FILED
JUNE 13, 2017
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 34966-7-111
Respondent, )
)
V. )
)
JOSE RAFAEL CASTRO-LINO, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. )
KORSMO, J. - Jose Castro-Lino appeals his conviction for second degree rape,
arguing that his trial counsel was ineffective because he (1) prevented Mr. Castro-Lino
from taking the stand in his own defense and (2) failed to challenge alleged prosecutorial
misconduct. Finding no prejudicial error, we affirm.
FACTS
The charge arose after a night of heavy drinking by Mr. Castro-Lino, his fiancee's
son, and a group of the son's friends. While the son and several of his friends-including
the victim-were under the age of 21, the defendant was nearly 30. The party wound
No. 34966-7-111
State v. Castro-Lino
down at Mr. Castro-Lino's residence, with many of the younger partygoers ultimately
sleeping there.
The victim, M.L., went to sleep on her stomach on a bed in the basement beside
one her friends. While asleep, she was slightly awakened by what she described as
"penetration." Drowsy, she thought nothing of it and rolled over onto her back and
returned to sleep. She soon again felt penetration and woke up due to pain. She opened
her eyes and saw Mr. Castro-Lino on top of her. Upon seeing her open eyes, he stood up
and left the basement. Anal swabs subsequently revealed sperm belonging to Mr. Castro-
Lino.
The defense called Hamed Mohamud to describe his observations of the evening's
events. He testified that in the early morning he saw Castro-Lino and M.L. holding each
other on the basement bed. This angered him because the defendant was engaged. The
defendant did not testify, but his statement to police that he was too drunk to remember
the night's events was entered at trial. After a recess for consultation, the defense rested
after Mohamud's testimony without the defendant taking the stand. The defense also
declined to call its expert to testify concerning memory and intoxication.
The prosecutor began his closing argument by calling the defendant "a predator
who abused and violated" M.L. while she was intoxicated. In closing, defense counsel
stated that his client was not a predator, but had made two mistakes by getting very drunk
2
No. 34966-7-111
State v. Castro-Lino
and cheating on his fiance. He stressed how vague the victim's testimony had been and
the fact that she, too, was intoxicated.
The jury found the defendant guilty of second degree rape. Defendant retained
new counsel and moved for a new trial, arguing that his original counsel had prevented
him from testifying. Trial counsel also testified at the hearing and explained that
although Mr. Castro-Lino originally had been planning to testify, plans changed after Mr.
Mohamud testified. Counsel and his client consulted before resting and decided that the
testimony of both the defendant and the expert were now unnecessary. Mr. Castro-Lino
testified that he had wanted to testify, but accepted his attorney's advice not to do so
based on their belief the defense would win. Report of Proceedings (RP) (May 29, 2015)
at 57-58.
The trial court rejected the motion, noting both that the defendant was not denied
the opportunity to testify by counsel and that the defendant had never indicated the
subject matter of his proposed testimony. Id. at 68-69. Mr. Castro-Lino then timely
appealed.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Mr. Castro-Lino challenges both the substance of the court's ruling on
the CrR 7.5 motion and his new counsel's handling of the motion, and also challenges his
counsel's failure to object to portions of the prosecutor's closing arguments. We address
first the new trial motion and then the prosecutor's argument.
3
No. 34966-7-111
State v. Castro-Lino
CrR 7.5 Motion
Mr. Castro-Lino attacks both the trial court's ruling on the motion and his new
counsel's failure to elicit testimony concerning what he might have been able to testify
about at trial. These challenges are easily resolved by the fact that his motion failed due
to his own testimony.
The principles governing the three areas of law implicated by these claims are
quite well settled. First, we note that a trial court's decision to grant a new trial is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. State v. Marks, 71 Wn.2d 295, 302, 427 P.2d 1008
(1967). Discretion is abused when it is exercised on untenable grounds or for untenable
reasons. State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971).
Discretion also is abused when a court uses an incorrect legal standard in making a
discretionary decision. State v. Rundquist, 79 Wn. App. 786, 793, 905 P.2d 922 (1995).
"The question is not whether this court would have decided otherwise in the first
instance, but whether the trial judge was justified in reaching his conclusion." State v.
Taylor, 60 Wn.2d 32, 42,371 P.2d 617 (1962).
Equally well settled is the law governing claims that counsel prevented his client
from testifying. Criminal defendants have a federal and state constitutional right to
testify on their own behalf. State v. Robinson, 138 Wn.2d 753, 757-758, 982 P.2d 590
( 1999). It is the defendant, not trial counsel, who makes the ultimate decision about
whether to testify. State v.' Thomas, 128 Wn.2d 553, 558, 910 P.2d 475 (1996).
4
No. 34966-7-111
State v. Castro-Lino
Following trial, a silent defendant may present a claim that counsel prevented him from
testifying. Id. at 561. A silent defendant must show that his attorney prevented him from
testifying despite "unequivocal demands" from the defendant to do so. Robinson, 138
Wn.2d at 764. If defense counsel advises a defendant not to testify, and the defendant
accepts that advice, the silent defendant cannot subsequently claim his right to testify was
violated because he followed counsel's advice. Id. at 763; State v. Hardy, 37 Wn. App.
463, 466-467, 681 P.2d 852 (1984); State v. King, 24 Wn. App. 495, 499, 601 P.2d 982
(1979).
Finally, long settled standards govern ineffective assistance of counsel claims. An
attorney's failure to perform consistent with the standards of the profession will require a
new trial when the client has been prejudiced by counsel's failure. State v. McFarland,
127 Wn.2d 322, 334-335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). In evaluating ineffectiveness claims,
courts must be highly deferential to counsel's decisions. A strategic or tactical decision
is not a basis for finding error. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689-691, 104 S.
Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). Under Strickland, courts evaluate counsel's
performance using a two-prong test that requires determination whether or not ( 1)
counsel's performance failed to meet a standard of reasonableness and (2) actual prejudice
resulted from counsel's failures. Id. at 690-692. When a claim can be disposed of on one
ground, a reviewing court need not consider both Strickland prongs. State v. Foster, 140
Wn. App. 266, 273, 166 P.3d 726, review denied, 162 Wn.2d 1007 (2007).
5
No. 34966-7-111
State v. Castro-Lino
The new trial ruling is resolved by the defendant's own testimony. He agreed with
trial counsel's advice not to testify, and, thus was not prevented from testifying. He
cannot now challenge that decision. Robinson, 138 Wn.2d at 764-765; Hardy, 37 Wn.
App. at 466-467; King, 24 Wn. App. at 499.
The trial court had a very tenable basis for denying the motion-the defendant was
never prevented from testifying. He merely acceded to his counsel's advice. For that
'
reason, we also need not consider whether counsel erred in failing to elicit a summary of
the defendant's proposed testimony. If that was error in the presentation of the argument,
it was clearly not prejudicial error since the motion failed due to the fact that the
defendant agreed he was not prevented from testifying at trial.
The court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting the CrR 7 .5 motion.
Prosecutor 's Argument
Appellant next argues that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by
failing to object to several of the prosecutor's statements made during closing arguments.
He fails to establish prejudicial error.
The standards for reviewing this type of alleged error in closing argument are also
well settled. Mr. Castro-Lino's arguments implicate several types of claims that have
been discussed over the years. The general rule is that a prosecutor can properly draw
reasonable inferences from the evidence admitted at trial and argue those inferences to
the jury. State v. Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d 51, 94-95, 804 P.2d 577 (1991); State v. Hale, 26
6
No. 34966-7-111
State v. Castro-Lino
Wn. App. 211, 216, 611 P.2d 1370 (1980), review denied, 95 Wn.2d 1030 (1981). The
prosecutor can also argue that the evidence does not support the defendant's theory of the
case. State v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d 24, 87, 882 P.2d 747 (1994). '" Mere appeals to jury
passion and prejudice, as well as prejudicial allusions to matters outside the evidence, are
inappropriate."' State v. Belgarde, 110 Wn.2d 504, 507, 755 P.2d 174 (1988) (quoting
State v. Belgarde, 46 Wn. App. 441,448, 730 P.2d 746 (1986)). However, the defendant
must object to the prosecutor's allegedly improper argument to preserve a claim of error
unless the argument was so "flagrant and ill intentioned that no curative instructions
could have obviated the prejudice." Id. When improper argument is alleged, the defense
bears the burden of establishing the impropriety of the prosecuting attorney's comments
as well as their prejudicial effect. Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d at 93.
In determining whether prosecutorial comments have denied the defendant a fair
trial, a reviewing court must decide whether the comments are improper and, if so,
whether there is a substantial likelihood that the comments affected the verdict. State v.
Reed, 102 Wn.2d 140, 145, 684 P.2d 699 (1984). "Allegedly improper arguments should
be reviewed in the context of the total argument, the issues in the case, the evidence
addressed in the argument, and the instructions given." State v. Graham, 59 Wn. App.
418,428, 798 P.2d 314 (1990). A failure to object to an improper remark constitutes a
waiver unless the comment is flagrant and ill intentioned and the resulting prejudice so
7
No. 34966-7-111
State v. Castro-Lino
enduring that jury admonitions could not neutralize its effect. State v. Charlton, 90
Wn.2d 657,661,585 P.2d 142 (1978).
It also is inappropriate for a prosecutor to suggest that the defendant bears any
burden of proof. State v. Fiallo-Lopez, 78 Wn. App. 717, 728-729, 899 P.2d 1294
(1995). However, once a defendant presents evidence, a prosecutor can fairly comment
on what was not produced. State v. Barrow, 60 Wn. App. 869, 871-873, 809 P.2d 209
(1991); State v. Guizzotti, 60 Wn. App. 289,298, 803 P.2d 808 (1991); State v.
Contreras, 57 Wn. App. 471, 788 P.2d 1114 (1990).
Appellant does not directly attack the prosecutor's statements, but indirectly does
so through an allegation that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. There was no
need to take that approach. If the prosecutor significantly erred in argument, the error is
directly reviewable. E.g., Belgarde, 110 Wn.2d at 507; Charlton, 90 Wn.2d at 661. If
the prosecutor did not significantly err in argument, presenting a derivative claim of
ineffective assistance will be of no avail since Strickland requires proof of actual
prejudice. 1 Accordingly, we will tum to the arguments without viewing them through the
obscuring veil of an ineffective assistance analysis.
1
Indeed, since appellant would also have to show that his trial counsel erred by
not objecting, it is more burdensome for an appellant to try to establish ineffective
assistance than to establish misconduct by the prosecutor.
8
No. 34966-7-III
State v. Castro-Lino
Here, Mr. Castro-Lino alleges the prosecutor committed misconduct when he: (1)
used inflammatory and prejudicial language by referring to Mr. Castro-Lino as a predator
and recounting details of M.L.' s sexual assault examination, (2) vouched for M.L. 's
credibility by telling the jury they should believe her testimony, (3) shifted the burden of
proof by faulting Mr. Castro-Lino for not providing evidence M.L. was lying, and (4)
misstated the State's burden of proof when he erroneously defined what constitutes proof
beyond a reasonable doubt. We discuss each allegation in tum.
Whether the prosecutor actually used inflammatory and prejudicial language is not
a question we need decide here since the remarks were not prejudicial. Defense counsel
embraced the term "predator" and turned it around, emphasizing that his client made a
mistake by cheating on his fiance with the victim. It played directly to the defense theme
of the case--a voluntary sexual encounter fueled by alcohol consumption rather than a
rape by an older man of an incapacitated female. Similarly, the prosecutor quite
understandably cited to the examination results to prove that sexual intercourse occurred
and merely recited the nurse's unchallenged testimony. It was not improper to cite to the
testimony.
Appellant next contends that the prosecutor vouched for M.L. He did not. The
argument made by the prosecutor shows the context:
So in this case if all the evidence that the State had was simply [M.L. 's]
testimony, and ifyou believed her testimony, as you should, given the
9
No. 34966-7-111
State v. Castro-Lino
evidence, that alone, her testimony alone would be enough evidence for you
to find him guilty.
Now, obviously in this case we have more evidence than that, but I
point that out because ifyoufind her credible, ifyou believe what she has
related to you, which has been consistent throughout, which links up with
the other evidence, that alone is sufficient for you to find the Defendant
guilty. But obviously there's more evidence in this case.
RP (April 9, 2015) at 418-419 (emphasis added). The prosecutor clearly pointed out that
the evidence supported the victim's testimony and that it, alone, was enough to prove the
case. He did not vouch for M.L., but tied her credibility to the evidence before the jury.
Appellant also contends that the prosecutor impermissibly shifted the burden to
the defense when he argued that there was no evidence presented showing M.L. had a
motive to lie about Mr. Castro-Lino. This argument was a proper rebuttal to the defense
argument that M.L. was lying about the incident. Guizzotti, 60 Wn. App. at 298. It is not
burden-shifting to point out that evidence does not support a defense argument.
Finally, Mr. Castro-Lino argues that the prosecutor misstated the burden of proof
when he concluded his initial argument by reciting portions of the burden of proof
instruction to the jury and telling them they had a "duty" to convict the defendant if they
had an abiding belief in his guilt after considering the evidence. There was no error. The
prosecutor properly recited portions of jury instruction 3 defining reasonable doubt, and
then referenced (without citing) the concluding line of jury instruction 8, which told
jurors that if all of the elements were proven beyond a reasonable doubt, it was their
"duty" to convict. Clerk's Papers at 175, 180; RP 424-425.
10
No. 34966-7-III
State v. Castro-Lino
Again, there was no error. Mr. Castro-Lino does not directly attack the jury
instructions and we can conceive of no situation where a prosecutor accurately reciting
the instructions somehow engages in misconduct. This contention is without merit.
Mr. Castro-Lino has not established that the remarks that he now challenges
constituted prejudicial error. Accordingly, the conviction is affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
WE CONCUR:
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
j
11