[Cite as State v. V.A.C., 2017-Ohio-5779.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
WARREN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
CASE NO. CA2017-01-011
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
OPINION
: 7/10/2017
- vs -
:
V.A.C., :
Defendant-Appellant. :
APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
JUVENILE DIVISION
Case No. 15-N000960
David P. Fornshell, Warren County Prosecuting Attorney, Kirsten A. Brandt, 520 Justice
Drive, Lebanon, Ohio 45036, for plaintiff-appellee
Law Offices of Jeffery E. Richards, Jeffery E. Richards, 147 Miami Street, P.O. Box 536,
Waynesville, Ohio 45068, for defendant-appellant
M. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, V.A.C., appeals from the decision of the Warren County Court of
Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, adjudicating her a delinquent child. For the reasons
outlined below, we affirm the juvenile court's decision.
{¶ 2} Officer Darcy Workman with the Hamilton Township Police Department filed a
complaint in the Warren County Juvenile Court alleging that V.A.C. was a delinquent child for
Warren CA2017-01-011
having committed an act that would constitute burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.12(B), a
fourth-degree felony, if it had been committed by an adult. The complaint arose from
allegations that V.A.C. forcibly entered a Warren County residence owned by Scott and
Marybeth Gray ("the Grays"), without the Grays' permission. The complaint alleged that the
burglary occurred on October 5, 2015, when V.A.C. was 12 years old.
{¶ 3} In January 2016, an adjudicatory hearing was conducted before a magistrate.
During this hearing, the state presented testimony from the Grays, the Grays' neighbor,
Beverly Luncan, and Officer Workman. The testimony revealed that Luncan observed
V.A.C., along with two other 12-year-old girls, forcing their way into the Grays' garage.
Luncan then called the police. Officer Workman arrived at the scene and heard talking and
laughter in the garage. She ordered the occupants of the garage to come out. The talking
and laughter stopped and shortly thereafter the three girls emerged from behind the
residence and were subsequently arrested. At trial, Luncan identified the three girls as the
same girls she had seen forcing their way into the Grays' garage.
{¶ 4} The magistrate issued a decision adjudicating V.A.C. a delinquent child. The
court adopted the magistrate's finding of delinquency in March 2016. The court committed
V.A.C. to the Warren County Juvenile Detention Center for a period of five days, all of which
was suspended. The court also ordered V.A.C. to complete 20 hours of community service.
V.A.C. now appeals from the juvenile court's decision, raising two assignments of error,
which we address together.
{¶ 5} Assignment of Error No. 1:
{¶ 6} THE COURT ERRED IN FINDING APPELLANT A DELINQUENT CHILD DUE
TO A LACK OF LEGALLY SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE.
{¶ 7} Assignment of Error No. 2:
{¶ 8} THE COURT ERRED IN FINDING APPELLANT A DELINQUENT CHILD DUE
-2-
Warren CA2017-01-011
TO AN INSUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE (WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE).
{¶ 9} V.A.C. argues her adjudication as a delinquent child for having committed
burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.12(B) was not supported by sufficient evidence and was
otherwise against the manifest weight of the evidence. In reviewing whether a juvenile's
delinquency adjudication is supported by sufficient evidence, the standard of review is the
same as the standard used in adult criminal cases. In re B.T.B., 12th Dist. Butler No.
CA2014-10-199, 2015-Ohio-2729, ¶ 16. In those cases, when reviewing the sufficiency of
the evidence underlying a criminal conviction, an appellate court examines the evidence to
determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the
defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Intihar, 12th Dist. Warren No.
CA2015-05-046, 2015-Ohio-5507, ¶ 9. The relevant inquiry is "whether, after viewing the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v.
Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. In other words, "the test for
sufficiency requires a determination as to whether the state has met its burden of production
at trial." State v. Boles, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2012-06-012, 2013-Ohio-5202, ¶ 34, citing
State v. Wilson, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2006-01-007, 2007-Ohio-2298, ¶ 34. When
evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, this court must construe the evidence in favor of
the state and "defer to the trier of fact on questions of credibility and the weight assigned to
the evidence." State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d 73, 2014-Ohio-1966, ¶ 132.
{¶ 10} As noted above, the court adjudicated V.A.C. a delinquent child for committing
an act that, if committed by an adult, would constitute burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.12(B).
Pursuant to that statute, no person, by force, stealth, or deception, "shall trespass in a
permanent or temporary habitation of any person when any person other than an accomplice
of the offender is present or likely to be present." As such, the state was required to prove
-3-
Warren CA2017-01-011
beyond a reasonable doubt that V.A.C. used force, stealth, or deception to trespass into the
Grays' Warren County residence at a time when another person, other than either of her two
accomplices, was present or likely to be present. In re A.C.D., 12th Dist. Warren No.
CA2014-06-085, 2015-Ohio-232, ¶ 11.
{¶ 11} V.A.C. contends that the state failed to prove that: (1) she used force to gain
access to the residence, (2) she was inside the residence, (3) she entered the residence
without permission, and (4) persons were likely to be present in the residence. With respect
to the first argument, V.A.C. contends that Luncan's testimony was the sole basis of the
court's finding that she and her companions used force to enter the residence. Luncan
testified that the three girls raised the garage door and then climbed under the door into the
garage. However, V.A.C. points out that Luncan testified that she could not see the garage
door.
{¶ 12} Any force used to gain entrance, however slight, is sufficient to establish the
force element. In re A.C.D., at ¶ 12. Accordingly, opening a closed but unlocked door is
sufficient to demonstrate force. Id. Luncan testified that she observed all three juveniles
attempting to open a window on the side of the house. Shortly after, Luncan observed the
juveniles outside of the garage door. She could not see the garage door from her vantage.
However, she could see the juveniles standing in front of the garage door and surmised from
their actions that they were raising the garage door and then crawling underneath it: "I could
only see them standing there, and, they were like they were trying to raise it, and, then it, it
you could tell I could tell that they had raised it to a point they were climbing under it, and, at
that point I called the police." Officer Workman testified that she heard voices in the garage
and observed that the garage door was closed and the front door was locked. This was
sufficient circumstantial evidence upon which the court could conclude, beyond a reasonable
doubt, that V.A.C. and her companions used force by lifting the garage door in entering the
-4-
Warren CA2017-01-011
residence. We further conclude that the manifest weight of the evidence supports the
conclusion that V.A.C. used force to enter the residence.
{¶ 13} V.A.C. contends that there was no evidence placing her inside the residence.
We disagree. Luncan testified that she watched V.A.C. and her companions enter the
garage. She then contacted the police. When Officer Workman arrived she heard voices,
i.e., talking and laughing emanating from inside the garage. Officer Workman knocked on
the front door of the residence and ordered the occupants to come outside. Officer
Workman heard a commotion and the talking ceased. Then the three juveniles, including
V.A.C., emerged from the back of the residence. This was sufficient evidence upon which
the factfinder could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that V.A.C. was inside the
residence. We further conclude that the manifest weight of the evidence supports the
conclusion that V.A.C. was inside the residence.
{¶ 14} V.A.C. argues that the state failed to prove that she was in the residence
without permission. Specifically, V.A.C. contends that the Grays' did not testify whether they
gave the juveniles permission to enter their residence. However, Scott testified that the only
person who he authorized to visit the residence was his cousin, who he was paying to cut the
grass. Moreover, as discussed above, the juveniles initially attempted to gain entry to the
residence through windows, as opposed to a proper entryway. The juveniles reacted to
Officer Workman's order to come outside with abrupt silence. The factfinder could conclude
from this conduct that V.A.C. subjectively knew that she did not have permission to be in the
residence and that she and her companions had done something wrong. This was sufficient
evidence upon which the factfinder could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that V.A.C.
did not have permission to be inside the residence. We also conclude that the manifest
weight of the evidence supports the conclusion that V.A.C. did not have permission to be
inside the residence.
-5-
Warren CA2017-01-011
{¶ 15} Finally, V.A.C. argues that the state failed to prove that persons were likely to
be present at the residence. V.A.C. argues that the facts showed that the Grays were not
living at the residence, were only visiting the residence sporadically, and that Luncan thought
the residence was abandoned.
{¶ 16} In determining whether persons are likely to be present under R.C. 2911.12(B),
a defendant's knowledge is not material. See State v. Pennington, 12th Dist. Warren No.
CA2006-11-136, 2007-Ohio-6572, ¶ 28. The issue is not whether the burglar subjectively
believed that persons were likely to be there, but whether it was objectively likely. Id.
Although the term "likely" connotes something more than a mere possibility, it also connotes
something less than a probability or reasonable certainty. Id. at ¶ 29. A person is likely to be
present when a consideration of all the circumstances would seem to justify a logical
expectation that a person could be present. Id.
{¶ 17} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that the "likely to be present" element is
satisfied where the structure is a permanent dwelling house which is regularly inhabited, the
occupants were in and out of the house on the day in question, and the occupants were
temporarily absent when the burglary occurred. State v. Kilby, 50 Ohio St.2d 21, 23 (1977).
On the other hand, courts have found insufficient evidence that the occupants were likely to
be present when they were absent for an extended period, such as a vacation, and no one
else was regularly checking on the house. See, e.g., State v. Cantin, 132 Ohio App.3d 808
(8th Dist.1999); and State v. Brightman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20344, 2005-Ohio-3173.
{¶ 18} The fact that a permanent or temporary habitation has been burglarized does
not give rise to the presumption that a person was present or likely to be present.
Pennington, 2007-Ohio-6572 at ¶ 30; State v. Fowler, 4 Ohio St.3d 16, 18-19 (1983).
Likewise, "[t]he fact that a dwelling is used as a residence is not, standing alone, sufficient to
show that someone is 'likely to be present' at the time of a burglary." State v. Jackson, 188
-6-
Warren CA2017-01-011
Ohio App.3d 803, 2010-Ohio-1846, ¶ 9 (4th Dist.). The state must adduce specific evidence
that people were present or likely to be present. Pennington at ¶ 28.
{¶ 19} The record shows that, although no one was present in the residence at the
time V.A.C. and her two accomplices forced their way into the Grays' garage, the Grays'
Warren County residence constituted a permanent or temporary habitation where a person
was likely to be present. Scott testified that he and Marybeth lived at the Warren County
residence as their primary residence for the past 13 years. However, Scott's grandmother
was ill and needed someone to care for her so he and his wife typically spent the night at the
grandmother's house. During the time in question, Scott would go to the Warren County
residence in the evening and stay for a few hours, or visit on the weekend, and his wife would
go over sometimes during the day. These visits occurred on average at least three times a
week, but Scott would also "go over there on a spurt, and, spend several days just kind of as
needed." This included several instances where Scott testified that he and Marybeth spent
the night at the Warren County residence.
{¶ 20} Scott further testified that he and Marybeth kept their clothes and other
belongings at the Warren County residence, which was furnished, and that Scott paid his
cousin to maintain and mow the yard. There was also testimony that Scott's sister had a key
to the property. This testimony was later confirmed by Marybeth, who testified that she also
stopped by the Warren County residence a "couple times a week," as well sometime during
every weekend. The record further indicates that the Grays had last been to the property a
mere two days earlier, on Saturday, October 3, 2015, and that they were "kind of on the
fence of whether we were gonna stay there or whether we were gonna move[.]" Accordingly,
there was sufficient evidence in the record to support the factfinder's conclusion, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that the Warren County residence was a permanent habitation where
another person, either the Grays or Scott's cousin or sister, were likely to be present. We
-7-
Warren CA2017-01-011
further conclude that the manifest weight of the evidence supports the finding of the court
that persons were likely to be present in the residence.
{¶ 21} Based on the foregoing, the record contains sufficient evidence upon which the
factfinder could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that V.A.C. committed an act that if
charged as an adult would have constituted burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.12(B).
Moreover, we conclude that the greater weight of the evidence supports the court's
adjudication of V.A.C. as a delinquent child. Accordingly, we overrule V.A.C.'s first and
second assignments of error.
{¶ 22} Judgment affirmed.
S. POWELL, P.J. and RINGLAND, J., concur.
-8-
State v. V.A.C.
Combined Opinion