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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 16-41465 FILED
Summary Calendar July 7, 2017
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
SABRINA VINCENT,
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
COLLEGE OF THE MAINLAND,
Defendant - Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 3:14-CV-48
Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and JONES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Plaintiff-Appellant Sabrina Vincent sued her former employer, bringing
discrimination and retaliation claims under Title VII, the Americans with
Disabilities Act (“ADA”), and the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”). The
magistrate judge granted Defendant-Appellee’s motion for summary
judgment. We AFFIRM.
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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I. BACKGROUND
Vincent started working for Defendant-Appellee, College of the
Mainland (“COM”), in 2004 as a part time computer lab assistant. In 2008,
Janis Cutaia, Vincent’s supervisor, recommended and hired her for a full time
computer lab position. 1 Her duties included maintaining and updating the
computers in various labs, as well as assisting the students. Unfortunately,
two personal tragedies prompted Vincent to take leaves of absence. Her
mother’s stroke and subsequent death caused her to take leave without pay
from November through December of 2008. In 2009, Vincent’s husband was
diagnosed with terminal cancer; his illness and death prompted her to take
leave from June through October 2009.
During 2010, Cutaia noticed that Vincent consistently showed up late to
work. About eight months after Vincent’s return to work, Cutaia approached
her about her tardiness. Vincent replied that she faced “personal issues” and
that she was under a doctor’s care, but she offered no further explanation.
After Vincent’s tardiness persisted, Cutaia consulted with Human Resources
and took corrective action, requiring Vincent to check in with her when she
arrived at work and directing her to call or email if she was running late.
Later, Cutaia moved Vincent’s office to a less isolated location, resulting in her
sharing an office with a coworker. However, Cutaia did not implement any
formal discipline.
An altercation occurred on February 22, 2012, when Vincent again
arrived late to work without notifying Cutaia. According to Vincent, Cutaia
loudly confronted her in the hallway, accused her of being late for work, told
her not to lie, and claimed she was “stealing time” from COM. About a week
1 While at COM, Vincent also worked as an adjunct professor, but she was hired to
that position independent of her job as a lab assistant.
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later, Vincent filed a grievance stating that Cutaia’s comments were racist.
Lonica Bush, COM’s executive director and in-house counsel for the Office of
Diversity and Equity, investigated the grievance in accordance with COM’s
procedures and found it to lack merit, but she required Cutaia to email Vincent
an apology. A review by COM’s interim president upheld Bush’s decision.
During the investigation, Vincent revealed for the first time that she was
receiving medical care for depression and anxiety and formally requested an
accommodation.
In May of 2012, Bush, Cutaia, and Vincent met to discuss possible
accommodations for her disability. Cutaia requested a later start time, using
leave time on days she was tardy or absent, and fewer distractions in the
workplace. Bush sent an email following the meeting, explaining that COM
would alter Vincent’s work schedule so that she could report to work later.
However, to accommodate the later start date, COM reassigned Vincent to the
Academic Success Lab and the Math and Science Lab. Her hours worked, pay,
responsibilities, and supervisor remained the same, but it took her away from
several other labs in which she had previously worked. Bush also informed
Vincent that COM’s policy was to allow employees to submit forms to use
accumulated leave time to cover absences and tardiness. Still, Bush reiterated
that Vincent had to report by phone or email when she was going to be late,
give an accurate time for her arrival, and notify her supervisor when she
arrived. Although Vincent had requested that COM schedule her later without
changing her lab assignments, Bush replied that her supervisor had the
authority to re-assign her regardless of her request for accommodation and
stated that the change was necessary to provide her a later work schedule and
to reduce workplace distractions.
In June of 2012, Vincent’s absence from work on three consecutive days
prompted COM to notify her of eligibility for leave under the FMLA. She
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requested, and COM approved, leave for a scheduled surgery. After the
surgery, Cutaia provided Vincent with expectations for when she returned to
work. In particular, she wanted Vincent to spend the majority of her shift in
the labs instead of her office and once again reiterated that Vincent was to
notify her if she was running late.
About a month after Vincent returned from leave, Cutaia invoked COM’s
progressive disciplinary policy. In August of 2012, Vincent received a Level
One Form Conduct Correction Plan formalizing check in procedures for
arriving late. The plan noted over ten times Vincent had been late without
providing notice or had provided inaccurate notice of her arrival time. Vincent
refused to sign the correction plan. In November of 2012, she received a Level
Two Form Conduct Correction Plan, which she also refused to sign.
On November 30, Vincent submitted a second grievance to COM alleging
race, sex, and disability discrimination. She also filed formal charges with the
EEOC and the Texas Workforce Commission, claiming both discrimination and
retaliation. The task of investigating Vincent’s COM complaint again fell to
Bush, who found insufficient evidence of discrimination or retaliation. While
concluding that her white male coworker, Larry Click, had made an
inappropriate comment about Vincent’s body, Bush determined that he had
been sufficiently reprimanded and that no further incidents had occurred.
Bush reiterated in her decision that the changes in Vincent’s schedule and
work location were necessary for her accommodation. After this second
grievance, Vincent alleges that Click started following her around during her
shift and taking notes on her behavior.
Cutaia issued a Level Three Form Conduct Correction Plan in June of
2013. The correction plan stated that it was due to Vincent’s repeated
tardiness and failure to notify from January through April 2013 and because
of too much time spent in her office instead of the computer lab. Finally, in
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July 2013, Vincent received a Level Four Form Conduct Correction Plan, which
terminated her employment with COM. The Level Four Plan noted that
Vincent had failed to comply with the previous correction plan in the following
ways: failing to arrive at the accommodated time, failing to communicate with
coworkers, and failing to attend Department meetings. Again, Vincent filed a
grievance with COM alleging race and sex discrimination and retaliation
under the ADA and FMLA. COM again found these claims to lack merit and
upheld her dismissal. Vincent did not appeal that determination with COM.
In September of 2013, Vincent amended her complaint with the EEOC
alleging that her termination arose out of the same retaliation and
discrimination, and she received a right to sue letter. Vincent filed suit in
February of 2014. Her suit alleged discrimination and retaliation based on sex
and race under Title VII, discrimination and retaliation under the ADA, and
retaliation under the FMLA. The parties consented to jurisdiction before a
magistrate judge. After discovery, the magistrate judge granted summary
judgment in favor of COM. This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review grants of summary judgment de novo. Miller v. Gorski
Wladyslaw Estate, 547 F.3d 273, 277 (5th Cir. 2008). Summary judgment is
appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). All
facts are to be viewed and all inferences are to be drawn in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party. Daniels v. City of Arlington, 246 F.3d 500,
502 (5th Cir. 2001). “An issue is material if its resolution could affect the
outcome of the action.” Id. Only competent evidence will satisfy a party’s
summary judgment burden. Bellard v. Gautreaux, 675 F.3d 454, 460 (5th Cir.
2012); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
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III. DISCUSSION
Vincent challenges the magistrate judge’s dismissal of her
discrimination and retaliation claims, alleging that she introduced sufficient
material facts to overcome summary judgment and that the magistrate judge
misapplied the law.
A. Discrimination Claims
Vincent alleges discrimination based on her race, sex, and disability
under Title VII and the ADA. Title VII prohibits an employer from
discriminating based on “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). The ADA prohibits an employer from discrimination
based on an employee’s “disability in regard to . . . hiring, advancement, or
discharge.” Id. § 12112(a).
Because there is no direct evidence of discrimination, we assess Vincent’s
discrimination claims under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting
framework. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–04
(1973). First, the plaintiff must make a prima facie showing of discrimination.
See Cannon v. Jacobs Field Servs. N. Am., Inc. 813 F.3d 586, 590 (5th Cir.
2016). Next, the burden shifts to the employer to “articulate a legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.” Id. (quoting
E.E.O.C. v. Chevron Phillips Chem. Co., LP, 570 F.3d 606, 615 (5th Cir. 2009)).
Finally, the burden shifts back “to the plaintiff to produce evidence from which
a jury could conclude that the employer’s articulated reason is pretextual.” Id.
“A plaintiff may establish pretext either through evidence of disparate
treatment or by showing that the employer’s proffered explanation is false or
‘unworthy of credence.’” Thomas v. Johnson, 788 F.3d 177, 179 (5th Cir. 2015)
(quoting Laxton v. Gap Inc., 333 F.3d 572, 578 (5th Cir. 2003)).
The magistrate judge assumed, without deciding, that Vincent had made
a prima facie showing of discrimination. The magistrate judge also accepted
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COM’s explanation that Vincent’s termination was based on her failure to
comply with her conduct correction plan, in accordance with COM’s progressive
disciplinary policy. Vincent does not contest that COM met its burden of
articulating a legitimate reason for discharging her, so step two is likewise not
at issue. Therefore, we will focus our analysis on step three, whether Vincent
has created a material issue of fact concerning pretext. See Hernandez v.
Yellow Transp., Inc., 670 F.3d 644, 659 (5th Cir. 2012).
Vincent claims that she raised genuine issues of material fact concerning
whether her firing was pretextual through the affidavits of two former COM
employees. She also argues that the district court erred as a matter of law by
(1) determining that Brad Traylor was not a proper comparator, (2) applying
an improperly narrow “nearly identical” standard, and (3) failing to extend the
Supreme Court’s holding in Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v.
White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006), to discrimination claims. We disagree.
To establish pretext by showing that the employer’s proffered reasons for
termination are “false or ‘unworthy of credence,’” Thomas, 788 F.3d at 179,
Vincent bears the burden of presenting evidence that, viewed in the light most
favorable to her, would permit a jury to conclude that COM’s reasons for
termination were mere pretext for discrimination. See Laxton, 333 F.3d at 578.
In support of her motion opposing summary judgment, Vincent attached
affidavits from two former COM employees, Arnetta Henderson and Dr. David
Smith, which she claims show other incidents of racial discrimination by COM.
However, COM objected—and the magistrate judge agreed—that the affidavits
were not competent evidence. In his opinion, the magistrate judge cited COM’s
objection to Vincent’s summary judgment response evidence, which argued
that Henderson’s affidavit should have been excluded because Vincent failed
to disclose her as a potential witness and objected to the material portions of
Smith’s affidavit because they were conclusory, irrelevant, speculative, and
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based on hearsay. On appeal, Vincent fails to address the magistrate judge’s
ruling that the affidavits were not competent evidence, so she has waived that
issue. See Rodriguez v. Eli Lilly & Co., 820 F.3d 759, 763 n.3 (5th Cir. 2016)
(issues not briefed on appeal are waived).
Without these two affidavits, all Vincent is left with is her own affidavit.
However, this affidavit contradicts—without explanation—Vincent’s
deposition testimony where she admitted she frequently arrived late and failed
to attend department meetings, which establishes her non-compliance with
COM’s corrective action plan. Conclusory, self-serving affidavits are
insufficient to create a fact issue when they contradict prior testimony. See
Albertson v. T.J. Stevenson & Co., 749 F.2d 223, 228 (5th Cir. 1984); Acker v.
Gen. Motors, L.L.C., 853 F.3d 784, 789 (5th Cir. 2017). 2
A plaintiff can also demonstrate pretext by showing disparate treatment.
Thomas, 788 F.3d at 179. To show disparate treatment, Vincent must
establish that COM treated her more harshly than “similarly situated”
employees for “nearly identical” actions. See Lee v. Kan. City S. Ry. Co., 574
F.3d 253, 260 (5th Cir. 2009). Vincent points to Traylor, a white male who also
suffers from depression but was not terminated, to show disparate treatment. 3
However, Traylor is not a proper comparator. Vincent has failed to establish
that Traylor had attendance issues or failed to comply with supervisory
instructions. “[T]he conduct at issue is not nearly identical when the difference
between the plaintiff’s conduct and that of those alleged to be similarly situated
2 Vincent does not discuss the mixed-motive alternative, where a plaintiff can present
evidence that could establish the reasons for her termination, while true, are not the sole
reason for her termination and that her protected characteristics were a “motivating factor.”
See Vaughn v. Woodforest Bank, 656 F.3d 632, 636 (5th Cir. 2011). However, she would also
fail under this analysis due to lack of evidence.
3 The magistrate judge also determined that Click was not a proper comparator, but
Vincent does not contest that ruling on appeal.
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account for the difference in treatment received from the employer.” Wallace
v. Methodist Hosp. Sys., 271 F.3d 212, 221 (5th Cir. 2001); see also Okoye v.
Univ. of Tex. Hous. Health Sci. Ctr., 245 F.3d 507, 514 (5th Cir. 2001) (plaintiff
was not “nearly identical” to other employees who had never engaged in the
conduct triggering termination).
Finally, Vincent argues that the district court should have allowed her
to bring discrimination claims for all of COM’s actions that were “materially
adverse” to her employment instead of just those actions constituting “ultimate
employment decisions.” See Burlington, 548 U.S. at 67–68 (concluding that
retaliation claims protect a broader range of conduct than discrimination
claims and can be brought for “materially adverse” actions against an employee
instead of just “ultimate employment decisions”). In McCoy v. City of
Shreveport, we concluded that Burlington did not apply to discrimination
claims and continued hold that only “ultimate employment decisions” are
actionable. 4 492 F.3d 551, 560 (5th Cir. 2007). We are bound by a prior panel’s
determination, and Vincent has failed to identify a superseding change in law
that would warrant our revisiting that decision. See Jacobs v. Nat’l Drug
Intelligence Ctr., 548 F.3d 375, 378 (5th Cir. 2008).
For these reasons, we conclude that the district court properly granted
summary judgment on Vincent’s discrimination claims.
B. Retaliation Claims
Vincent also argues that the magistrate judge erred in dismissing her
Title VII, ADA, and FMLA retaliation claims. Specifically, she alleges that the
magistrate judge erred in determining that no materially adverse action
4 Vincent’s claim that Thompson v. City of Waco, 764 F.3d 500, 502 (5th Cir. 2014),
stands for the proposition that this circuit has adopted the materially adverse standard in
discrimination claims is unavailing. Thompson expressly states that “[f]or Title
VII . . . discrimination claims, we have held that adverse employment actions consist of
‘ultimate employment decisions.’” Id.
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occurred other than her ultimate termination. Vincent also claims that the
magistrate judge incorrectly determined that no causal connection existed
between her engaging in protected activity and her employment actions.
Title VII, ADA, and FMLA retaliation claims are also analyzed under
the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting framework. See Wheat v. Fla. Parish
Juv. Justice Comm’n, 811 F.3d 702, 705 (5th Cir. 2016) (Title VII and FMLA);
Jenkins v. Cleco Power, LLC, 487 F.3d 309, 316–17 (5th Cir. 2007) (ADA). To
establish a prima facie case, the employee must demonstrate that (1) she
engaged in protected activity; (2) she suffered an adverse employment action;
and (3) a causal link exists between the protected activity and the adverse
employment action. See Washburn v. Harvey, 504 F.3d 505, 510 (5th Cir.
2007).
First, the magistrate judge determined that Vincent engaged in
protected activity by requesting an accommodation under the ADA and leave
under the FMLA, filing her two internal complaints, and filing her EEOC
complaint. Vincent does not contest this determination.
Next, the magistrate judge, applying Burlington, determined that the
only materially adverse action taken against Vincent was her ultimate
termination. Vincent alleges that other actions taken in the department were
“materially adverse.” See Burlington, 548 U.S. at 58 (an action is “materially
adverse” when it would have “dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination” (quoting Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d
1211, 1219 (D.C. Cir. 2006))). In her brief, Vincent focuses on Click’s
monitoring her in the lab and unfriendly emails from coworkers. She claims
that Click’s action shows retaliation because he started keeping notes on her
behavior only three days after she reported his offensive comment. However,
Click’s behavior is not actionable as retaliation because he was not a
supervisor, but a mere co-worker. “[W]hen an ‘ordinary employee’ recommends
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termination of a plaintiff employee for a discriminatory reason, evidence of
such animus is not typically attributable to the employer who ultimately
terminates the employee,” unless that co-worker had “influence or leverage
over the official decisionmaker.” Coleman v. Jason Pharm., 540 F. App’x 302,
305 (5th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (citation and internal quotation omitted).
There is no evidence that Click held influence or leverage over Cutaia, even if
his monitoring of Vincent was motivated by animus. Additionally, the
unfriendly emails from other coworkers are “petty slights, minor annoyances,
and simple lack of good manners” that are not materially adverse employment
actions. Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68. 5
Even if we conclude that Vincent established a prima facie case of
retaliation, the magistrate judge determined her repeated failure to follow
through with the corrective action plans was appropriate justification for
COM’s adverse action under step two. Vincent raises no argument against that
determination on appeal. See Jenkins, 487 F.3d at 317.
For step three, the burden shifts back to Vincent to show pretext. McCoy,
492 F.3d at 561–62. While a close temporal proximity to the alleged action
may sufficiently establish causation, “once an employer offers a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason that explains both the adverse action and the
timing, the plaintiff must offer some evidence from which the jury may infer
5 It is possible that the progressive discipline taken by COM could constitute
materially adverse action under Burlington. But see Hernandez v. Johnson, 514 F. App’x
492, 499 (5th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (letter of counseling and record of infraction not adverse
employment action). Concluding that these actions were materially adverse would also
potentially affect the magistrate judge’s causation analysis. See Fiest v. La., Dep’t of Justice,
Office of the Att’y Gen., 730 F.3d 450, 454 (5th Cir. 2013) (A plaintiff may establish a causal
connection by demonstrating close timing between the protected activity and the adverse
action). However, Vincent never clearly raises this issue. See Rodriguez, 820 F.3d at 763 n.3
(issues not briefed on appeal are waived). Even if we were to consider such action materially
adverse, Vincent’s retaliation claims would still fail under step three of the McDonnell
Douglas framework. See Jenkins v. Cleco Power, LLC, 487 F.3d 309, 317 (5th Cir. 2007).
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that retaliation was the real motive.” Id. at 562 (quoting Swanson v. Gen.
Servs. Admin., 110 F.3d 1180, 1188 (5th Cir. 1997)). The magistrate judge
concluded that Vincent did not “submit[] any credible evidence that a
retaliatory animus was a motivating factor in the adverse employment action.”
Similarly, Vincent failed to offer evidence to establish any materially adverse
action was the result of retaliation on appeal. See Jenkins, 487 F.3d at 317
(“[Employee] does not make any argument regarding [employer’s] proffered
reason or point to any evidence demonstrating that [employer’s] proffered
reason is pretextual. Finding none, we agree . . . that there is no evidence of
retaliation.”). A plaintiff’s subjective belief, without more, cannot establish
pretext. Aryain v. Wal-Mart Stores Tex. LP, 534 F.3d 473, 487 (5th Cir. 2008).
We uphold summary judgment on Vincent’s retaliation claims.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the magistrate judge’s grant of
summary judgment.
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