NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4207-15T1
AMANDA GAUGHRAN and
MICHAEL GAUGHRAN, her
husband, per quod,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
COUNTY OF WARREN, WARREN
COUNTY COUNCIL, RICH MACGUIRE,
WASHINGTON CELEBRATES
AMERICA COMMITTEE, WASHINGTON
ORANGE CRATE DERBY and RALPH
BANGHART,
Defendants,
and
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP,
WASHINGTON BOROUGH and
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP POLICE
DEPARTMENT,
Defendants-Respondents.
_________________________________
Submitted May 31, 2017 - Decided August 7, 2017
Before Judges Leone, Vernoia and Moynihan.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New
Jersey, Law Division, Warren County,
Docket No. L-0242-13.
Arseneault & Fassett, LLP, attorneys for
appellants (Angela M. DeFilippo, on the brief).
Keenan & Doris, LLC, attorneys for respondents
Washington Township and Washington Township
Police Department (Thomas A. Keenan, of counsel;
Bernadette M. Peslak, on the brief).
Florio, Perrucci, Steinhardt & Fader, LLC,
attorneys for respondent Washington Borough
(Mark R. Peck, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiffs, Amanda Gaughran and Michael Gaughran,1 appeal
from the motion judge's orders granting summary judgment in favor
of defendants Washington Borough (Borough), Washington Township
(Township) and Washington Township Police Department.2 Applying
the applicable provisions of the Tort Claims Act (TCA), N.J.S.A.
59:1-1 to 12-3, we affirm.
I.
The facts we consider are derived from the summary judgment
record, including the pleadings, deposition transcripts, answers
to interrogatories and certifications. We view the competent
evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff. See R. 4:46-
2(c).
1
Amanda Gaughran filed suit as the injured plaintiff; Michael
Gaughran filed a concomitant per quod claim. We refer, herein,
to Amanda as "plaintiff" for ease of reference.
2
The judge entered one order in favor of the Borough, and a
separate order in favor of the Township and the police department.
2 A-4207-15T1
On July 4, 2011, plaintiff was injured in an accident while
attending the Orange Crate Derby, an annual event during which
youths drive wheeled crates down a course on Broad Street in
Washington Borough. At the time of the accident, Kristine
Blanchard was the Borough clerk and registrar, and Richard Phelan
was the Borough manager. They both related the Borough road
department maintained Broad Street, checked it for cracks and
potholes, swept it before the event, and supplied barricades to
prevent cars from entering the road during the event. Blanchard
stated Washington Celebrates America (Committee), a non-profit
entity, was responsible for other preparations and operations
related to the derby. She said the Committee sectioned off
portions of the race course with hay bales before the derby.
Phelan indicated the Committee was responsible for directing
spectators to areas from which they could watch the event, and for
crowd control.
Rich Macguire,3 the Committee chairperson on July 4, 2011,
helped coordinate the derby. The Committee obtained permission
from the Borough to conduct the event.
Macguire admitted the Committee, alone, was responsible for
the safety of spectators during the derby. Although police
3
Macguire is also referred to as Rich Maguire in various documents
in the record.
3 A-4207-15T1
prevented vehicular access to the race course, he testified police
did not have an active role in crowd control or spectator
protection, but did say police had authority to regulate crowds,
prevent pedestrians on the race course, and dictate where
spectators sat. He represented, however, police were never called
upon to undertake those responsibilities because the Committee
never had a problem accomplishing those tasks without police
assistance. He said he would call police only if someone refused
to comply with rules set by the Committee; that need did not arise
on July 4, 2011.
As part of their safety protocol, Macguire said the Committee
placed hay bales along the course. When asked whether spectators
were told to sit behind the hay bales, he stated:
Yes, and that's announced before every heat.
. . . .
I'm going to say 95 percent of Broad Street
has curbing. There's a couple where like the
aprons come into people's driveways, that is
heavily blocked with hay bales. Telephone
poles, anything that could be really
dangerous, that is guarded with hay bales, but
there are people that tend to come in the
street in between races. . . . And if there
is anybody on the street or even just in a
dangerous area, they don't have to be on the
street, they could be behind the hay bales.
. . . .
4 A-4207-15T1
We want them off the hay bales. And Mark will
make the announcement or somebody, if they're
close enough, will say, "get off the hay
bales" before each race.
Plaintiff was seated behind hay bales when, she alleges, a
racer's crate encountered a defect in the road. Lisa Groff
described the defect as a "manhole in the road with an uneven
lift, which created a pothole situation in the road." She stated
the "pothole" had been there for fifteen years. The crate veered
off the race course, and hit the hay bale behind which plaintiff
was located. Plaintiff was struck by the hay bale, toppled and
was injured.
George Duckworth was a sergeant with the Township police
department on the date of the accident. Duckworth testified, as
did Macguire, Duckworth's only duty at the derby was to operate a
radar gun to gauge the speed of the crates. Duckworth admitted
he could leave his position for "police duties," if the Committee
needed him to remove someone who was causing a problem, or someone
called for police assistance.
II.
We abide by our familiar standard of review that mandates
summary judgment be granted if the court determines "there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact challenged and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter of
5 A-4207-15T1
law." R. 4:46-2(c). We consider whether the competent evidential
materials presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party in consideration of the applicable
evidentiary standard, are sufficient to permit a rational
factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed issue in favor of the
non-moving party. Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142
N.J. 520, 540 (1995). We review the trial court's decision in
these matters de novo, and afford the trial court ruling no special
deference. Templo Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat. Union Fire Ins.
Co., 224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016).
III.
The intent of the TCA is to "reestablish a system in which
immunity is the rule, and liability the exception." Bombace v.
City of Newark, 125 N.J. 361, 372 (1991). Immunity is the
legislation's "dominant consideration." Kolitch v. Lindedahl, 100
N.J. 485, 498 (1985) (O'Hern, J., concurring). The State's public
policy is that public entities, such as a municipality, "shall
only be liable for their negligence within the limitations of [the
TCA] and in accordance with the fair and uniform principles
established [in the TCA]." N.J.S.A. 59:1-2. "In other words, a
public entity is 'immune from tort liability unless there is a
specific statutory provision' that makes it answerable for a
negligent act or omission." Polzo v. County of Essex, 209 N.J.
6 A-4207-15T1
51, 65 (2012) [Polzo II] (quoting Kahrar v. Borough of Wallington,
171 N.J. 3, 10 (2002)).
IV.
Plaintiff alleges the Township and its police department are
not entitled to protection under the TCA, specifically N.J.S.A.
59:5-4, because police negligently performed their ministerial
duties during the derby. The pertinent part of the TCA provides:
"Neither a public entity nor a public employee is liable for
failure to provide police protection service or, if police
protection service is provided, for failure to provide sufficient
police protection service." N.J.S.A. 59:5-4. We attributed the
legislative aim of another section of the TCA to this statute in
Suarez v. Dosky, 171 N.J. Super. 1, 9 (App. Div. 1979), certif.
denied, 82 N.J. 300 (1980):
[W]hat the Legislature is seeking to protect
in N.J.S.A. 59:5-1 is the Government's
essential right and power to allocate its
resources in accordance with its conception
of how the public interest will be best
served, an exercise of political power which
should be insulated from interference by judge
or jury in a tort action. We regard the same
governmental imperatives as supporting the
adoption of N.J.S.A. 59:5-4 . . . .
We held "N.J.S.A. 59:5-4 precludes suits against municipalities
and their responsible officers based upon contentions that damage
occurred from the absence of a police force or from the presence
7 A-4207-15T1
of an inadequate one." Ibid. The protections are not absolute;
we recognized:
[a]lthough a police officer may not be liable
for failing to respond (if, for example, he
was performing some other official duty), if
he does respond he will be subject to
liability for negligence in the performance
of his ministerial duties. N.J.S.A. 59:5-4
does not insulate police officers from
unfortunate results of their negligently
executed ministerial duties.
[Id. at 9-10.]
Plaintiff posits the Township and police department are
liable because police, knowing that crates crash into hay bales,
and that curbs — not hay bales — provide protection to spectators
from crates that veer toward them, did not advise plaintiff that
she was sitting in a "danger zone, unprotected by the curb." She
also argues that Duckworth "and other police had a duty to make
sure spectators were not seated in an area behind hay bales where
there were no curbs."
Plaintiff cites to five sources of proofs she alleges support
one or both theories of liability: Duckworth's deposition
testimony; answers to interrogatories by Blanchard;4 a 2011 Orange
Crate Derby brochure; Macguire's deposition testimony; and an
expert report by Dr. Leonard Lucenko.
4
We also consider the deposition of Blanchard, and her
certification submitted by the Township.
8 A-4207-15T1
The 2011 Orange Crate Derby brochure cautions: "Safety note:
Broad Street will be lined with bales of hay. All spectators and
non-participants MUST stay off the street and behind the hay bales.
THE RACE WILL BE STOPPED UNTIL THIS REQUIREMENT IS COMPLIED WITH."
Blanchard provided in answers to interrogatories, "Upon
information and belief [the Committee] and the Washington Township
Police Department determines where spectators/pedestrians were to
sit and/or stand to observe the soapbox derby race." Blanchard
was asked during her deposition what steps the Borough took
regarding spectators "who are not allowed on the road during derby
time to insure their safety." She answered, the Borough relies
on the Committee "to provide for the safety of any spectators, and
we also rely on the Washington Township Police Department to
protect any spectators." She added there was no written document
indicating such reliance.5 A follow-up colloquy ensued:
Q. When you say, when the Borough relies on
the Washington Celebrates America nonprofit
organization and the Washington Township
Police Department to ensure the safety of the
pedestrians during the derby time, what does
the Borough believe that Washington Township
Police Department and the not-for-profit does
to ensure the safety of the spectators when
the derby is taking place on their road?
5
There was an agreement between the Committee and the Township
regarding police services, to which the Borough was not a party.
See infra note 6.
9 A-4207-15T1
. . . .
A. The Washington Celebrates America
organization sections off portions of the
sidewalk with hay bales. That is where the
spectators are supposed to be standing.
Washington Township Police Department
monitors where spectators are standing, and
the Washington emergency squad is also on
hand.
Blanchard acknowledged her answer was not based on any writing
or discussions in which she took part in her official capacity,
but on knowledge gained from seeing past derbies. In a
certification submitted through the Township's counsel, she said
she "just assumed that the Washington Township Police Department
was responsible for spectator safety" at the derby, and that she
"never possessed any first-hand knowledge of the statements that
[she] made in this case regarding Washington Township Police
Department's being responsible for spectator safety."
In determining whether summary judgment should be granted,
we are not "to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the
matter," and must view the evidence "in the light most favorable"
to plaintiff, Brill, supra, 142 N.J. at 540; but we must consider
only competent evidence. Polzo v. County. of Essex, 196 N.J. 569,
586 (2008) [Polzo I]. "Competent opposition requires 'competent
evidential material' beyond mere 'speculation' and 'fanciful
arguments.'" Cortez v. Gindhart, 435 N.J. Super. 589, 604 (App.
10 A-4207-15T1
Div. 2014) (quoting Hoffman v. Asseenontv Com, Inc., 404 N.J.
Super. 415, 425-26 (App. Div. 2009)). "That the trier of fact
makes determinations as to credibility 'does not require a court
to turn a blind eye to the weight of the evidence; the "opponent
must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical
doubt as to the material facts."'" O'Laughlin v. Nat'l. Comm.
Bank, 338 N.J. Super. 592, 606 (App. Div. 2001) (quoting Big Apple
BMW, Inc. v. BMW of North America, Inc., 974 F.2d 1358, 1363 (3d
Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 912, 113 S. Ct. 1262, 122 L.
Ed. 2d 659 (1993)).
Blanchard's interrogatory answer, indicating the Township
police told spectators where to sit or stand during the 2011 derby,
is not competent evidence. It is either hearsay or a baseless
assumption; it is not based on personal knowledge of circumstances
on the day of the accident. Blanchard was not a Township police
employee but the Borough clerk, and the Borough was not a party
to the agreement between the Committee and the Township police
department. Likewise, any evidence introduced through Blanchard
that the Township police were responsible to protect the safety
of spectators on July 4, 2011, is hearsay or assumption. The only
personal knowledge Blanchard possessed was gained from her
observations of past derbies. None of the evidence offered
through Blanchard regarding police actions or duties during the
11 A-4207-15T1
derby at which plaintiff was injured, therefore, is competent.
See James Talcott, Inc. v. Shulman, 82 N.J. Super. 438, 443 (App.
Div. 1964) (holding evidence based on "information and belief"
without information supplied by "persons having actual knowledge
of the facts, [is] insufficient to withstand a motion for summary
judgment"). That evidence does not raise a genuine material issue
of fact and does not preclude the grant of summary judgment.
In a report submitted by plaintiff in support of her
contention that police failed to protect her safety, her expert
opined:
Since the Washington Township Police
Department agreed to assist with crowd and
traffic control, in my professional opinion
as a professor of recreation and a recreation
risk management and safety expert, it was
incumbent upon the Washington Township Police
Department to perform this service in a proper
manner, especially since, as Sergeant George
Duckworth testified, "Safety is always a
police officer's duty." . . . .However, the
case documentation indicates that the
Washington Township Police Department was
negligent in its performance of the service
it provided with respect to the Orange Crate
Derby on July 4, 2011.
The expert points to no standard, only Duckworth's statement
regarding general police duties, to buttress his opinion. It is
a net opinion; it does not offer the "'why and wherefore'
supporting his . . . analysis." Henebama v. SJTA, 430 N.J. Super.
485, 508 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New
12 A-4207-15T1
Cmty. Corp., 207 N.J. 344, 372 (2011)). The expert's report is
not competent evidence, Polzo I, supra, 196 N.J. at 586, that
would sustain plaintiff's opposition to the grant of summary
judgment. Id. at 584 n.5.
Even accepting the evidence offered through Blanchard and the
expert as competent and uncontested, none of the evidence proffered
by plaintiff links any police officer to a ministerial duty
relating to the accident that resulted in plaintiff's injury, or
even places a police officer at the scene prior to or during the
accident.
Considering that the Committee entered into an agreement with
the Township to provide police services6 during the derby, the
only proofs that establish the activity of any police officer
during the derby are Duckworth's deposition, Macguire's
deposition, and answers to Form C interrogatories by the Township
police department. They inform us that Duckworth was tasked to
operate the radar gun that gauged the speed of the derby
contestants. He did not know who placed the hay bales along the
race course; they were in place before he began operating the
6
A copy of the agreement was provided in plaintiff's appendix;
paragraph one reads, "The Township of Washington shall provide the
services of _____ uniformed police officer(s) to [the Committee].
A handwritten note was made over the blank: "see attached coverage
sheet" appears above an arrow drawn just above the line. The
"coverage sheet" was not provided to us.
13 A-4207-15T1
radar. He was located one-hundred to one-hundred and fifty yards
from plaintiff's location, above the finish line; he did not see
where plaintiff was seated before the accident. He did not know
if Macguire, as Macguire alleged, told plaintiff to move from
where she was seated prior to the accident. He admitted that he
could have left his post if called to regular police duties. He
cited examples of such duties: if he was asked to remove someone
causing a problem or received a "call for police assistance."
Duckworth testified about other police duties: he admitted
police put up plastic or wooden barricades to keep vehicular
traffic off the race course. He believed police were "aware of
the event and [] provide[d] crowd and traffic control assistance,"
and agreed that Township police patrolled "the area in the Borough
of Washington where the race was held."7 He elaborated that
traffic control was to assure no vehicular traffic interfered with
the derby, and that crowd control meant "if anybody caused a
problem, then to try to aid in that nobody interfered with the
race course or was walking into the race area." Police duties
also included ensuring that people sat behind the hay bales, "if
asked by the race organizers." Duckworth denied, and there is no
7
Township police patrolled Washington Borough under a shared
services agreement. The Borough does not have its own police
department.
14 A-4207-15T1
evidence that, the police were asked to patrol the race course to
make sure spectators were safe.
A comment cited by plaintiff as evidence of defendants'
responsibilities, that "[s]afety is always a police officer's
duty," was made during the following exchange during Duckworth's
deposition:
Q. Okay. Who ensured the safety of the
spectators so that they would not be seated
or walk on the roadway where the race was?
A. The race organizers.
Q. And who was their safety -- who patrolled
the -- from the race organizers?
A. Don't know.
Q. So are you saying that if a police officer
was in the area and saw a person set up a
chair on the side of the hay bails [sic] that
was in the race area, that the police officer
would not say anything?
A. I would say something.
Q. Okay. You would?
A. Yes.
Q. But was it within your duty at the time
to say something?
A. Safety is always a police officer's duty.
Q. Okay. So it's fair to say that if there
were police officers in the area and someone
was not seated behind the hay bail [sic], that
a police officer would then act on it and ask
the person to move?
A. Correct.
Duckworth was responding to hypothetical questions posed by
plaintiff's counsel. He was not commenting on what actually
happened during the derby. Notably, he was not asked to comment
15 A-4207-15T1
on the situation here, where plaintiff was seated behind a hay
bale, not in the race area.
Moreover, the adoption of plaintiff's argument, that
Duckworth's statement evidenced a duty that was negligently
performed by the police, would lead to the unintended and absurd
result of denying police immunity under N.J.S.A. 59:4-5 in every
case in which they were involved. Police officers "perform a wide
range of social services, such as aiding those in danger of harm,
preserving property, and creating and maintaining a feeling of
security in the community." State v. Bogan, 200 N.J. 61, 73
(2009). Thus, safety is every police officer's duty — all the
time.
Plaintiff would impose a duty on all officers to warn of
dangerous conditions even in situations when police are not tasked
with any duty to inspect a location, or when their assistance is
not requested, or when they have not responded to the location of
the dangerous condition. That interpretation flies in the face
of the general principles of the TCA: that immunity is the Act's
"dominant consideration," Kolitch, supra, 100 N.J. at 498, and
that "immunity from tort liability is the general rule and
liability is the exception." Coyne v. DOT, 182 N.J. 481, 488
(2005) (internal citations omitted).
16 A-4207-15T1
The only evidence linking police to plaintiff and the accident
scene is the answer to question two of the Form C interrogatories
submitted by the Township police department.8 Although Duckworth
denied ever being at the accident scene before it was cleared, the
answer provided that Duckworth observed the accident scene and
plaintiff after the accident. The interrogatory answer does not
connect Duckworth to plaintiff prior to, or during, the accident.
Even if true, it places Duckworth at the scene after plaintiff was
injured.
In support of her contention that the Township police
"negligently executed their duties by directing spectators,
including [plaintiff], to sit within [an] unsafe, unprotected
area," plaintiff relies on the holdings in Suarez, supra, and
Aversano v. Palisades Interstate Parkway Comm., 363 N.J. Super.
266 (App. Div. 2004), aff'd as modified, 180 N.J. 329 (2004).9
Those cases, however, involved actual police responses to
situations where citizens were imperiled.
8
This evidence was not cited by plaintiff as supporting her
arguments on appeal, but it was mentioned in Duckworth's
deposition; thus we examine it.
9
The Supreme Court remanded the case to the trial court to consider
discretionary act immunity under N.J.S.A. 59:2-3(a) or N.J.S.A.
59:3-2(a). The Court considered only immunity for incidents on
unimproved property; it did not analyze immunity for police actions
under the TCA. Aversano, supra, 180 N.J. at 332.
17 A-4207-15T1
In Suarez, motorists stranded on Route 80 were killed as they
walked along the highway after state troopers, who responded to
the scene of the motorists' minor accident, refused their request
to escort them to a safe place off the highway, or call a taxi.
Suarez, supra, 171 N.J. Super. at 5-6. Police in Aversano,
responding to a scene after a young man fell off a 300-foot cliff,
did not call a rescue squad, and decided to execute a "recovery
operation" instead of a more urgent "rescue operation," thinking
the man could not have survived the fall; the man was alive when
police reached him. Aversano, supra, 180 N.J. at 330. Plaintiffs
attributed his death to the lost chance of survival caused by the
negligent failure of police to initiate a rescue effort. Id. at
331.
Those cases are inapplicable here. "[T]his is not a case
like Suarez" or Aversano "where police who were on the scene
behaved negligently." Sczyrek v. Cty. of Essex, 324 N.J. Super.
235, 242 (App. Div. 1999), certif. denied, 163 N.J. 75 (2000).
There is no competent proof police had any interaction with
plaintiff, or undertook any duty related to plaintiff's safety.
There is no evidence that police directed plaintiff to sit in an
area behind hay bales that was unprotected by curbing. In her
brief, plaintiff admits "[s]he walked on Broad Street until she
saw an open spot where [she and her sons] could sit."
18 A-4207-15T1
Plaintiff has not provided any evidence that police, at any
time, undertook responsibility to tell her or other spectators
where to sit, or to ensure that she or other spectators sat behind
curbed areas. Police patrolled the general area and prevented
entry by vehicular traffic. Duckworth operated the radar. But
police did nothing in relation to plaintiff's accident that would
be considered a ministerial duty, the negligent execution of which
would expose them to liability. They had no interaction with
plaintiff, and did not undertake any responsibility regarding her
seat location, so they and the Township are entitled to immunity.
We do not think that plaintiff's proposed limitless duty on police
to provide safety is the type of ministerial duty for which the
police could be liable under Suarez. See Rochinsky v. State, Dep't
of Transp., 110 N.J. 399, 412 (1988) (noting that N.J.S.A. 59:5-4
has "been found to cover ministerial as well as discretionary
acts," citing Wuethrich v. Delia, 155 N.J. Super. 324 (App. Div.),
certif. denied, 77 N.J. 486 (1978)); Pico v. State, 116 N.J. 55,
62 (1989) (noting that general "liability [for ministerial acts]
yields to a grant of immunity" under N.J.S.A. 59:5-4, citing
Wuethrich, supra, 155 N.J. Super. at 326); see also Parsons v.
Mullica Tp. Bd. Of Educ., 440 N.J. Super. 79, 96 & n.8 (App. Div.
2015), aff'd, 226 N.J. 297 (2016). A claim of negligence does "not
diminish the legislative immunity granted to the municipality 'for
19 A-4207-15T1
failure to provide police protection,' under N.J.S.A. 59:5-4."
Weiss v. N.J. Transit, 128 N.J. 376, 381 (1992) (quoting Henschke
v. Borough of Clayton, 251 N.J. Super 393, 400 (App. Div. 1991)).
"N.J.S.A. 59:5-4 applies when the liability claim is based on
alleged 'failure to provide police protection,' [even where] that
failure allegedly stems from carelessness or negligence of rank
and file employees, and not from a governmental policy
determination." Sczyrek, supra, 324 N.J. Super. at 242, 245 (App.
Div. 1999).
The Township and police department do not face liability for
their decision not to provide police protection to the spectators,
or any failure to provide a sufficient level of protection. That
was a policy decision that is afforded immunity under the TCA.
Id. at 239-40, 241-42.
V.
A provision of the TCA limits public entity liability for
injuries resulting from conditions on public lands or in public
facilities. The pertinent part of N.J.S.A. 59:4-2 provides:
A public entity is liable for injury caused
by a condition of its property if the
plaintiff establishes that the property was
in dangerous condition at the time of the
injury, that the injury was proximately caused
by the dangerous condition, that the dangerous
condition created a reasonably foreseeable
risk of the kind of injury which was incurred,
and that . . . :
20 A-4207-15T1
. . . .
b. a public entity had actual or constructive
notice of the dangerous condition under
section 59:4-3 a sufficient time prior to the
injury to have taken measures to protect
against the dangerous condition.
Nothing in this section shall be construed to
impose liability upon a public entity for a
dangerous condition of its public property if
the action the entity took to protect against
the condition or the failure to take such
action was not palpably unreasonable.10
Plaintiff contends N.J.S.A. 59:4-2 does not afford the
Borough immunity because the Borough failed to properly inspect
the road prior to the race, and failed to notice and correct the
defect that, according to the certification of Lisa Groff, had
been there for fifteen years.
In Polzo II, our Supreme Court set forth the elements a
plaintiff must prove to recover from the Borough. First, plaintiff
must show that the road defect was a "dangerous condition [that]
created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which
was incurred." Polzo II, supra, 209 N.J. at 66 (quoting N.J.S.A.
59:4-2) (alteration in original). "Only if plaintiff can prove
this element do we turn to the next step: . . . whether the 'public
entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous
10
Plaintiff does not allege that the Borough created the dangerous
condition; N.J.S.A. 59:4-2a is, therefore, inapplicable to this
case.
21 A-4207-15T1
condition' within 'a sufficient time' before the accident that it
could 'have taken measures to protect against [it].'" Ibid.
(quoting N.J.S.A. 59:4-2b). "Even if plaintiff has met all of
these elements, the public entity still will not be liable unless
the public entity's failure to protect against the dangerous
condition can be deemed 'palpably unreasonable.'" Ibid. (quoting
N.J.S.A. 59:4-2).
As was the case in Polzo II, we do not find the Borough was
on actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition that
created a reasonably foreseeable risk of injury, or that the
Borough's failure to repair the defect was palpably unreasonable.
A.
The TCA defines actual and constructive notice, in the context
of N.J.S.A. 59:4-2b, in N.J.S.A. 59:4-3:
a. A public entity shall be deemed to have
actual notice of a dangerous condition . . .
if it had actual knowledge of the existence
of the condition and knew or should have known
of its dangerous character.
b. A public entity shall be deemed to have
constructive notice of a dangerous condition
. . . only if the plaintiff establishes that
the condition had existed for such a period
of time and was of such an obvious nature that
the public entity, in the exercise of due
care, should have discovered the condition and
its dangerous character.
22 A-4207-15T1
Phelan, the Borough manager, admitted in depositions that
Borough employees "swept" the course with a street sweeping vehicle
prior to the derby, and that the road department checked for
potholes that could affect the crates. There is no evidence any
Borough employee found the defect alleged by plaintiff during the
inspection. In fact, plaintiff has not shown any evidence that
the Borough had actual knowledge of the defect.
We also find plaintiff failed to show the defect "was of such
obvious nature that the [Borough], in the exercise of due care,
should have discovered the condition and its dangerous character."
N.J.S.A. 59:4-3b. Plaintiff has proffered no evidence about the
road defect, save for Lisa Groff's description of "a manhole in
the road with an uneven lift, which created a pothole situation
in the road."11 Although she certified that the defect existed for
fifteen years prior to plaintiff's accident, there is no evidence
anyone reported it to the Borough, or that there were any accidents
or other incidents that would have put the Borough on notice of
11
The parties have not provided any description other than that
given by Goff. We reviewed the appendices and do not find evidence
that informs us of any other description. Cf. Polzo II, supra, 209
N.J. at 77 (describing the defect as "barely one-and-one-half
inches in depth on the roadway's shoulder"); Atalese v. Long Beach
Twp., 365 N.J. Super. 1, 3, 4 (App. Div. 2003) (describing the
condition as a depression of pavement in a bike lane, approximately
three-quarters of an inch deep "for a distance of approximately
one block").
23 A-4207-15T1
the defect. Absent a description of the defect that would show
that Borough employees should have discovered an obvious defect,
there is a failure of proof by plaintiff. Polzo II, supra, 209
N.J. at 74-75.
Likewise, plaintiff failed to prove the Borough knew, or
should have known, of the defect's dangerous character. A
dangerous condition is "a condition of the property that creates
a substantial risk of injury when such property is used with due
care in a manner in which it is reasonably foreseeable that it
will be used." N.J.S.A. 59:4-1a. "[T]o be considered a
'substantial risk of injury' a condition of property cannot be
minor, trivial, or insignificant." Atalese, supra, 365 N.J. Super.
at 5.
The Borough obviously knew the derby would be run on the
road. Its employees inspected the road in preparation for the
derby that had been held annually for a number of years. The
Borough manager stated, in his deposition, the Borough governing
body approved the event. It was foreseeable that racer crates
would use the road. Thus, Borough employees, when they inspected
the road, should have been looking for defects that would pose a
24 A-4207-15T1
danger to crates.12 But plaintiff has not shown the defect, even
if it did exist for fifteen years, was so obvious that the workers,
exercising due care, should have discovered it and its dangerous
character. In those fifteen years, there is no proof that the
defect had any impact on any person or vehicle, including past
crate racers and those racing on the date of the accident. There
is no evidence the Borough was on constructive notice of the
defect.
B.
We also find plaintiff did not prove the Borough's failure
to repair the road defect was palpably unreasonable. That proof
is required under the TCA because:
even if the public entity's property
constituted a "dangerous condition;" even if
that dangerous condition proximately caused
the injury alleged; even if it was reasonably
foreseeable that the dangerous condition could
cause the kind of injury claimed to have been
suffered; and even if the public entity was
on notice of that dangerous condition; no
12
We do not agree with the Borough's argument that the dangerous
condition here related to the use of the property for orange crate
racing, and not the property itself, thereby immunizing the Borough
from liability. See Levin v. County of Salem, 133 N.J. 35 (1993)
(holding that an injury sustained by jumping off a bridge was
caused by diving into shallow water; the bridge was not the
dangerous condition). Here, the road defect is alleged to have
propelled the crate into hay bales in front of plaintiff, toppling
her and causing injury. We examine the defect in the roadway, not
the use of the roadway by the racers, in determining whether there
was a dangerous condition.
25 A-4207-15T1
liability will be imposed "upon a public
entity for a dangerous condition of its public
property if the action the entity took to
protect against the condition or the failure
to take such action was not palpably
unreasonable."
[Polzo I, supra, 196 N.J. at 585 (quoting
N.J.S.A. 59:4-2).]
Palpably unreasonable behavior is "patently unacceptable
under any given circumstances." Kolitch, supra, 100 N.J. at 493.
"[F]or a public entity to have acted or failed to act in a manner
that is palpably unreasonable, 'it must be manifest and obvious
that no prudent person would approve of its course of action or
inaction.'" Ibid. (quoting Polyard v. Terry, 148 N.J. Super. 202,
216 (Law Div. 1977), rev'd on other grounds, 160 N.J. Super. 497
(App. Div. 1978), aff'd o.b., 79 N.J. 547 (1979)). Plaintiff
bears the burden of proving the Borough's inaction was palpably
unreasonable. Ibid. "Although ordinarily the question of whether
a public entity acted in a palpably unreasonable manner is a matter
for the jury, in appropriate circumstances, the issue is ripe for
a court to decide on summary judgement." Polzo II, supra, 209
N.J. at 75 n.12.
Polzo II is instructive in our review of this issue. Our
Supreme Court noted N.J.S.A. 59:4-2 is premised on the difficulty
public entities face in caring for vast tracts of public property.
Id. at 76-77. The Court credited the public entity's right to
26 A-4207-15T1
choose among competing demands, in the face of limited resources,
in determining whether it should act or not to protect against
dangerous conditions, unless its decision is palpably
unreasonable. Ibid.
We cannot conclude plaintiff met her burden with regard to
this issue. We note that plaintiff's expert opined the Borough
was negligent in inspecting and maintaining the roadway, which
negligence was "further enhanced" by the Borough's repair of the
defect after the accident. He cited only to a phrase in a text,
titled, "Legal Liability and Risk Management for Public and Private
Entities," in support of his conclusion: "There is a responsibility
to have a maintenance program with an inspection system to identify
foreseeable hazards and those presently existing . . . ." Without
further discussion, the expert wrote, "As a professor of recreation
and a recreation risk management and safety expert, it is my
opinion that the above concept has applicability to all
organizations and entities, both public and private."
The expert did not explain the basis for his opinion that the
Borough's repair of the defect "enhanced" its negligence. He did
not cite to any standard that provides for a proper road inspection
program by a municipality. He offered a net opinion, just as he
did when analyzing the liability of the Township and police force.
Polzo I, supra, 196 N.J. at 582-84. Like his opinion regarding
27 A-4207-15T1
the Township's liability, his report does not provide competent
evidence, id. at 586, and it does not sustain plaintiff's burden
of proof. Id. at 584 n.5.
The defect was not apparent to the Borough employees when
they inspected the race course. No complaints were ever received
about the defect, even from plaintiff's witness who noticed it
fifteen years prior to the accident. No previous accidents or
injuries were caused by the defect. There is no evidence that any
racer in any derby, including the racer driving the crate that hit
the bales in front of plaintiff's location, was injured by the
defect. Polzo II, supra, 209 N.J. at 77 (citing to Justice Stein's
concurrence in Garrison v. Twp. of Middletown, 154 N.J. 282, 311
(1998), which recognized that the lack of prior complaints, reports
or injuries were factors in determining this issue).
The Court in Polzo II observed that roadways are "ordinarily
used for vehicular travel." Id. at 70 (quoting N.J.S.A. 39:1-1).
The Court opined, notwithstanding the acknowledged use of roadways
by bicyclists, they "generally are built and maintained for cars,
trucks and motorcycles." Id. at 71. Recognizing that bicyclists
face dangers on roadways, including potholes and depressions, that
do not present hazards to motor vehicles — the general, intended
users of roadways — the Court found "[p]ublic entities do not have
the ability or resources to remove all dangers peculiar to
28 A-4207-15T1
bicycles. Roadways cannot possibly be maintained completely risk-
free for bicyclists." Ibid.
The same can be said of the crates racing in the derby. That
event is held once a year. Although the use of the roadway by the
crates each year is foreseeable, crate racers are not the general,
intended users of the roadway. As such, under the Polzo II
rationale, the Borough may reasonably give less priority to
smoothing over every bump in the road crate racers may encounter.
Id. at 77.
Even if the Borough had notice of the defect and its dangerous
condition, plaintiff has not met "the heavy burden of establishing"
that it was palpably unreasonable, under these circumstances, for
the Borough to refrain from repairing the defect. Russo Farms v.
Vineland Bd. of Educ., 144 N.J. 84, 106 (1996).
All defendants are entitled to the protection of the TCA.
Summary judgment was properly granted by the trial court.
Affirmed.
29 A-4207-15T1
AMANDA GAUGHRAN VS. COUNTY OF WARREN(L-0242-13, WARREN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
Combined Opinion