NO. 12-16-00214-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
RA’AN HENDERSON, § APPEAL FROM THE 396TH
APPELLANT
V. § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE § TARRANT COUNTY, TEXAS
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Ra’an Henderson appeals his conviction for aggravated robbery. Appellant brings three
issues on appeal, all concerning the law governing criminal responsibility for the conduct of
another under section 7.02 of the penal code. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On March 26, 2014, Appellant, Lakesha Lane, and Lakesha’s friend Alesha had been
watching television at Lakesha’s apartment. When Appellant left to go home, Lakesha walked
him to his car.
As she returned to her apartment, a man approached her and asked if she lived in 1307.
She described the area as “pitch black.” She asked the man “why?” He drew a pistol, told her
not to scream and told her to have Alesha come to the door. Once the door was open, the man
shoved Lakesha into the apartment, and told both women to get face down on the floor. He told
them not to move or say anything or “the gun was going to go off.”
Lakesha heard the man rummaging through her bedroom. She heard the top drawer of
her nightstand, where she kept her gun, open as well. As he walked out, the man told them to
stay on the floor for a count of three.
The women subsequently called 9-1-1. Lakesha also called Appellant who immediately
returned. Lakesha told him in which direction the robber went, and Appellant went running in
pursuit.
The next morning, Appellant gave Lakesha her debit cards and her childrens’ social
security cards which had been taken in the robbery. He told her that he had confronted the
robber the night before, hit him with the car door and maybe shot him in the leg before grabbing
what he could out of Lakesha’s purse.
In her conversations with the police, Lakesha never mentioned Appellant. During the
investigation, from a photograph, Lakesha identified Appellant’s brother, Romon Henderson, as
her assailant. With this information, Sergeant William Paine of the Fort Worth Police
Department obtained a search warrant for the brothers’ cell phone records.
The brothers’ text messages revealed a plot to rob Lakesha as she returned to her
apartment alone after she accompanied Appellant to his car. Appellant told Romon the location
of Lakesha’s television and pistol, which they planned to take. By text, he instructed Romon,
“[m]ake sure you make them lay face down.” Appellant finally ordered Romon to spring the
trap, texting that “[s]he finna walk me out[,] catch her right at her door.”
The firearm allegedly used in the robbery was never found. The stolen pistol was
recovered. There is no evidence it was used in the robbery.
The jury found Appellant guilty of aggravated robbery. The jury also found that
Appellant had three prior felony convictions, and assessed his punishment at imprisonment for
forty years. This appeal followed.
LIMITATION OF VOIR DIRE
Appellant, in his first issue, contends “the trial court erred in limiting [his] voir dire into a
relevant area of inquiry.” Specifically, Appellant argues that he should have been allowed to tell
the jury panel that the jury would have to find that he knew his brother intended to use a deadly
weapon before he could be found guilty of aggravated robbery.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review a trial judge’s decision to limit voir dire for abuse of discretion. Dinkins v.
State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 345 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). “A trial court has broad discretion over the
voir dire process, including setting reasonable limits and determining the propriety of a particular
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question.” Samaripas v. State, 454 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). The trial court abuses
its discretion when it limits a proper question concerning a proper area of inquiry. Dinkins, 894
S.W.2d at 345.
To convict Appellant as a party to an aggravated robbery, the State had to prove he was
criminally responsible for the aggravating element. Stephens v. State, 717 S.W.2d 338, 340
(Tex. Crim. App. 1986). A person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense
is committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally
responsible, or by both. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.01(a) (West 2011).
Section 7.02 of the penal code defines the circumstances in which a person is criminally
responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another:
(a) A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if:
(1) acting with the kind of culpability required for the offense, he causes or aids an
innocent or nonresponsible person to engage in conduct prohibited by the definition of the offense;
(2) acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits,
encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense; or
(3) having a legal duty to prevent commission of the offense and acting with intent to
promote or assist its commission, he fails to make a reasonable effort to prevent commission of the
offense.
(b) If, in the attempt to carry out a conspiracy to commit one felony, another felony is committed
by one of the conspirators, all conspirators are guilty of the felony actually committed, though
having no intent to commit it, if the offense was committed in furtherance of the unlawful purpose
and was one that should have been anticipated as a result of the carrying out of the conspiracy.
Id. § 7.02 (West 2011).
Section 7.02(b) does not require the state to prove that the defendant actually anticipated
the secondary felony, but only that the crime is one that should have been anticipated. Anderson
v. State, 416 S.W.3d 884, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Under the conspiracy theory of the law
of parties, a reviewing court examines the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a
particular offense committed by a co-conspirator was “reasonably foreseeable” within the scope
of the unlawful agreement. Id.
Discussion
During voir dire, Appellant’s counsel attempted to tell the jury panel that where the
defendant did not personally commit the aggravated offense (here, the use of a gun during the
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robbery), the “law of parties” in Texas required the State to prove that Appellant knew his co-
conspirator would commit the aggravated offense. When the State objected, the trial court asked
counsel to say exactly what he intended to convey to the jury:
DEFENSE COUNSEL: I am saying if [co-counsel] and I say let’s go rob 7-Eleven, and
we are going to split the money and he drives over there and I go in and I pull a knife, a deadly
weapon, on the clerk and I get the money and I put that knife in my pocket, get back in the car and
drive off, they charge him with aggravated robbery, they’ve got to prove he knew that I was going
to use a deadly weapon.
PROSECUTOR: Objection. That’s improper. That’s not what the law is.
The trial court sustained the State’s objection.
Defense counsel’s attempted explanation of the Texas law of parties or law of complicity
completely ignores the conspiracy theory of the law of parties set out in penal code section
7.02(b). See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(b). It should have been clear from the outset that
Appellant’s criminal responsibility for his brother’s conduct might arise under the conspiracy
theory of responsibility for the conduct of another under section 7.02(b). See id. Accordingly, an
attempted explanation of the law of parties that omits a part of the law of parties relevant to the
case represents a misstatement of the law. See Loar v. State, 627 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1981).
In the cases cited by Appellant, each defendant’s criminal culpability was authorized by
section 7.02(a)(2) rather than 7.02(b). See Stephens, 717 S.W.2d at 339-40; see also Hurd v.
State, 322 S.W.3d 787, 791, 793 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); Johnson v. State, 6
S.W.3d 709, 711, 713 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d). Section 7.02(a)(2)
requires the state to prove that the defendant aided, encouraged, or committed every element of
the offense, including the aggravating element. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2). Such proof
requires the state to establish that the defendant at least knew of the aggravating element. See
Hurd, 322 S.W.3d at 793. In none of the cases cited by Appellant, did the State rely on the
conspiracy theory of complicity under section 7.02(b) upon which the State relied in the instant
case. Accordingly, Appellant’s cases are not apposite here.
Because section 7.02(b) applies in this case, the State was only required to prove
Appellant should have anticipated the secondary felony under section 7.02(b). See Anderson,
416 S.W.3d at 889. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by sustaining the
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State’s objection to Appellant’s incorrect statement of the law applicable to the case. See
Dinkins, 894 S.W.2d at 345. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In his second issue, Appellant maintains the evidence is insufficient to support his
conviction for aggravated robbery.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, appellate courts consider all the evidence in
the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have
found all the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d
893, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The “sufficiency of the evidence should be measured by the
elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case.” Malik
v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Such a charge is “one that accurately
sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s
burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes
the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id.
A person commits the offense of robbery if, in the course of committing theft and with
intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he intentionally or knowingly threatens or
places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.02(a)(2)
(West 2011). The offense is aggravated if the person committing the robbery uses or exhibits a
deadly weapon. Id. § 29.03(a)(2) (West 2011). “If, in the attempt to carry out a conspiracy to
commit one felony, another felony is committed by one of the conspirators, all conspirators are
guilty of the felony actually committed, though having no intent to commit it, if the offense was
committed in furtherance of the unlawful purpose and was one that should have been anticipated
as a result of the carrying out of the conspiracy.” Id. § 7.02(b).
Discussion
The record in this case contains sufficient evidence from which a rational finder of fact
could reasonably infer that Appellant should have anticipated that his brother would use a gun in
carrying out the conspiracy to commit robbery. The jury heard evidence that Appellant and his
brother had hatched a plan to rob Lakesha. This plan included stealing certain items, such as the
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gun Lakesha kept for self-defense. Only moments before the robbery, Appellant instructed
Romon to make sure the two women lay face down on the floor. Appellant and Romon knew
that Romon would have to confront and control two adults during the robbery, one of whom
owned a gun. Romon held Lakesha and Alesha at gun point, threatened that the “gun would go
off,” and stole items from Lakesha, including her gun.
Accordingly, as sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence, the jury could
reasonably infer that the gun was intended to secure the women’s compliance and that,
consequently, Romon’s use of a gun should have been anticipated by Appellant as a result of
carrying out of the conspiracy. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(b); see also Brooks, 323
S.W.3d at 899 (stating jury is sole judge of witnesses’ credibility and weight to be given their
testimony); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (stating that we give
deference to the jury’s responsibility to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
facts). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that the jury
could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Appellant committed the offense of
aggravated Robbery. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; see also Brooks, 323
S.W.3d at 899. Appellant’s second issue is overruled.
JURY ARGUMENT
In issue three, Appellant contends the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s objection
to defense counsel’s attempt to argue that the jury would have to find that he knew a firearm
would be used in the commission of the offense in order to convict him of aggravated robbery.
Applicable Law
Permissible jury arguments fall within one of four general areas: (1) summation of the
evidence; (2) reasonable deductions from the evidence; (3) answer to argument of opposing
counsel; and (4) plea for law enforcement. Kinnamon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 84, 89 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1990), overruled on other grounds by Cook v. State, 884 S.W.2d 485 (Tex. Crim. App.
1994). Argument that misstates the law or is contrary to the court’s charge is improper. Grant v.
State, 738 S.W.2d 309, 311 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, pet. ref’d). Counsel may not
make inaccurate or misleading statements about the State’s burden of proof. See Loar, 627
S.W.2d at 401.
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Discussion
The court’s charge authorized the jury to find Appellant criminally responsible for his
brother Romon’s conduct under two theories of complicity or party liability set out in sections
7.02(a)(2) and 7.02(b) of the penal code:
A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if,
acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages,
directs, aids or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense.
A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if,
in the attempt to carry out a conspiracy to commit one felony, another felony is committed by one
of the conspirators, all conspirators are guilty of the felony actually committed, although having
no intent to commit it, if the offense was committed in furtherance of the unlawful purpose and
was one that should have been anticipated as a result of the carrying out of the conspiracy.
During closing argument, the trial court sustained the State’s objection to defense
counsel’s jury argument when counsel maintained, as he had in voir dire, that the Texas “law of
parties” required the State to prove that Appellant knew his brother intended to use a gun in the
robbery. Specifically, the following exchanged occurred:
DEFENSE COUNSEL: . . . [T]he State is obligated to prove beyond any reasonable
doubt every single element of the offense charged. And one of the elements is that a firearm was
used. So they have to prove to you, each one of you, beyond any reasonable doubt that Ra’an
knew that a firearm was going to be used in the commission of this offense.
PROSECUTOR: Again, I’m going to object, that’s a misstatement of the law.
Appellant’s counsel attempted to argue that Appellant could not be convicted of
aggravated robbery under either theory of complicity contained in the charge unless Appellant
knew that Romon was going to use a gun. As previously discussed, a finding of guilt under the
conspiracy theory of complicity requires only that the felony actually committed be one that the
defendant should have been anticipated as a result of carrying out of the conspiracy. See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(b); see also Anderson, 416 S.W.3d at 889. Accordingly, Appellant’s
jury argument misstated the law and contradicted the relevant instruction in the court’s charge.
Thus, Appellant’s argument was improper, and the trial court did not err in sustaining the State’s
objection. See Loar, 627 S.W.2d at 401; see also Grant, 738 S.W.2d at 311. Appellant’s third
issue is overruled.
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DISPOSITION
Having overruled Appellant’s three issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BILL BASS
Justice
Opinion delivered May 31, 2017.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Neeley, J., and Bass, Retired J., Twelfth Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
(DO NOT PUBLISH)
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COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
JUDGMENT
MAY 31, 2017
NO. 12-16-00214-CR
RA’AN HENDERSON,
Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
Appeal from the 396th District Court
of Tarrant County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 1376999D)
THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the
judgment.
It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court
below for observance.
Bill Bass, Justice.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Neeley, J. and Bass, Retired J., Twelfth Court of Appeals,
sitting by assignment.