UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DONALD DEWEES,
Plaintiff,
v. Case No. 16-cv-01579 (CRC)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The arm of the U.S. tax man is long, but in this case it needed extend only over our
northern border to find Plaintiff Donald Dewees. Dewees is a U.S. citizen living in Canada,
where he operates a consulting business. Because the business is incorporated abroad, Dewees
was required to furnish certain annual information about the company to the IRS. 26 U.S.C.
§ 6038(b). Unfortunately for Dewees, he neglected to do so for over a decade.
Enter the tax man. After Dewees voluntarily disclosed his failure to file the required
informational returns, the IRS assessed a statutory penalty of $120,000, $10,000 for each year of
non-compliance. Dewees challenged the penalty before the IRS without success and refused to
pay it. But what Dewees likely did not anticipate is that, pursuant to the U.S.-Canada tax treaty,
the Candian tax authority would hold Dewees’ domestic tax refund in abeyance until the IRS
penalty was paid in full. After paying the penalty, Dewees filed suit in this Court challenging the
relevant treaty provisions as unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment and both the Due
Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fifth Amendment. The Government now moves to
dismiss. Finding that Dewees has failed to state a claim for relief on his Eighth Amendment and
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due process claims, and lacks standing to bring his equal protection claim, the Court will grant
the Government’s motion and dismiss the case.
I. Background
U.S. citizens who hold controlling interests in foreign corporations must annually file IRS
Form 5471, which discloses certain ownership and financial information about the corporation.
In addition, U.S. citizens living abroad must disclose holdings in foreign bank accounts over
certain thresholds by filing a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (“FBAR”). See
Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“MTD”) 7; Compl. ¶ 12. In 2009, Dewees learned that he had failed to
comply with these requirements, and, on the advice of a tax specialist, applied to participate in
the IRS’s Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (“OVDP”). See Compl. ¶¶ 13–16. OVDP is
intended to encourage taxpayers who have not disclosed their offshore assets, and who are not
already under investigation by the agency, to voluntarily comply with applicable disclosure
requirements. See IRS, 2009 Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program,
https://www.irs.gov/uac/2009-offshore-voluntary-disclosure-program; Maze v. IRS (“Maze I”),
206 F. Supp. 3d 1, 5–6 (D.D.C. 2016), aff’d, 2017 WL 2989488 (D.C. Cir. July 14, 2017). In
return for their disclosures, the program offers taxpayers compromise terms on penalties for
outstanding taxes, assurance that the IRS will not refer the matter to the Department of Justice
for criminal prosecution, and finality regarding previous non-disclosures. See Maze I, 206 F.
Supp. 3d at 6–7. The IRS assessed a penalty of $185,862 against Dewees for not filing FBARs
from 2003 to 2008, but did not at that time calculate a penalty for Dewees’ failure to file Form
5471. See Compl. ¶¶ 22, 24–25; IRS, Taxpayers with Foreign Assets May Have FBAR and
FATCA Filing Requirements in June, https://www.irs.gov/uac/newsroom/taxpayers-with-foreign-
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assets-may-have-fbar-and-fatca-filing-requirements-in-june. Dewees refused to pay the assessed
penalty and withdrew from the OVDP. See id. ¶¶ 26–27.
In September 2011, the IRS notified Dewees that it had assessed a different penalty of
$120,000 against him for failing to file Form 5471 from 1997 to 2008. See id. ¶¶ 1, 29. Section
6038(c) of the Tax Code authorizes the IRS to impose a $10,000 penalty for each missed filing.
See 26 U.S.C. § 6038(c). The total penalty was based entirely on Dewees’ failure to file; he was
not liable for any unpaid taxes. See Compl. ¶ 47. Dewees requested an abatement of this
penalty for reasonable cause, which was denied, as was his subsequent appeal of that decision.
See id. ¶¶ 35–36.
Well after Dewees’ appeal had been rejected, the IRS introduced another program to
encourage taxpayers to voluntarily disclose offshore assets—the Streamlined Filing Compliance
Procedures (“SFCP”). The SFCP differs from the OVDP in several respects: The SFCP
involves less paperwork and imposes lower penalties than the OVDP, but only covers three years
of non-compliance as opposed to the OVDP’s eight-year coverage period. See Def.’s MTD 3–4;
Compl. ¶ 50; Maze v. IRS, 2017 WL 2989488, at *1 (D.C. Cir. July 14, 2017) (“Maze II”). And,
unlike the OVDP, the SFCP does not offer immunity from criminal prosecution. See id., at *4
n.2. Transferring between the two programs is generally disfavored, but taxpayers who are
otherwise eligible for the SFCP and made their OVDP submissions before July 1, 2014, may
remain in the OVDP while requesting the more favorable terms available under the SFCP. See
Maze I, 206 F. Supp. 3d at 7–8.
In May 2015, the Canadian Revenue Agency notified Dewees that it was holding his
Canadian tax refund in abeyance due to his outstanding $120,000 debt to the IRS. See Compl.
¶ 37. This international collection assistance is permitted by Article XXVI(A) of the United
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States-Canada Income Tax Convention. See Def.’s MTD 9–10; Compl. ¶ 37. Dewees promptly
sent the Canadian Revenue Agency a check for $134,116.34, representing the $120,000 penalty
plus interest. See Compl. ¶ 38. In September 2015, he filed a claim seeking a refund of that
amount, which was rejected in May 2016. See Compl. ¶ 5. He then brought this action,
requesting that the Court find the collection assistance provisions of the United States-Canada
Tax Convention unconstitutional for violating (1) the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth
Amendment, (2) the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, and (3) the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fifth Amendment. See id. ¶¶ 42–47, 66–67, 52–53.
II. Standards of Review
The Government moves to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted with respect to all three of Dewees’ claims. See Def.’s MTD 1. Alternatively, it asks
that Dewees’ equal protection claim be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See id.
at 18. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), the Court must dismiss any action over
which it cannot properly exercise jurisdiction. “[D]efect[s] of standing” constitute “defect[s] in
subject matter jurisdiction.” Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987). The
“plaintiff bears the burden of . . . establishing the elements of standing,” and each element “‘must
be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of
proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the
litigation.’” Arpaio v. Obama, 797 F.3d 11, 19 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of
Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)).
To survive a 12(b)(6) motion, a “complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A court
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“accept[s] as true all of the allegations contained in [the] complaint,” disregarding “[t]hreadbare
recitals of the elements of a cause of action” and “mere conclusory statements.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 678. The court then examines the remaining “factual content [to determine if it may] draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. A court must
also consider “documents incorporated into the complaint by reference.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor
Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007).
III. Analysis
A. Excessive Fines Claim
“Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. In analyzing an excessive fines claim, the
Court must first decide whether a penalty is a fine before determining if it is unconstitutionally
excessive. See United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321, 334 (1998). A payment to the
government is only considered a “fine” under the Eighth Amendment if it is “punishment for
some offense.” Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 328 (quoting Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602, 609–
10 (1993)). In other words, the purpose of the penalty must be primarily retributive or deterrent
rather than remedial. Id. In the context of forfeiture, for example, a penalty that is solely
“designed to punish the offender” is considered punishment and is thus limited by the Excessive
Fines Clause. Id. at 333–34.
Tax penalties, by contrast, having been held to fulfill a remedial purpose are therefore not
subject to the Excessive Fines Clause. The Supreme Court first articulated this principle almost
80 years ago in Helvering v. Mitchell, 303 U.S. 391 (1938), reasoning that tax penalties are
remedial because they exist as “a safeguard for the protection of the revenue and to reimburse the
Government for the heavy expense of investigation and the loss resulting from the taxpayer’s
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fraud.” Id. at 401 (citing a string of supporting precedent). Since then, the lower courts have
erected “an insurmountable wall of tax cases” to support this proposition. See, e.g., McNichols
v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 13 F.3d 432, 434 (1st Cir. 1993) (holding that the Excessive
Fines Clause does not apply to civil tax penalties and characterizing the proposed extension of
rule from forfeiture cases to tax penalties as an unsupported “giant leap”); Little v. Comm’r of
Internal Revenue, 106 F.3d 1445, 1455 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding that the Excessive Fines Clause
was not violated because plaintiff “failed to establish that the additions to tax in question [were]
penal sanctions unrelated to the government’s fundamental interest in raising revenue”); Thomas
v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 62 F.3d 97, 102–03 (4th Cir. 1995) (same). A Bankruptcy Court
recently applied this precedent in holding the same Form 5471 non-compliance penalties
challenged here are not fines. See In re Wyly, 552 B.R. 338, 608 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2016). The
Court concludes likewise. Because “a small, fixed-penalty provision,” such as the $10,000
penalty here, “can be said to do no more than make the Government whole,” it is outside the
Eighth Amendment’s reach. Austin, 509 U.S. at 622 n.14 (internal quotations omitted).
Dewees nonetheless attempts to scale this “insurmountable wall” of precedent by arguing
that a smaller penalty would have achieved the same objective of making the Government whole.
See Pl.’s Opp’n 3. But that is beside the point. Congress authorized a $10,000 penalty for every
instance of non-compliance because it recognized the expenses and loss that could result if U.S.
taxpayers no longer felt obligated to disclose their foreign assets. The IRS strictly applied that
statutorily authorized amount across Dewees’ twelve years of non-compliance, resulting in a
total penalty of $120,000—an amount designed to mitigate the harm suffered by the
Government. Because Congress authorized this penalty for a legitimate remedial purpose,
Dewees’ Eighth Amendment claim fails.
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B. Due Process Claim
Dewees likewise fails to establish a due process violation because he has been afforded
an adequate “opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.”
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 (1976) (quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545,
552 (1965)). Courts judge procedural due process challenges to property deprivations by
weighing (1) “the private interest that will be affected by the official action;” (2) “the risk of an
erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if
any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards;” and (3) “the Government's interest,
including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or
substitute procedural requirement would entail.” Id. at 335.
Mere postponement of an opportunity to challenge the imposition of a tax penalty “is not
a denial of due process, if the opportunity given for the ultimate judicial determination of the
liability is adequate.” Phillips v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 283 U.S. 589, 596–97 (1931).
Such delays are “an inevitable consequence” of disputes between taxpayers and the IRS, and are
not unconstitutional. Bob Jones Univ. v. Simon, 416 U.S. 725, 747 (1974). Federal district
courts have jurisdiction over lawsuits against the Government for the refund of tax penalties.
See 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(1). Full payment of the amount owed followed by a lawsuit in a district
court seeking a refund is a proper procedure for challenging penalties assessed under § 6038.
See Wheaton v. United States, 888 F. Supp. 622, 627 (D.N.J. 1995) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)).
Section 1346 gives district courts original jurisdiction over “any civil action against the United
States for the recovery of . . . any penalty claimed to have been collected without authority or
any sum alleged to have been excessive on in any manner wrongfully collected under the
internal-revenue laws[.]” Id. That is so even if this results in the taxpayer being “in the position
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of paying a substantial tax penalty without prepayment review.” Id.; see also Nat’l Fed’n of
Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519, 543 (2012) (“[T]axes can ordinarily be challenged only
after they are paid, by suing for a refund.”).
Dewees claims that he was denied adequate due process because he had no opportunity to
appeal his penalty “through administrative means or the U.S. Tax Court” before it was collected.
Compl. ¶ 67. But the absence of Dewees’ requested avenue of relief does not mean his due
process rights have been violated. The ability to challenge tax penalties in district courts under
§ 1346(a)(1) fulfills the Fifth Amendment’s requirements. Accordingly, Dewees has failed to
state a claim for relief under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
C. Equal Protection Claim
Finally, the Government moves to dismiss Dewees’ equal protection claim for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See
Def.’s MTD 18. The Court must start with the jurisdictional issue. In order to have standing to
litigate a claim in federal court, a plaintiff must establish an injury in fact, which is traceable to
the defendant, and which is likely to be redressed by prevailing in court. Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–
61. A sufficient injury in fact is concrete and particularized, and actual or imminent as opposed
to merely hypothetical. Id. at 560. It is the plaintiff’s burden to demonstrate that his claim
satisfies all of these elements. Id. at 561. In considering a motion to dismiss for lack of
standing, the Court must assume the truth of the plaintiff’s factual allegations but not his legal
conclusions, which must be supported by more than “mere conclusory statements.” Williams v.
Lew, 819 F.3d 466, 472 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (quoting Iqbal, 566 U.S. at 663).
Dewees bases his equal protection claim on the contention that he was not allowed to
participate in the SFCP while other similarly situated taxpayers were, and thus he was denied the
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opportunity to have a lower penalty imposed. See Compl. ¶¶ 52–53. This argument suffers from
a fatal flaw because, as the Government points out, Dewees has not pled that he sought entrance
into the SFCP or that his application was denied. See Def.’s MTD 18. And because Dewees has
not shown (or attempted to show) that the IRS ever denied him the opportunity to participate in
the SFCP, he cannot establish that he suffered an actual injury. By failing to show that he was
injured, Dewees lacks standing and this Court lacks jurisdiction to hear his claim.1
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, the Court finds that Dewees has failed to state a viable
claim with respect to his excessive fines and due process claims, and that it lacks subject matter
jurisdiction over Dewees’ equal protection claim. Accordingly, it will grant the Government’s
motion to dismiss. A separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER
United States District Judge
Date: August 8, 2017
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The Government alternatively moves to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state
a claim. Because the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, it will not consider this contention.
The Court notes, however, that a fellow court in this district denied a similar equal protection
claim, holding that a taxpayer who participated in OVDP prior to July 1, 2014 “may be able to
receive the favorable penalty terms of the Streamlined Procedures, but must remain in the OVDP
in order to do so.” Maze I, 206 F. Supp. 3d at 7–8. Applying that principle here, Dewees’
decision to leave the OVDP—and not the IRS’s actions—rendered him ineligible for the SFCP.
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