Filed 8/4/17
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
ALFONSO AYALA,
Plaintiff and Appellant, A142830
v. (Solano County
RANDY DAWSON, Super. Ct. No. FCS040044)
Defendant and Respondent.
After living for more than a dozen years in a residential unit he claimed he owned,
Alfonso Ayala was evicted by the property owner, Randy Dawson, in an unlawful
detainer action. Ayala defended by attempting to quash service of summons on the
ground he was not a tenant, but instead held equitable title under an oral installment sale
contract for the purchase of property. Dawson countered that, in fact, Ayala was a tenant
under a written lease, and had breached the lease in various ways, thus justifying his
eviction. After an evidentiary hearing on Ayala’s motion to quash service, Dawson
prevailed and ultimately took a default judgment. Ayala then vacated the premises.
In this case, a separate, concurrent action by Ayala against Dawson for fraud and
various other claims, Ayala once again pursues the theory that he holds equitable title
under an installment sale contract. He seeks to argue, as he did in the unlawful detainer
action, that Dawson, a real estate broker, deceived him into signing the lease, while
misrepresenting that the document was simply the memorialization of a preexisting oral
contract of sale. The court granted summary judgment for Dawson, ruling that, under the
doctrine of collateral estoppel, Ayala is barred from relitigating his fraud-in-the-
inducement theory. This appeal is from the ensuing judgment and from an award of
1
attorney fees in Dawson’s favor under the prevailing party fee clause in the lease. We
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In late 1999, Ayala found a five-unit residential property in Vacaville that he
wished to buy, but he could not qualify for a mortgage loan, so he sought the assistance
of his friend Dawson, a real estate broker. According to Ayala, the two men struck an
oral agreement under which Dawson agreed to obtain the required purchase money
mortgage loan and buy the property in Dawson’s name for a price of $330,000; Ayala
agreed to pay the entire down payment of 20 percent and thereafter pay Dawson a $200
per month fee, plus the monthly principal and interest on the mortgage loan; Ayala
agreed to maintain the property and not to commit waste; Ayala agreed to contract with a
property management company to manage the rental units; and, upon Ayala’s payoff of
the entire principal and interest due on the mortgage, Dawson agreed to deed the property
to Ayala in fee.
The parties executed a written contract provided by Dawson on December 9, 1999,
which Ayala—in reliance on Dawson’s superior knowledge of real estate transactions—
claims he understood merely to confirm an installment contract for the purchase of
property on terms the two men had previously discussed. After signing and initialing the
papers, Ayala moved into one of the units and contends he spent hundreds of thousands
of dollars improving the property over the more than 12 years he lived there. Ayala used
a “shop” on the property in his business and may have stored equipment in a “barn” on
the property. From January 2000 to 2008, he also paid Dawson $2,700 per month, and
from 2008 to July 2012, he paid Dawson $2,900 per month. Payments to Dawson
apparently were made by the property management company, which used rental income
from the property, supplemented by funds provided by Ayala. Unbeknownst to Ayala—
who testified he did not read the “pile of documents” presented to him in December 1999
—the contract he executed was a “RESIDENTIAL LEASE WITH OPTION TO
PURCHASE (CALIFORNIA SHORT FORM),” not an installment sale contract.
According to Dawson, Ayala allowed the purchase option granted under this lease to
2
expire on December 31, 2004, and thereafter Ayala’s interest in the property amounted to
nothing more than a month-to-month tenancy. As evidence that both parties understood
their relationship that way, Dawson points out he raised what he explicitly denominated
as the monthly “rent” from $2,700 per month to $2,900 per month in 2008, without
protest of any kind by Ayala.
Despite the fact that the option to purchase had expired, in 2011 Dawson offered
to sell the property to Ayala for the original price of $330,000, with a credit for the down
payment he had paid. Ayala refused the offer, taking the position he should not have to
buy property he already owned. By then, according to Dawson, Ayala had fallen into a
pattern of late payment of his monthly rent and had allowed the property to fall into a
state of disrepair. As a result, Dawson claimed, he was unable to obtain refinancing,
which put him in a financial bind because he was in a “negative cash flow” position.1
According to Dawson, the whole idea for the transaction had been to provide, in effect,
temporary financing so that Ayala could purchase the property no later than December
31, 2004, but that never happened, and after a decade, the continued carrying costs were
damaging Dawson’s credit. Dawson testified that when he tried to raise these concerns
with Ayala in August 2011, Ayala for the first time began trying to claim that he was not
a tenant, that he held equitable title to the property under an oral installment sale contract,
and that the written lease was fraudulent.
In June 2012, Ayala filed this action, a lawsuit alleging claims against Dawson for
fraud, breach of an oral contract, specific performance, preliminary and permanent
injunctive relief, and declaratory relief. He later amended the complaint to add claims
seeking a quiet title declaration, restitution for unjust enrichment, and the imposition of a
constructive trust and a resulting trust. In July 2012, Dawson filed an action of his own
1
Apparently, the debt service on Dawson’s original loan had gone up because, in
2003, he initially refinanced the property, converting from a 30-year term loan to a 15-
year term loan. His unsuccessful effort to refinance in 2011 appears to have been an
effort to lower the debt service cost on the 15-year loan.
3
for unlawful detainer.2 Rather than answer, Ayala filed a motion to quash service of
summons on the ground that the court in which the unlawful detainer action was filed
lacked jurisdiction because “[t]here was never a landlord-tenant relationship between the
parties.” In support of that jurisdictional argument, Ayala contended the written lease
was fraudulent and Ayala occupied the property not as a tenant, but as a vendee-in-
possession pursuant to an oral installment sale contract.
After holding a one and a half day evidentiary hearing in the unlawful detainer
action, Judge D. Scott Daniels denied the motion to quash, ruling that “[b]ased on
Plaintiff’s . . . Residential Lease with Option to Purchase and the conduct of the parties,
[Dawson had] met his burden of proof to establish the existence of a landlord-tenant
relationship . . . .” In denying the motion, Judge Daniels found that Ayala had read and
signed the lease, declined to find any basis to relieve Ayala of his contractual obligations,
and specifically rejected the theory that Dawson served as Ayala’s real estate broker or
was Ayala’s trusted real estate advisor.
Ayala sought a writ of mandate in the superior court appellate division, requesting
review of Judge Daniels’s ruling. The appellate division panel denied the writ,
specifically affirming Judge Daniels’s finding of a landlord-tenant relationship as
supported by substantial evidence. The panel also found no merit to a contention from
Ayala that he had been deprived of due process because of the expedited handling of the
hearing on his motion to quash. In addressing the due process issue, the writ panel stated
“[t]he sole issue in the unlawful detainer action is possession and the arguments that
[Ayala] wished to raise concerning ‘fraud, constructive trust, estoppel, breach of
fiduciary duties and many integrally related factual matters’ will be exhaustively decided
in the separate unlimited civil action [he has] filed,” referring to this action.
2
On May 21, 2015, Ayala filed a motion requesting that we take judicial notice of
various pleadings filed in the unlawful detainer action under Evidence Code sections 451,
452 and 459 and California Rules of Court, rule 8.252. We grant the motion.
4
After affirmance of the denial of the motion to quash in Dawson’s unlawful
detainer action and entry of judgment in that action by default,3 Ayala continued to
pursue this action against Dawson. Discovery remained open in the case for nearly two
years. In February 2014, Dawson filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing, among
other things, that Judge Daniels’s rejection of Ayala’s fraud theory in the unlawful
detainer action collaterally estops Ayala from pursuing the same theory in this action.
Judge Daniels’s ruling, once it became final after Ayala exhausted his efforts to seek
review, Dawson argued, is dispositive on every one of the claims asserted in this case. In
opposition, Ayala argued once again that he had not been given enough time to prepare
for the hearing on the motion to quash or for meaningful discovery, but his opposition
papers identified no witnesses who had not testified before Judge Daniels in the unlawful
detainer action and presented no documents that had not been considered by Judge
Daniels.
Judge Scott Kays granted Dawson’s motion for summary judgment in May 2014.
He found that “[Dawson] has shown that [Ayala] is unable to establish an essential
element of any of [his] causes of action because [he] is precluded from relitigating the
validity and enforceability of the parties’ written lease agreement”; that “[a]ll of
[Ayala’s] causes of action are based on [his] allegations that [Dawson] improperly
memorialized the parties’ oral agreement for an installment sales contract as a lease
agreement with an option to purchase . . . [which Dawson] fraudulently induced [Ayala]
to execute . . . by misrepresenting the contents of the agreement . . .”; and that “the
same parties have already fully litigated the validity and enforceability of the lease
agreement in a prior unlawful detainer action.”
Judgment pursuant to the order granting summary judgment was entered
June 11, 2014. An attorney fees award for $27,000 in favor of Dawson under a
3
Ayala filed a notice of appeal from the judgment against him in the unlawful
detainer action, but ultimately abandoned that appeal.
5
prevailing party fee clause in the lease issued later, on July 31, 2014. Ayala timely
appealed both from the judgment and the attorney fees award.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review and General Principles of Res Judicata
The central issue here is whether the claims Ayala seeks to bring in this action are
barred under principles of res judicata by the denial of his motion to quash in Dawson’s
unlawful detainer action. Except for evidence as to which objections have been made
and sustained, we take as true the facts shown by the evidence presented in opposition to
a summary judgment motion, reviewing the grant of summary judgment de novo. (In re
Automobile Antitrust Cases I and II (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 127, 150–151.) “The defense
of res judicata not only is properly raised by a motion for summary judgment, but also is
a proper ground upon which to grant a summary judgment.” (Rohrbasser v. Lederer
(1986) 179 Cal.App.3d 290, 296 (Rohrbasser).) “Whether the doctrine of res judicata
applies in a particular case is a question of law which we review de novo.” (City of
Oakland v. Oakland Police and Fire Retirement System (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 210, 228
(City of Oakland).)
Before turning to the merits, we begin with a brief overview of res judicata. “The
tenets of res judicata prescribe the preclusive effect of a prior final judgment on the
merits . . . . Application of the doctrine of res judicata ‘is intended to preserve the
integrity of the judicial system, promote judicial economy, and protect litigants from
harassment by vexatious litigation.’ [Citation.] It ‘rests upon the sound policy of
limiting litigation by preventing a party who has had one fair adversary hearing on an
issue from again drawing it into controversy and subjecting the other party to further
expense in its reexamination.’ ” (City of Oakland, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th 210, 227–228;
accord, Mycogen Corp. v. Monsanto Co. (2002) 28 Cal.4th 888, 896–897; In re Crow
(1971) 4 Cal.3d 613, 622–623.) “The doctrine has two distinct aspects: claim preclusion
and issue preclusion. [Citation.] Claim preclusion, often referred to as res judicata,
provides that ‘a valid, final judgment on the merits precludes parties or their privies from
relitigating the same “cause of action” in a subsequent suit.’ ” (City of Oakland, at
6
p. 227; see DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber (2015) 61 Cal.4th 813, 823–825 (DKN
Holdings) [pointing out the terminological confusion that arises from imprecise use of the
umbrella term res judicata and explaining the differences between claim preclusion and
issue preclusion].)
This case involves the second branch of res judicata, which is known
interchangeably as issue preclusion and collateral estoppel. Collateral estoppel
“precludes relitigation of issues argued and decided in prior proceedings.” (Lucido v.
Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 335, 341 (Lucido), italics added; see DKN Holdings,
supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 824; Vandenberg v. Superior Court (1999) 21 Cal.4th 815, 828–
829 (Vandenberg).) “Traditionally, [courts] have applied the doctrine [of collateral
estoppel] only if several threshold requirements are fulfilled. First, the issue sought to be
precluded from relitigation must be identical to that decided in a former proceeding.
Second, this issue must have been actually litigated in the former proceeding. Third, it
must have been necessarily decided in the former proceeding. Fourth, the decision in the
former proceeding must be final and on the merits. Finally, the party against whom
preclusion is sought must be the same as, or in privity with, the party to the former
proceeding. [Citations.] The party asserting collateral estoppel bears the burden of
establishing these requirements.” (Lucido, at p. 341.)4
4
“Besides the classic five criteria for applicability, ‘[t]here is an equitable
component to collateral estoppel’ as well. (Direct Shopping Network[, LLC v. James
(2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1551,] 1562.) ‘ “[E]ven where the technical requirements are all
met, the doctrine is to be applied ‘only where such application comports with fairness and
sound public policy.’ ” ’ (Ibid., quoting Smith v. Exxon Mobil Oil Corp. [(2007) 153
Cal.App.4th 1407,] 1414.)” (Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. Santa Fe Pacific Pipelines,
Inc. (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 134, 185.) Thus, courts have crafted policy-based
exceptions to collateral estoppel in some circumstances. (See Smith, at p. 1415 [applying
“collateral estoppel in this case is unfair and bad policy . . . because of [an] inability at
the prior adjudication to obtain expert testimony”]; Wright v. Ripley (1998)
65 Cal.App.4th 1189, 1193–1196 [civil litigation process would “grind to a halt” if orders
on motions for sanctions were given collateral estoppel effect because of the incentive
lawyers would have to litigate such proceedings exhaustively when faced with the
prospect of binding consequences in other proceedings].) Ayala does not invoke any
such exception, nor do we perceive a basis for one.
7
It is often said that collateral estoppel “is not an easy rule to apply, for the term
‘issue’ as used in this connection is difficult to define, and the pleadings and proof in
each case must be carefully scrutinized to determine whether a particular issue was raised
even though some legal theory, argument or ‘matter’ relating to the issue was not
expressly mentioned or asserted.” (Clark v. Lesher (1956) 46 Cal.2d 874, 880–881
(Clark).) The identical issue requirement “addresses whether ‘identical factual
allegations’ are at stake in the two proceedings.” (Lucido, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 342.)
“[I]n determining whether the identity [of issues] requirement is satisfied, courts must be
mindful of the need to distinguish ‘issues’ from ‘legal theories.’ ” (Wimsatt v. Beverly
Hills Weight etc. International, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1511, 1517 (Wimsatt); Evans
v. Celotex Corp. (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 741, 746 [“Collateral estoppel bars relitigation
of the same issues; it does not require identity of legal theories or causes of action.”].)
B. The Collateral Estoppel Effect of Unlawful Detainer Judgments
Because “[a]n unlawful detainer action is a summary proceeding ordinarily limited
to resolution of the question of possession[,] . . . any judgment arising therefrom
generally is given limited res judicata effect.” (Malkoskie v. Option One Mortgage Corp.
(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 968, 973 (Malkoskie).) The approach courts take to applying
collateral estoppel in this setting is broadly consistent with that taken to the collateral
estoppel effect given other forms of summary, informal or specialized adjudication.5 As
a general matter in such cases, collateral estoppel will only apply if the party to be bound
agreed expressly or impliedly to submit an issue to prior adjudication (see Vandenberg,
supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 835) and had a full and fair opportunity to litigate (see Rohrbasser,
5
See, e.g., Rohrbasser, supra, 179 Cal.App.3d at page 300 (prior findings based
solely on affidavits in denial of motion to vacate default and to set aside default
judgment); Kelly v. Vons Companies, Inc. (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 1329, 1335–1337 (prior
findings in labor arbitration); Murray v. Alaska Airlines, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 860, 869
(prior findings in administrative adjudication); Basurto v. Imperial Irrigation District
(2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 866, 877–878 (Basurto) (prior findings in employer’s prior
internal grievance procedure).
8
supra, 179 Cal.App.3d at p. 300) under circumstances affording due process protections
(see Basurto, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 878).
In the specific context we have here, the two leading cases illustrating the
collateral estoppel effect of unlawful detainer judgments are Wood v. Herson (1974)
39 Cal.App.3d 737 (Wood) and Vella v. Hudgins (1977) 20 Cal.3d 251 (Vella). In Wood,
the defendant (Herson) arranged to obtain a mortgage loan and purchase property
allegedly on behalf of a couple who could not qualify for the mortgage (the Woods, one
of whom was in bankruptcy). (Wood, at pp. 740–742.) A dispute arose over whether
Herson held title and was the true property owner, or, as alleged by the Woods, held title
in trust for them and had no right to possession. (Ibid.) Herson brought an unlawful
detainer action, and the Woods defended by arguing fraud and claiming that, for a fee,
Herson had agreed orally to purchase the property on their behalf and then transfer title to
them, but reneged. (Ibid.) They presented this theory through an affirmative defense of
fraud. (Ibid.) Herson prevailed, and in a subsequent suit by the Woods for specific
performance predicated on the same theory, the trial court granted summary judgment
against them, applying the doctrine of collateral estoppel. (Id. at p. 739.) On review, the
Court of Appeal affirmed. (Id. at pp. 747–748.)
The Wood court’s reasoning, as later described by the California Supreme Court
in Vella, was as follows. “Noting that the Woods’ affirmative defense of fraud in the
unlawful detainer action was virtually identical to the fraud allegations upon which their
suit for specific performance was based, the court concluded that even though title
‘normally is not a permissible issue in an unlawful detainer action,’ the essential issues
had been fully and fairly disposed of in the earlier proceeding. [Citation.] The court
cited in support of its ruling such varied factors as the length of the ‘summary’ unlawful
detainer hearing (seven days), the scope of discovery by the parties (‘extensive’ and
‘complete’), the quality of the evidence (‘detailed’), and the general character of the
action (‘[clearly] . . . not the customary unlawful detainer proceeding’). [Citation.] A
lengthy and comprehensive superior court record replete with precise findings of fact
persuaded the Wood court that application of collateral estoppel to curtail further
9
litigation would involve ‘no miscarriage of justice—(the) Woods have had their day in
court . . . .’ ” (Vella, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 256, quoting Wood, supra, 39 Cal.App.3d at
pp. 740, 742, 745.)6
The Supreme Court adopted the same frame of analysis but reached the opposite
conclusion on the facts in Vella, a case in which a property owner in an eviction action
tried to block subsequent litigation against him by the evicted tenant based on the
unlawful detainer judgment he obtained. There, the plaintiff, Nancy Vella, alleged she
had a long-term “confidential” and “intimate” relationship with the defendant, Everett
Hudgins. (Vella, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 253.) When Vella had trouble paying a note on a
second deed of trust on her home, Hudgins purchased the note, told Vella he was doing
so to protect her from default, and assured her she need not worry about making
payments on the obligation. (Id. at p. 254.) The two then quarreled; Hudgins directed the
deed of trust trustee to give notice of default; and in an ensuing unlawful detainer
proceeding by Hudgins against Vella, Vella pleaded fraud as an affirmative defense, but
ultimately lost and was evicted. (Ibid.) Nonetheless, she managed to persuade the trial
court to allow her to litigate a fraud claim against Hudgins in a subsequent action, and
she prevailed in a jury trial. (Ibid.) On appeal, the Supreme Court rejected Hudgins’s
contention that Vella’s separate fraud action was barred by res judicata. (Ibid.)
The Supreme Court distinguished Wood, describing it as an “uncommon” situation
in which the parties to an unlawful detainer action had fully and extensively litigated
issues beyond simple possession. (Vella, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 257.) The court
acknowledged the Wood holding that “ ‘full and fair’ litigation of an affirmative
defense—even one not ordinarily cognizable in unlawful detainer, if it is raised without
objection, and if a fair opportunity to litigate is provided—will result in a judgment
conclusive upon issues material to that defense” (Vella, at pp. 256–257), but explained
6
See also Gombiner v. Swartz (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1365, 1371 (ruling in
unlawful detainer proceeding that rent stabilization ordinance applied, thus justifying
withholding of rent as an offset against past overpayment of excess rent, given collateral
estoppel effect in breach of lease case by landlord for nonpayment of rent).
10
that the facts presented in Vella were more typical of a summary unlawful detainer
proceeding than the situation presented in Wood. “The record offered in support of the
plea of res judicata is virtually barren. Evidently the unlawful detainer proceedings were
unrecorded or untranscribed, for no transcript of the municipal court hearing exists, and
no findings of fact or conclusions of law were made, other than a notation in the trial
judge’s minute order to the effect that Vella had not proved her affirmative defenses of
‘waiver and [equitable] estoppel and tender.’ The sparse record presented to us fails to
show either the precise nature of the factual issues litigated, or the depth of the court’s
inquiry. We decline to assume, given the summary character of this type of action, that
the mere pleading of a defense without objection by the adverse party necessarily
demonstrates adequate opportunity to litigate the defense. The fact that in the unlawful
detainer action both parties submitted trial-length estimates of two hours, whereas trial of
the second action consumed four days, while not controlling, does create a strong
inference that the former proceeding was a conventional unlawful detainer action, unlike
the elaborate and highly atypical proceeding considered in Wood.” (Vella, at p. 258.)7
C. Application of Collateral Estoppel in this Case
This case, in our view, is more akin to Wood than to Vella. Ayala could have
moved to consolidate the unlawful detainer proceeding with this action, thus requiring the
court to determine whether the issues presented were so complex and so intertwined with
the issue of title that “ ‘the entire case [should be] treated as an ordinary civil action, not
as a summary proceeding’ ” (Martin-Bragg v. Moore (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 367, 387),
but he did not do so. Instead, he “acceded to the summary and expedited procedures of
unlawful detainer with respect to” his claim to equitable title. (Id. at p. 389.) By
7
See also Gonzales v. Gem Properties, Inc. (1974) 37 Cal.App.3d 1029, 1032,
1036 (unlawful detainer judgment against homeowner who suffered foreclosure and was
evicted by holder of second mortgage does not bar later action against note holder and
those who acted in concert with him, individuals who “were widely known in their trade
as persons willing to employ tricks and devices to acquire property for amounts below its
actual value,” based on alleged scheme to acquire title fraudulently by manipulation of
trustee sale).
11
recharacterizing the governing contract as an oral installment sale contract for the
purchase of land, rather than a lease, Ayala hoped to persuade Judge Daniels he was not a
tenant subject to eviction.
The premise of Ayala’s attack on jurisdiction in the unlawful detainer proceeding
was that Dawson, in breach of his fiduciary duty as a real estate broker, duped Ayala into
signing the lease, while misrepresenting it to be an installment sale contract. Judge
Daniels considered this issue after holding an evidentiary hearing that ran six and a half
courtroom hours, taking testimony from both parties, and admitting extensive
documentary evidence. In the end, he specifically rejected the notion that Dawson was
Ayala’s real estate broker or that Ayala should be excused from performance under the
lease for lack of awareness of its terms.
In reviewing the later decision by Judge Kays to give Judge Daniels’s rejection of
Ayala’s fraud-in-the-inducement argument collateral estoppel effect, we determine what
was “actually litigated” by looking to the pleadings and the proof. (Clark, supra,
46 Cal.2d at pp. 880–881.) “An issue is actually litigated ‘[w]hen [it] is properly raised,
by the pleadings or otherwise, and is submitted for determination, and is determined . . . .’
” (People v. Sims (1982) 32 Cal.3d 468, 484, original italics, superseded by statute on
other grounds as noted in Gikas v. Zolin (1993) 6 Cal.4th 841, 851.)
There was far more here than what the Supreme Court characterized in Vella as
the “mere pleading of a defense without objection . . . .” (Vella, supra, 20 Cal.3d at
p. 258.) The record in the unlawful detainer proceeding is clear that Ayala elected to
place his fraud theory in issue by moving to quash on the ground there was no valid
lease; that he framed the issue by persuading Judge Daniels to take judicial notice of his
verified allegations of fraud in this case; that this fraud allegation was the central focus of
an evidentiary contest in a long-cause hearing at which both Ayala and Dawson testified;
that Ayala’s presentation at the hearing was fulsome and unrestricted; and that Judge
Daniels ultimately decided the fraud issue against him.
Prior to the hearing on the motion to quash, Ayala was given the opportunity to
take discovery, and he in fact took Dawson’s deposition, which he then used extensively,
12
but ultimately to no effect, in cross-examining Dawson at the hearing. Unlike the
situation in Vella, there was an extensive record, consisting of a 243-page transcript and
21 documentary exhibits, among them the written lease signed by Dawson and Ayala, the
ledger of rent payments made by Ayala, and the amortization and payment records for
Dawson’s mortgage loans on the property. Also included is Judge Daniels’s on-the-
record explanation of his findings. Judge Daniels found, much as the trial judge in the
Wood case did, that this was an unusual case. “[M]y goodness,” he stated before
announcing his findings, “this is certainly not a typical transaction.” After observing that
the transaction seemed designed to be a means of financing for Ayala—which is what
Dawson had argued, and is what a lease-purchase option accomplishes, where the option
is exercised—he proceeded to characterize the parties’ relationship legally as one of
landlord-tenant. Ayala had the right to seek review of that determination, and availed
himself of this right by pursuing a petition for a writ of mandate in the superior court
appellate division, without success.8
8
The appellate division issued a reasoned order denying the petition after
undertaking a thorough review of the record, concluding as follows: “It is evident from
the trial court’s recitation of reasons for its decision that the decision is supported by
substantial, if not overwhelming, evidence. [¶] Petitioner admitted that he executed a
written lease agreement that gave him an option to purchase the property . . . . The
agreement was clearly labeled ‘RESIDENTIAL LEASE WITH OPTION TO
PURCHASE (CALIFORNIA SHORT FORM)’, established that Petitioner would pay
monthly rent of $2,700, indicated that Petitioner would pay nonrefundable option
consideration of $77,000, and specifically provided that Petitioner could make any
legally conforming use of the property, that Petitioner was solely responsible for
maintenance of the property, and that Petitioner was free to sublease without
Respondent’s consent . . . . Each page was initialed, confirming that Petitioner had read
the page, and Petitioner’s signature established that Petitioner had ‘thoroughly read and
approved’ every provision of the agreement . . . . [¶] Notwithstanding Petitioner’s
claims that his primary language was Spanish and that he did not actually read the
document prior to initialing and signing it, his own testimony established that he was
familiar with legal requirements for written contracts as part of his occupation as a
licensed contractor, and that he attended and graduated from high school in the United
States . . . . [¶] The terms of the agreement, no matter what Petitioner may or may not
have believed, were consistent with the terms orally discussed between the parties.
Respondent would purchase the property in Respondent’s name . . . . Petitioner would
13
In his writ petition, Ayala argued, as he does here, that Judge Daniels decided only
the issue of possession and that the separate and distinct issue of title is not germane in an
unlawful detainer proceeding. In the typical case, that is true. But what the argument
overlooks is the necessary factual predicate for Judge Daniels’s ultimate conclusions—he
found that Dawson carried his burden of proof on the question of jurisdiction, that there
was an enforceable written lease agreement, and thus, impliedly, that Dawson did not
commit fraud—fundamentally undercuts Ayala’s claim to equitable title. Indeed, this is
exactly what the trial judge in Wood, supra, 39 Cal.App.3d 737 found, where a couple
who could not qualify for a loan used a front buyer and then failed when they tried to
argue that the strawman financier they relied upon was not the true owner. Just as that
couple was barred from litigating such a defense twice, Ayala was barred here. Judge
Kays was correct to so rule.
In a final attempt to avoid the collateral estoppel effect of Judge Daniels’s adverse
ruling against him in the unlawful detainer proceeding, Ayala advances two additional
arguments. He contends, first, that because the final order in the unlawful detainer
proceeding was a “clerk’s judgment” of default, there was no decision on the merits, and,
second, even if there was a decision on the merits, because the appellate division panel
expressly stated in denying his writ petition that the unlawful detainer proceeding was
strictly limited to the issue of possession, the denial of the writ deprives Judge Daniels’s
findings of any collateral estoppel effect here under the “law of the case” doctrine. We
see no merit in either point.
Ayala appeared specially in the unlawful detainer proceeding, contested the issue
of jurisdiction—tendering his fraud-in-the-inducement theory as the linchpin issue—was
provide the down payment necessary to purchase the property . . . . Petitioner would pay
Respondent an amount equivalent to the monthly mortgage, interest, insurance and taxes
owed on the property plus $200 . . . . The only real dispute is whether the agreement was
to be structured as a lease with an option to purchase or an installment land sales
agreement, an issue that was never orally discussed prior to the execution of the lease
agreement.” (Denial of Petition for Writ of Mandate, November 6, 2012, Writ No.
FCS 040463 at pp. 3–4, record citations omitted.)
14
given an evidentiary hearing, and lost on the merits. He does not and cannot argue that
Judge Daniels’s order was somehow tentative, subject to change, or never reached a point
of finality. For purposes of res judicata, it is deemed to be part of the judgment.
(McClain v. Rush (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 18, 28 [“for purposes of issue preclusion . . .
‘final judgment’ includes any prior adjudication of an issue in another action that is
determined to be sufficiently firm to be accorded conclusive effect”], quoting Rest.2d
Judgments, § 13, italics omitted.) As to Ayala’s “law of the case” argument, we do not
view the appellate division’s observation that the unlawful detainer proceeding was
strictly limited to the issue of possession as having any bearing here. The passage from
its opinion that Ayala relies upon addresses due process, which is relevant to collateral
estoppel but is not the same thing. And in any event, even if the appellate division panel
had intended to address the collateral estoppel effect of Judge Daniels’s order, its
determination on the point is ultimately no more binding on us than a finding by Judge
Daniels on the collateral estoppel effect of his own order. (See Velasquez v. Superior
Court (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1471, 1477, fn. 7 [“Appellate division decisions have
persuasive value, but they are of debatable strength as precedents and are not binding on
higher reviewing courts.”].)
D. Appeal of the Attorney Fees Award
Ayala’s appeal of the attorney fees award against him rises or falls with his appeal
of the judgment. He contends only that “[i]f a judgment is reversed and there is also a
related appeal from an order awarding attorney fees and/or costs based on the judgment,
the attorney’s fees and/or costs award will be reversed.” (Citing Purdy v. Johnson (1929)
100 Cal.App. 416, 420–421.) Since we affirm the judgment, we affirm the award of
attorney fees as well.
III. CONCLUSION AND DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed and the order awarding attorney fees is affirmed.
Dawson shall recover his costs.
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_________________________
Streeter, J.
We concur:
_________________________
Ruvolo, P.J.
_________________________
Rivera, J.
16
A142830/Ayala v. Dawson
A142830 – Ayala v. Dawson
Trial Court: Solano County Superior Court
Trial Judge: Hon. Scott L. Kays
Counsel:
Arthur Samuel Humphrey, Attorney at Law and Arthur Samuel Humphrey for Plaintiff
and Appellant.
Terry A. Duree for Defendant and Respondent.
17