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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
In Estate of Dorothy Pluhacek, also
re
known as M ary Pluhacek, also known as
Sr. M. Dorothy de N.D., deceased.
M argaret Hickey, appellant, v. Estate of
Dorothy Pluhacek, also known as
M ary Pluhacek, also known as
Sr. M. Dorothy de N.D.,
deceased, appellee.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed April 27, 2017. No. S-16-654.
1. Decedents’ Estates: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews
probate cases for error appearing on the record made in the county court.
2. Decedents’ Estates: Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing
questions of law in a probate matter, an appellate court reaches a conclu-
sion independent of the determination reached by the court below.
3. Decedents’ Estates: Wills: Intent: Proof. A document purporting to
be a will, which is otherwise sufficient, will satisfy the “writing”
requirement of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2327 (Reissue 2016), whether it
is completely handwritten; partly written in ink and partly in pencil;
partly typewritten and partly printed; partly printed, partly typewritten,
and partly written; or on a printed form, as well as other combinations
of these forms and comparable permanent techniques of writing which
substantively evidence testamentary intent.
Appeal from the County Court for Douglas County: Thomas
K. H armon, Judge. Reversed and remanded for further
proceedings.
Shane J. Placek, of Sidner Law, for appellant.
No appearance for appellee.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.
Miller-Lerman, J.
NATURE OF CASE
Margaret Hickey, the current Provincial Superioress of the
Omaha province of the Notre Dame Sisters, appeals the deci-
sion of the Douglas County Court which denied formal pro-
bate of a document that Hickey purported to be the valid
will of Dorothy Pluhacek, also known as Mary Pluhacek,
also known as Sr. M. Dorothy de N.D. The court concluded
that the document was not a valid will under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 30-2327 (Reissue 2016) because portions of the document
were handwritten and further concluded that the document
was not admissible as a holographic will under Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 30-2328 (Reissue 2016). Because we conclude that the
document is a properly executed will under § 30-2327, we
reverse the order of the county court and remand the cause for
formal probate.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Pluhacek died on July 1, 2015, at 100 years of age. Thereafter,
Hickey filed an application for informal probate of the will
and informal appointment of a personal representative in the
Douglas County Court. Hickey sought appointment as personal
representative on the basis that she was the current Provincial
Superioress of the Omaha province of the Notre Dame Sisters,
and the document she submitted for probate named the holder
of that title as executor.
The document Hickey purported to be Pluhacek’s will
accompanied the application. The document contained certain
preprinted terms, typewritten material, and blanks that were
completed in handwriting. The content of the document is set
forth below. The portions that were handwritten in the docu-
ment are indicated by italics below. The portion that is under-
lined below was not underlined in the document but was in a
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
different typeset than the preprinted portions of the document.
The document stated as follows:
LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT
———————
IN THE NAME OF GOD. AMEN.
I, Mary T. Pluhacek otherwise known as Sr. M. Dorothy
de N.D., being of legal age, of sound mind and memory,
do hereby make, publish, and declare this to be my last
will and testament.
FIRST: I give, devise, and bequeath to School Sisters
de N.D., Inc. at Omaha, Nebraska all property, real, per-
sonal, and mixed, which I now possess or which I may
hereafter acquire.
This Will and Testament may not be changed without
the permission of the Superior General.
SECOND: I hereby nominate and appoint Provincial
Superioress of the School Sisters de N.D., Inc. as the
executor of this will, without bond or inventory.
The document was signed and witnessed as follows:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand
this 22nd day of July 1936.
(Signature) Mary T. Pluhacek
Signed, published, and declared by the above named
Mary T. Pluhacek otherwise known as Sr. M. Dorothy de
N.D., as her last will and testament, in the presence of us,
who in her presence and at her request, and in the pres-
ence of each other, have hereunto subscribed our names
as witnesses the day and year above written.
Immediately below this quoted text were two signatures
denominated as witnesses. The signatures indicated that both
witnesses were also Notre Dame Sisters.
The county court sua sponte entered an order denying infor-
mal probate of the document. The court noted, inter alia, that
“[t]he signature of [Pluhacek] was affixed to the document
which was subscribed by the testator and published as her
Last Will and Testament in the presence of two (2) attesting
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
witnesses.” The court then quoted § 30-2327, which is titled
“Execution” and provides:
Except as provided for holographic wills, writings
within section 30-2338, and wills within section 30-2331,
every will is required to be in writing signed by the tes-
tator or in the testator’s name by some other individual
in the testator’s presence and by his direction, and is
required to be signed by at least two individuals each
of whom witnessed either the signing or the testator’s
acknowledgment of the signature or of the will.
The court also quoted § 30-2328, which is titled “Holographic
will” and provides:
An instrument which purports to be testamentary in
nature but does not comply with section 30-2327 is
valid as a holographic will, whether or not witnessed,
if the signature, the material provisions, and an indi
cation of the date of signing are in the handwriting of
the testator and, in the absence of such indication of
date, if such instrument is the only such instrument or
contains no inconsistency with any like instrument or
if such date is determinable from the contents of such
instrument, from extrinsic circumstances, or from any
other evidence.
The county court determined that “[t]he document that
[Pluhacek] signed does not qualify as a Will because the mate-
rial provisions are in the handwriting of the testator.” Pursuing
this reasoning, the court then stated that as a prerequisite to
probate, it would be necessary to determine whether the docu-
ment was admissible as a holographic will. The court further
stated that such determination could not be made in an infor-
mal proceeding and instead that a formal proceeding would
be required to determine whether Pluhacek had left a valid
holographic will. Based on the foregoing, the court denied
admission of the document for informal probate.
Hickey filed a notice of appeal of the county court’s order
denying informal probate. In case No. A-16-112, in a minute
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
entry dated March 1, 2016, the Nebraska Court of Appeals
determined that the county court’s order denying informal pro-
bate was not a final, appealable order and dismissed the appeal
for lack of jurisdiction.
Hickey then filed an amended petition for formal probate,
determination of heirs, and appointment of personal repre
sentative in the county court. Hickey again offered the docu-
ment as Pluhacek’s validly executed will and nominated her-
self to be personal representative pursuant to the terms of the
purported will.
After a trial, the county court entered an order on June 7,
2016, in which it denied formal probate of the document. The
court repeated its earlier reasoning to the effect that because
the material provisions were handwritten, the document was
not “in writing” for purposes of § 30-2327. Because the
court viewed the document as inadmissible as a will under
§ 30-2327, the court needed to determine whether the docu-
ment was admissible as a holographic will. The court noted
there was “no witness opinion provided that verifies that the
holographic instrument is in [Pluhacek’s] handwriting, i.e., no
evidence was adduced by any witness who was familiar with
[Pluhacek’s] handwriting.” The court stated that its conclusion
that because Hickey had not established that the document was
in Pluhacek’s handwriting, the document was not admissible
as a holographic will.
In its order, the county court continued that, assuming
arguendo that the handwriting could be established to be that
of Pluhacek, the court would consider other issues regarding
the validity of the document. In that respect, the court noted
that the document “obviously was an undated pre-printed
form . . . with handwritten insertions.” The court therefore
described the document as “not a true holographic will but is
rather a ‘hybrid’ holographic will.” The court cited precedent
of this court to the effect that in order for a holographic will
to be valid, the material provisions must be in the hand-
writing of the decedent and that such handwritten portions
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
must clearly express testamentary intent without reference
to preprinted portions of a form. Although the county court
was not explicit, its discussion of this issue and its ultimate
conclusions indicate that the court believed the document to
be a holographic will but that the handwritten portions of the
document standing alone were not sufficient to express testa-
mentary intent. We believe the county court was mistakenly
echoing In re Estate of Foxley, 254 Neb. 204, 575 N.W.2d 150
(1998), which examined a handwritten codicil.
The county court also considered an argument that the
document was a validly executed will under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 30-2331 (Reissue 2016), which provides:
A written will is valid if executed in compliance with
section 30-2327 or 30-2328 or if its execution complies
with the law at the time of execution of the place where
the will is executed or of the place where at the time of
execution or at the time of death the testator is domiciled,
has a place of abode or is a national.
The court noted that the face of the document indicated that it
was signed in 1936. The court stated that its review of statutes
and law indicated that holographic wills were not recognized
in 1936 and that “[i]n fact, holographic wills were not recog-
nized as a matter of law until Nebraska adopted the Uniform
Probate Code . . . in 1974.” The court concluded that because
the document was a holographic will which form was not rec-
ognized in 1936, any argument based on § 30-2331 would be
without merit.
Based on its analysis summarized above, the court denied
formal probate of the document and found that Pluhacek had
died intestate. Hickey appeals.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Hickey claims, restated, that the document was a prop-
erly executed will under § 30-2327 and that the county court
erred when it examined and determined that the document
was a holographic will which failed to meet the terms of the
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
holographic will statute, § 30-2328, and further erred when it
denied formal probate.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
[1,2] An appellate court reviews probate cases for error
appearing on the record made in the county court. In re Estate
of Balvin, 295 Neb. 346, 888 N.W.2d 499 (2016). When
reviewing questions of law in a probate matter, an appellate
court reaches a conclusion independent of the determination
reached by the court below. Id.
ANALYSIS
The county court concluded that Pluhacek’s will, dated
July 22, 1936, was not valid and denied Hickey’s petition
for formal probate. Hickey claims primarily that the county
court erred when it did not conclude that the document was
a properly executed will under § 30-2327 and therefore
erroneously denied formal probate. We agree with Hickey’s
arguments and reverse the county court’s order which denied
formal probate.
We have quoted § 30-2327, entitled “Execution,” above.
When the requirements of § 30-2327 are met, the will is val-
idly executed. The requirements of § 30-2327 are satisfied if a
will is (1) in writing, (2) signed by the testator, and (3) signed
by at least two individuals, each of whom witnessed either the
signing or the testator’s acknowledgment of the signing of the
will. See In re Estate of Flider, 213 Neb. 153, 328 N.W.2d
197 (1982). See, also, Cummings v. Curtiss, 219 Neb. 106, 361
N.W.2d 508 (1985) (stating two witnesses are required under
§ 30-2327). Pluhacek’s will, as tendered by Hickey, meets
these requirements.
The holographic will statute, § 30-2328, is an exception to
the generally controlling “execution” statute, § 30-2327. But
where the will meets the requirements of § 30-2327, further
examination of validity under other theories is not neces-
sary. In this case, there is no meaningful dispute in the record
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
that Pluhacek’s will was signed by her and witnessed by two
other individuals. And contrary to the county court’s view of
§ 30-2327, under our independent review of § 30-2327, we
conclude as a matter of law that the will, albeit partly printed,
partly typed, and partly handwritten, was “in writing” for pur-
poses of § 30-2327. See In re Estate of Balvin, supra (reciting
our standard of review).
Reading the county court’s order as a whole, we believe the
county court’s fundamental misunderstanding was its belief
that, due to substantial portions of the will being in handwrit-
ing, the document was not “in writing” for statutory purposes
of § 30-2327. This misunderstanding led to the county court’s
unnecessary examination of the document as a possible holo-
graphic will.
For purposes of complying with a statutory requirement
such as contained in § 30-2327 that a will be “in writing,” it
is generally agreed that a document partly typed or printed
and completed in handwriting meets the writing requirement.
See 95 C.J.S. Wills § 204 (2011). The cases have long been to
this effect. E.g., Stuck v. Howard, 213 Ala. 184, 104 So. 500
(1925), overruled in part, Reynolds v. Massey, 219 Ala. 265,
122 So. 29 (1929). Interpreting a statutory provision similar to
§ 30-2327, another court stated that the statutory word “writ-
ten,” “is broad enough to include a typewritten will with a
portion . . . in longhand.” Succession of Bellanca v. Schiro, 517
So. 2d 1235 (La. App. 1987).
[3] We agree with the reasoning of the foregoing and other
authorities and conclude that a document purporting to be a
will, which is otherwise sufficient, will satisfy the “in writing”
requirement of § 30-2327, whether it is completely handwrit-
ten; “partly written in ink and partly in pencil[;] partly type-
written and partly printed[;] partly printed, [partly typewrit-
ten,] and partly written[;] or on a printed form,” see 95 C.J.S.,
supra, § 204 at 201, as well as other combinations of these
forms and comparable permanent techniques of writing which
substantively evidence testamentary intent.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF PLUHACEK
Cite as 296 Neb. 528
In this case, the document tendered by Hickey was “in writ-
ing,” signed by Pluhacek and witnessed by two individuals;
thus, the will was properly executed and satisfied § 30-2327.
On this record, the will was validly executed under § 30-2327,
and the county court erred when it denied formal probate based
on its erroneous reasoning.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, we conclude, as a mat-
ter of law, that the will was a validly executed will under
§ 30-2327. The county court erred when it denied formal
probate. Accordingly, we reverse, and remand with instruc-
tions to the county court to admit the will to formal probate
and formally grant other appropriate relief in accordance with
the will.
R eversed and remanded for
further proceedings.