J-S33038-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.R.R.-N., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
:
APPEAL OF: J.J.R.-N. : No. 1899 MDA 2016
Appeal from the Dispositional Order October 20, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County
Juvenile Division at No(s): CP-06-JV-0000844-2015
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OTT, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED AUGUST 03, 2017
J.J.R.-N. (Appellant) appeals from the dispositional order 1 entered on
October 20, 2016, following his adjudication of delinquency for possession of
a firearm by a minor, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6110.1. We vacate the dispositional
order and reverse the adjudication of delinquency.
The juvenile court summarized the relevant factual history of this case
as follows.
On December 18, 2015 at 2:30 p.m., members of the
Reading Police Department and Criminal Investigations Divisions
proceeded to 911 Franklin Street, Apartment 3B, Reading, to
serve an arrest warrant on Santiago Castro-Correa for multiple
counts of criminal attempt to commit murder of the first degree.
1
Appellant purports to appeal from the adjudication of delinquency rather
than the subsequent dispositional order. However, “[i]n juvenile
proceedings, the final order from which a direct appeal may be taken is the
order of disposition, entered after the juvenile is adjudicated delinquent.”
Commonwealth v. S.F., 912 A.2d 887, 889 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(unnecessary capitalization omitted). We have amended the caption
accordingly.
*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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When the police arrived, they discovered that the front
door of the apartment building was locked. After knocking,
[Appellant] opened the door and stood in the vestibule wearing a
[t-]shirt, sweat pants, and socks. Sergeant Jacqueline Flanagan
asked him if he lived in the building but he only said he [had
been] sleeping. Sergeant Flanagan stayed with [Appellant] while
other police officers went to the third floor.
The officers knocked on the door to apartment 3B, and a
man later identified as Lazaro Suarez opened it. He acted
nervously and tried to push his way out of the door and close it
behind him. When police officers showed him a photograph of
Santiago Castro-Correa, Mr. Suarez nodded that he knew him.
The police then asked if they could check the apartment for Mr.
Castro-Correa and Mr. Suarez allowed them to enter. … Upon
checking the bedroom, they moved the bed to determine if
anyone was concealed under or alongside and found a silver
handgun and black rifle case under the mattress. They also
found [Appellant’s] Reading School District I.D. on top of the
bed. Mr. Suarez and [Appellant] were taken into custody.
After [Appellant] was taken into custody, one of the police
officers asked if he wanted his shoes. [Appellant] replied that he
did and directed Sergeant Flanagan upstairs to apartment 3B to
obtain his black and purple sneakers. Sergeant Flanagan found
the sneakers on the floor near the bed where the handgun had
been found.
On December 21, 2015, the Commonwealth filed a petition
alleging delinquency charging [Appellant] with ten [] offenses,
including possession of a firearm by a minor. The court held a
hearing on the petition on December 31, 2015. At the
conclusion of the hearing, the court found that [Appellant]
committed the firearms offense but dismissed all of the other
charges.
On September 13, 2016, the parties entered into a consent
decree. On October 13, 2016, the Berks County Juvenile
Probation Office filed a notice of violation of consent decree. By
way of a dispositional order dated October 20, 2016, the court
granted the Commonwealth’s motion and allowed the withdrawal
of the alleged violation of the consent decree, removed
[Appellant] from the decree, and declared him delinquent.
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On November 18, 2016, [Appellant] filed a notice of appeal
from the order of October 20, 2016. On November 22, 2016,
the court ordered [Appellant] to file a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal. [Appellant] filed his concise
statement on December 6, 2016, raising two [] issues, each
dealing with the sufficiency of the evidence.
Juvenile Court Opinion, 1/25/2017, at 1-3 (unnecessary capitalization
omitted).
Appellant presents those same two issues for this Court’s review:
A. Whether the evidence was insufficient to establish beyond
a reasonable doubt that Appellant was involved with
possession of a firearm by a minor, where the
Commonwealth failed to establish that Appellant had either
actual or constructive possession of the gun in question?
B. Whether the evidence was insufficient to establish beyond
a reasonable doubt that Appellant was involved with
possession of a firearm by a minor, where although there
was testimony that Appellant was a juvenile[,] the
Commonwealth failed to establish Appellant’s age or his
date of birth and that Appellant was under 18 years old?
Appellant’s Brief at 4 (juvenile court answers, suggested answers, and
unnecessary capitalization omitted).
We begin with our standard of review of dispositional orders in juvenile
proceedings. The Juvenile Act grants broad discretion to juvenile courts in
determining appropriate dispositions. In re C.A.G., 89 A.3d 704, 709 (Pa.
Super. 2014). Indeed, the Superior Court will not disturb the lower court’s
disposition absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In the Interest of J.D.,
798 A.2d 210, 213 (Pa. Super. 2002).
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When a juvenile is charged with an act that would
constitute a crime if committed by an adult, the Commonwealth
must establish the elements of the crime by proof beyond a
reasonable doubt. When considering a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence following an adjudication of
delinquency, we must review the entire record and view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth.
In determining whether the Commonwealth presented
sufficient evidence to meet its burden of proof, the test to be
applied is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth and drawing all reasonable
inferences therefrom, there is sufficient evidence to find every
element of the crime charged. The Commonwealth may sustain
its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt by wholly circumstantial evidence.
The facts and circumstances established by the
Commonwealth need not be absolutely incompatible with a
defendant’s innocence. Questions of doubt are for the hearing
judge, unless the evidence is so weak that, as a matter of law,
no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined
circumstances established by the Commonwealth.
In re V.C., 66 A.3d 341, 348–349 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation and quotation
marks omitted). The finder of fact is free to believe some, all, or none of the
evidence presented. Commonwealth v. Gainer, 7 A.3d 291, 292 (Pa.
Super. 2010).
In order to allow the juvenile court to adjudicate Appellant delinquent
of possession of a firearm by a minor, the Commonwealth was required to
prove that (1) the weapon was a firearm as defined by the statute, (2) that
Appellant was in possession of the firearm, and (3) that Appellant was under
the age of 18 at the time of the offense. 18 Pa.C.S. § 6110.1(a).
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In the instant case, Appellant does not dispute that the gun at issue in
this case meets the statutory definition of a firearm; however, he claims that
the Commonwealth failed to establish that he possessed the gun or that he
was under 18. Appellant’s Brief at 10.
We begin with the question of possession. Because the firearm was
not found on Appellant’s person, the Commonwealth was required to prove
constructive possession.
Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct
to deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement. … We
have defined constructive possession as conscious dominion. We
subsequently defined conscious dominion as the power to control
the contraband and the intent to exercise that control. To aid
application, we have held that constructive possession may be
established by the totality of the circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 A.3d 426, 430 (Pa. Super. 2012) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “It is well settled that facts giving rise to mere
‘association,’ ‘suspicion’ or ‘conjecture,’ will not make out a case of
constructive possession.” Commonwealth v. Valette, 613 A.2d 548, 551
(Pa. 1992). “At the least, the evidence must show that the defendant knew
of the existence of the item.” Commonwealth v. Hamm, 447 A.2d 960,
962 (Pa. Super. 1982).
An examination of this Court’s application of the above principles in
other cases leads us to conclude that the Commonwealth did not offer
sufficient evidence in the instant case to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
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that Appellant was in constructive possession of the firearm found under the
mattress.
For example, the juvenile court in its opinion relied upon
Commonwealth v. Smith, 146 A.3d 257 (Pa. Super. 2016). In that case,
the police went to a house to execute a warrant for Smith. While they were
speaking with Smith’s mother, they saw Smith “come down the stairs, look
in their direction and run to the back of the house.” Id. at 260. They went
to the basement and found Smith hiding under the stairs. Id. In the only
room in the basement that was not a storage room, they discovered a bed, a
television, boxes of shoes, and a dresser. Id. On top of the dresser was a
firearm, ammunition, three identification cards, and some mail. Id. Smith
was convicted of illegally possessing the recovered firearm. Id. This Court
rejected Smith’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to establish his
possession of the weapon, explaining as follows.
[T]estimony established that other items found on the basement
dresser where the firearm was recovered included a sneaker
box, sneakers, three identification cards belonging to [Smith]—
including his driver’s license listing the residential address in
question—and a letter addressed to him. Coupled with [Smith’s]
flight into the basement, which demonstrated a consciousness of
guilt, this evidence, although circumstantial, sufficed to establish
that [Smith] was in constructive possession of the firearm.
Id. at 263 (citation omitted).
Other constructive-possession cases similar to Smith also include
evidence that the defendant must have known of the existence of the
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contraband at issue, as well as evidence that the defendant had intended to
exercise control of it, rather than rely upon the mere presence of the
defendant near the contraband. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Cruz, 21
A.3d 1247, 1253 (Pa. Super. 2011) (holding evidence was sufficient to
establish that driver of car had constructive possession of a gun found in a
compartment on the passenger side where Cruz “was observed moving
sideways toward the passenger side of the vehicle immediately after Officer
Doyle turned on his lights and siren” and he “gave Officer Doyle five or six
different names and multiple birthdates, thus exhibiting a consciousness of
guilt”); Commonwealth v. Gutierrez, 969 A.2d 584, 590-91 (Pa. Super.
2009), abrogated on other grounds, Commonwealth v. Hanson, 82 A.3d
1023 (Pa. 2013) (holding the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence
of constructive possession of shotgun found behind stereo where Gutierrez,
the subject of the warrant that brought the police to the residence in
question, was the only person in the home other than an infant, had keys to
the residence in his pocket, and “had hidden a significant amount of cocaine
in his buttocks and various indicia of drug-dealing activities were found on
the premises, including another handgun”).
The evidence in the instant case is substantially different from those
above. Here, the only fact established by the evidence was that Appellant
had been sleeping in the bed in apartment 3B. Notably absent from the
Commonwealth’s evidence is any indication or inference that Appellant even
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knew that a firearm was under the mattress of the bed, let alone that he
intended to exercise control of it.
Contrary to the juvenile court’s recitation of the facts, Appellant’s
shoes were not located “below the bed where the gun had been found.”
Juvenile Court Opinion, 1/25/2017, at 6. Rather, the testimony was that
they were visible from the apartment’s other room, and were “near a bed.”
N.T., 12/31/2015, at 7. The firearm, however, was concealed “under the
mattress,” and was only discovered after the officers moved the bed to
make sure a person was not hiding “under or on the side of the bed.”
Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1 at 1.2
Further, unlike in the cases discussed above, Appellant was neither the
target of the investigation of the place searched (adult murder suspect
Castro-Correa was the subject of the arrest warrant), nor is there any
evidence that Appellant resided there (the keys to the apartment were found
on Suarez). The only evidence admitted on the subject is that Appellant did
not reside in the apartment. See Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1 at 1 (“We
asked [Appellant] if he lives in the apartment building and he stated he did
not.”). Indeed, the juvenile court observed that “this is a very sketchy
2
Exhibit 1, which is the December 18, 2018 affidavit of probable cause, was
admitted into evidence by agreement. N.T., 11/3/2016, at 5. It is the only
evidence of record regarding the location of the firearm, and, as quoted
above, distinguishes between “under the … bed” and “under the mattress.”
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matter. I don’t know who was there, who lives there.” N.T., 12/31/2015, at
13.
Moreover, nothing in the record shows that Appellant had any
consciousness of guilt about the firearm or any of the contraband that was in
plain view in the apartment. The only such evidence pointed to the
consciousness of guilt of Suarez, the adult who had keys to the apartment.
See Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1 at 1 (“A male later identified as Lazaro
Suarez opened the door. He was acting very nervous and kept trying to
push out of the door and close [it] behind him.”).
Although a subsequent search of the apartment resulted in the seizure
of bulk heroin and cocaine packaged for sale and five stolen weapons, the
juvenile court determined that the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that Appellant received stolen property, was in possession
of a controlled substance, or possessed a controlled substance with the
intent to deliver it. The juvenile court did conclude that Appellant was a user
of the drugs, as it was stipulated that Appellant tested positive for heroin,
cocaine, and marijuana. N.T., 12/31/2015, at 5, 13.
Thus, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, we nonetheless must conclude that there is insufficient
evidence present in the totality of these circumstances to conclude beyond a
reasonable doubt that Appellant exercised conscious dominion over the
concealed firearm. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Valette, 613 A.2d 548,
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551 (Pa. 1992) (“In this case, the record demonstrates nothing more than
that appellant was present in an apartment in which drugs were found. In
order to find the drugs, the police were required to make a full search….”);
Hamm, 447 A.2d at 962 (“[W]e may not infer that appellant knew of the
weapon’s existence simply from the fact that it was hidden in the
automobile.”).
Accordingly, we vacate the juvenile court’s dispositional order and
reverse the adjudication of delinquency as to the charge of possession of a
firearm by a minor.3
Dispositional order vacated. Adjudication of delinquency reversed.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/3/2017
3
Because we grant Appellant the requested relief based upon his first
question, we need not consider his other sufficiency challenge.
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In the Interest of: J.J.R.-N., a Minor
Combined Opinion