendant now
challenges the intensity with which [A]ppellate [C]ounsel presented this issue, the
challenge presented was identical to the one Defendant claims should have been raised.”20
Alternatively, the Superior Court stated that Lacombe could not show prejudice, stating
that the issue “was fully litigated on Defendant’s direct appeal . . . .”21
(11) Although we do not agree that Lacombe’s Appellate Counsel argument was
previously adjudicated, we reject Lacombe’s contentions on appeal. On direct appeal,
Appellate Counsel argued that Lacombe’s life sentence was grossly disproportionate in
18
Id. (quoting Neal v. State, 80 A.3d 935, 942 (Del. 2013)).
19
Id. at 772 (citing Bradley v. State, 135 A.3d 748, 757 n.24 (Del. 2016)). Lacombe filed his first
motion for postconviction relief on May 29, 2014. App. to Opening Br. at A11, D.I. 68. Although
the mandate on his direct appeal did not issue until June 19, 2014, the Superior Court accepted the
May 29, 2014 motion and appointed counsel. Lacombe II, 2016 WL 6301233, at *5 n.15. All
citations to Rule 61(i)(4) in this memorandum refer to the 2013 version, which was in effect on
May 29, 2014, the date Lacombe filed his first pro se motion for postconviction relief.
20
Lacombe II, 2016 WL 6301233 at *5.
21
Id.
6
violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This argument
invoked the two-part test established by this Court in Crosby v. State,22 which provides:
[T]his Court must undertake a threshold comparison of the crime committed
and the sentence imposed. If such a comparison leads to an inference of
gross disproportionality, then this Court must compare [the defendant’s]
sentence with other similar cases to determine whether the trial court acted
out of step with sentencing norms.23
In his Motion, Lacombe contended that Appellate Counsel failed to provide a meaningful
case comparison demonstrating the disproportionality of his sentence under Crosby.
Although assessing whether prejudice resulted from this alleged deficiency invokes the
Crosby analysis, the argument itself is not that the sentence is disproportionate. Rather,
the claim here is that Appellate Counsel was ineffective for citing only one case from
another jurisdiction. Lacombe has alleged a specific deficiency in Appellate Counsel’s
performance that was not raised on direct appeal.24 Accordingly, we view this argument
as not previously litigated and will address it on the merits under Strickland.
(12) We need not determine whether failing to provide comparable cases was
objectively reasonable, because no prejudice resulted. 25 The comparable case analysis
22
824 A.2d 894 (Del. 2003).
23
Crosby, 824 A.2d at 908.
24
This Court generally does not review claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct
appeal. See Duross v. State, 494 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Del. 1985) (“The rationale for this rule arises
from the reviewing Court’s need to have before it a complete record on the question of counsel’s
alleged incompetency, as determined in an evidentiary hearing.”).
25
Ploof v. State, 75 A.3d 811, 825 (Del. 2013), as corrected (Aug. 15, 2013) (“Strickland is a two-
pronged test, and there is no need to examine whether an attorney performed deficiently if the
deficiency did not prejudice the defendant.” (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697)).
7
relates to the second step of Crosby, which this Court on direct appeal expressly did not
reach:
The first part of the disproportionality test requires the Court to compare the
crime Lacombe committed with the sentence imposed. Lacombe pled guilty
to murder—the most heinous violent crime. Although Lacombe did not pull
the trigger, he gave the gun to his mentally ill brother, who was attempting
to commit armed robbery. Two people were killed in an incident that
Lacombe planned and set in motion. There is nothing extreme, or grossly
disproportionate, about sentencing a murderer to life in prison. Because the
sentence does not raise an inference of gross disproportionality, the Court
does not undertake the second step of the Crosby analysis, where the fact that
Lacombe received the same sentence as his brother would be considered. 26
Accordingly, Appellate Counsel’s failure to provide a survey of comparable cases had no
impact on the direct appeal, and Lacombe’s Appellate Counsel claim fails the second prong
of the Strickland test. We affirm the dismissal of Lacombe’s Appellate Counsel claim on
the Superior Court’s alternative basis that Lacombe has not demonstrated prejudice given
this Court’s continuing view that there was nothing grossly disproportionate about
sentencing Lacombe to life in prison for his role in the shooting deaths of two people.
(13) Lacombe’s two remaining ineffective assistance of counsel claims concern
his Trial Counsel. He contended in his Motion that Trial Counsel was ineffective for failing
to present mitigating evidence. On appeal, Lacombe focuses his mitigation argument on
Trial Counsel’s decision not to submit to the Superior Court a mitigation report that a
retained expert prepared in advance of sentencing.27 Lacombe contends that the lack of
mitigation ensured a life sentence for him. The State argues that Trial Counsel made a
26
Lacombe I, 2014 WL 2522273, at *2 (emphasis added).
27
See App. to Opening Br. at A126-54 (Social History of Claude Pierre Lacombe).
8
strategic decision not to use the mitigation report and that submitting the report would not
have resulted in a more favorable sentence.
(14) The record demonstrates that Trial Counsel decided to withhold the report
out of concern that it might have been harmful at sentencing:
The main concern I had about submitting [the] full report was that the State
would use its submission to put before the Court allegations that the
Defendant had a history of sexually abusing his brother Paul. I was
concerned that submitting the full report would open the door to this
potentially detrimental allegation. . . . If this allegation was presented to the
Court, its effect upon sentencing probably would have been detrimental to
the Defendant.28
Trial Counsel focused instead on Lacombe’s youth, troubled childhood, and limited
criminal history, supported by the presentence investigation report and a timeline
illustrating instability in Lacombe’s childhood.
(15) Applying Strickland, the Superior Court found that Trial Counsel’s decision
not to submit the report was objectively reasonable, noting that “there was information
contained within the report which could have strengthened the idea that Defendant was
manipulative of his younger brother Paul, placing more culpability on Defendant.” 29
Emphasizing this aspect of Lacombe’s relationship with his brother “would have further
bolstered the [c]ourt’s view” of Lacombe’s role in the murders as “being fairly equal in
different respects to that of” his brother, the shooter.30 As to prejudice, the Superior Court
28
Id. at A284 (Affidavit of Trial Counsel).
29
Lacombe II, 2016 WL 6301233 at *6.
30
Id.
9
found none, observing that “no degree of mitigating evidence, as represented by
Defendant’s current counsel, would have changed the outcome of Defendant’s sentence.”31
(16) We agree with the Superior Court that Trial Counsel’s decision not to submit
the report for consideration at sentencing was objectively reasonable. Trial Counsel
engaged in a thorough investigation of potential mitigating evidence and made a strategic
decision not to use it because it might open the door to harmful evidence. Lacombe has
not overcome the strong presumption that this decision was a sound strategy designed to
maximize Lacombe’s opportunity to secure a favorable sentence. In addition, the Superior
Court’s comments after reviewing the mitigation report in this matter suggest that omitting
the report did not result in prejudice because it would not have impacted Lacombe’s
sentence. 32 Thus, the Superior Court’s dismissal of Lacombe’s claim concerning the
mitigation report was not an abuse of discretion.
(17) Lacombe next argues that Trial Counsel was ineffective for failing to demand
specific performance of his plea agreement. Lacombe acknowledges that the State
recommended 22 years as required by the plea agreement, but argues that the State’s
presentation at sentencing constituted a “tacit argument” for a harsher sentence. The
Superior Court held that Trial Counsel could not have requested specific performance
because the State did not breach the plea agreement. Additionally, the court determined
31
Id. at *7.
32
The Superior Court judge that dismissed Lacombe’s Motion also sentenced him.
10
that Lacombe was not prejudiced by any possible deficiency of Trial Counsel, because the
court, at its discretion, deviated from the State’s recommendation.
(18) In two recent direct appeals, this Court addressed the State’s obligations at
sentencing under a plain error standard of review. In Jones v. State, 33 the State had
recommended a minimum mandatory sentence of eight years pursuant to a plea agreement.
However, after reading a victim impact statement and highlighting aggravating factors, the
prosecutor commented, “Who knows if [eight years] will be enough for [the defendant] to
do anything different but maybe it would be a start.”34 This Court noted that, “even where
a plea agreement exists, the State is entitled to support its plea agreement with the
presentence investigation and other factors relevant to the reasonableness of the sentence
recommendation.” 35 This Court acknowledged that “some of the State’s comments at
sentencing were speculative and more restraint might have been shown,” but did not find
plain error because those comments “failed to rise to the level of subverting the integrity
of the plea bargaining process.” 36 This Court also observed that the sentencing court
“always had discretion” to impose a higher sentence, which the defendant acknowledged
before entering the plea.
33
146 A.3d 64, 2016 WL 3568181 (Del. June 22, 2016) (TABLE).
34
Id. at *1 (alteration in original).
35
Id. at *2.
36
Id.
11
(19) Similarly, in Lawhorn v. State, 37 the State recommended a minimum
mandatory sentence of 25 years, but also noted the defendant’s prior criminal history and
informed the court that the mother of a prior victim “wanted the Superior Court to be aware
that the victim was in therapy and would be affected her entire life.”38 This Court found
no plain error, noting that the Superior Court was aware of the facts highlighted by the
State, and that the State did not make inflammatory remarks on those facts.39 However,
this Court cautioned against overly aggressive argument at sentencing:
[W]e note that when the State has reached a plea agreement and the defendant
is not seeking a sentence less than the State’s recommendation, the State
should be cautious in commenting on aggravating factors, because if, when
objectively read, those remarks seem to be only useful in suggesting a
sentence higher than the State agreed to, they can support reversal based on
the State’s failure to adhere in good faith to its bargain.40
(20) Lacombe contends that the State’s comments here are the sort of remarks this
Court cautioned against in Lawhorn. We do not believe that the Superior Court abused its
discretion in denying relief as to this claim. The Superior Court correctly observed that
37
151 A.3d 449, 2016 WL 6649222 (Del. Nov. 9, 2016) (TABLE).
38
Id. at *1.
39
Id. at *3.
40
Id. “[I]n Delaware, a covenant of good faith and fair dealing applies to plea bargains as well as
to any agreement between a criminal defendant and the State.” Cole v. State, 922 A.2d 354, 359
(Del. 2005). Pursuant to that covenant, the parties must “refrain from arbitrary or unreasonable
conduct which has the effect of preventing the other party to the contract from receiving the fruits
of the bargain,” and “parties are liable for breaching the covenant when their conduct frustrates
the overarching purpose of the contract by taking advantage of their position to control
implementation of the agreement’s terms.” Id. (quoting Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co.,
878 A.2d 434, 442 (Del. 2005)) (internal quotation marks omitted). This Court has observed that
“the State will almost always be in a position to take advantage of its superior ability to control
implementation of the agreement’s terms.” Id. at 359-60.
12
plea agreements are governed by contract principles, including an implied covenant of
good faith and fair dealing. This principle “applies ‘when the party asserting the implied
covenant proves that the other party has acted arbitrarily or unreasonably, thereby
frustrating the fruits of the bargain that the asserting party reasonably expected.’”41 To put
it simply, a deal is a deal: if the State makes a plea deal with a defendant, it should stick
to it and not engage in conduct that is designed to undermine it. Here, the State should
have exercised more restraint, but did not cross the line that would trigger reversal.42
(21) Additionally, any deficiency of counsel did not result in prejudice under
Strickland because the sentencing court was not bound by the State’s recommendation.43
The court made this fact clear to Lacombe during his plea colloquy. Accordingly, the
Superior Court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Lacombe’s claim that Trial
Counsel was ineffective for failing to demand specific performance of the plea agreement.
41
Dieckman v. Regency GP LP, 155 A.3d 358, 367 (Del. 2017) (quoting Nemec v. Shrader, 991
A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010)).
42
We have observed that the State’s superior ability to control implementation of plea agreements
highlights the special role of prosecutors in criminal cases. Prosecutors represent the sovereign
whose obligation is to govern impartially and to ensure that justice be done. Cole, 922 A.2d at
360 (citing Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935)).
43
Pursuant to Superior Court Criminal Rule 11, the State, in exchange for the defendant’s guilty
plea, may agree that it will “[m]ake a recommendation, or agree not to oppose the defendant’s
request, for a particular sentence, with the understanding that such recommendation or request
shall not be binding on the court.” Super. Ct. Crim. R. 11(e)(1)(B) (emphasis added).
13
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior Court in
its decision of October 25, 2016 is AFFIRMED.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ Karen L. Valihura
Justice
14
Lacombe v. State
Combined Opinion