NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3718-15T1
A-4144-15T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
ISAIAH H. CHIA,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DAREN COLEY,
Defendant-Appellant.
___________________________________
Submitted May 16, 2017 – Decided August 14, 2017
Before Judges Espinosa, Suter and Grall.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Hudson County, Indictment Nos.
15-06-0987 and 15-05-0721.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney
for appellant Isaiah Chia in A-3718-15
(Rebecca Gindi, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney
for appellant Daren Coley in A-4144-15 (John
Douard, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of
counsel and on the brief).
Esther Suarez, Hudson County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent in A-3718-15 (Erin M.
Campbell, Assistant Prosecutor, on the brief).
Esther Suarez, Hudson County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent in A-4144-15 (Kerry
J. Salkin, Assistant Prosecutor, on the
brief).
PER CURIAM
The defendants in these appeals1 were charged with offenses
that exposed them to the Graves Act requirement that they be
sentenced to a term of imprisonment that includes a minimum term
of incarceration. N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c). Each pled guilty to one
count of second-degree possession of a handgun without a permit
required by N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4, contrary to N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b)
(count one) pursuant to a plea agreement. In each case, the State
agreed to a Graves Act waiver and to recommend a sentence of five
years with a one-year period of parole ineligibility but did not
consent to the defendants' request that a probationary term be
1
We calendared the appeals back-to-back and consolidated them
for purposes of writing a single opinion.
2 A-3718-15T1
imposed pursuant to the Graves Act "safety valve" exception under
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.2 (section 6.2). Thereafter, each defendant
filed a motion, asking the assignment judge to determine that a
probationary sentence was appropriate in "the interests of
justice." The motions were denied and defendants were sentenced
to the terms recommended by the State in their plea agreements.
Defendants appeal from the sentences that were imposed,
arguing, among other things, they were entitled to a hearing on
the motions they filed. We affirm, substantially for the reasons
set forth by Judge Peter J. Bariso in his thoughtful written
opinions denying each defendant's motion.
Chia presents the following arguments for our consideration
in his appeal:
POINT I
A REMAND FOR RESENTENCING IS REQUIRED BECAUSE
MR. CHIA WAS SENTENCED WITHOUT A HEARING.
POINT II
BECAUSE THE PRESIDING JUDGE FOUND MITIGATING
FACTORS SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE AND TEN, AND ONLY
AGGRAVATING FACTOR NINE AT A HEARING WHERE MR.
CHIA WAS PRESENT, THE MATTER SHOULD BE
REMANDED TO THAT COURT TO IMPOSE A
PROBATIONARY SENTENCE.
POINT III
ALTERNATIVELY, BECAUSE THE ASSIGNMENT JUDGE
APPLIED INCORRECT LEGAL PRINCIPLES WHEN IT
3 A-3718-15T1
"SENTENCED" MR. CHIA, A REMAND FOR
RESENTENCING IS REQUIRED.
Coley presents the following arguments for our
consideration in his appeal:
POINT I
PURSUANT TO A WAIVER OF THE GRAVES ACT
MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCE, JUDGE BARISO
FAILED TO HOLD A HEARING AT WHICH MR. COLEY
HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO PRESENT AN EFFECTIVE
CASE FOR PROBATION. MOREOVER, JUDGE BARISO'S
DENIAL OF PROBATION WAS BASED ON AN INCORRECT
UNDERSTANDING OF RELEVANT LAW. U.S. CONST.,
AMENDS. V, VI, XIV; N.J. CONST., ART. I, PARS.
1, 9, 10.
A. Judge Bariso Failed To Hold A
Hearing On The Ground That It Was
Not Required By The Principle Of
Fundamental Fairness, Thereby
Depriving Mr. Coley Of His State And
Federal Rights To Due Process.
B. Judge Bariso's Application And
Weighing Of Aggravating And
Mitigating Factors, Which Differed
From Those Applied By Judge Venable,
Were Not Supported By The Record.
After appellate briefs were filed in this matter, the Supreme
Court decided State v. Nance, 228 N.J. 378 (2017), which addressed
procedural issues regarding N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.2. At our
invitation, the parties filed supplemental briefs.
In his supplemental brief, Chia argued:
4 A-3718-15T1
POINT I
BECAUSE NANCE CLARIFIED THAT SENTENCING UNDER
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.2 IS A TWO-STEP PROCESS AND
MR. CHIA HAS A CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO BE
PRESENT AT SENTENCING, THIS MATTER MUST BE
REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING WITH INSTRUCTIONS
THAT MR. CHIA BE AFFORDED A FULL HEARING AT
BOTH STAGES OF SENTENCING.
POINT II
A REMAND FOR RESENTENCING IS REQUIRED BECAUSE
COUNSEL AND THE SENTENCING JUDGE ERRONEOUSLY
BELIEVED THE SENTENCING JUDGE DID NOT HAVE
DISCRETION TO SENTENCE MR. CHIA TO A BASE TERM
BELOW THE FIVE YEARS AGREED TO IN THE PLEA.
In his supplemental brief, Coley argued:
BECAUSE THE RIGHT TO ALLOCUTE AND THE RIGHT
TO COUNSEL AT A SENTENCING HEARING IS SO
DEEPLY WOVEN INTO OUR RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS,
NANCE'S SILENCE ON THE MATTER IMPLIES THAT THE
RIGHT TO A HEARING RETAINS ITS FULL FORCE IN
GRAVES ACT WAIVER CASES. BY BEING DEPRIVED
OF A HEARING, MR. COLEY WAS DENIED ONE OF HIS
MOST FUNDAMENTAL DUE PROCESS RIGHTS. U.S.
CONST. AMENDS. VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. ART. I,
PARS 1 & 10.
I.
Section 6.2, the "safety valve" for the mandatory minimum
term of incarceration imposed by N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c) of the Graves
Act, "was enacted to authorize 'the reduction of sentence for a
person convicted of a first offense under the Graves Act if the
prosecutor makes a motion before the assignment judge stating that
the interests of justice would not be served by the imposition of
5 A-3718-15T1
the mandatory minimum term under the Graves Act.'" Nance, supra,
228 N.J. at 391 (emphasis added) (quoting S. Law, Pub. Safety &
Def. Comm., Statement to S. 827 (Sept. 19, 1988) and citing Assemb.
Judiciary Comm., Statement to S. 827 (Nov. 21, 1988)).
Section 6.2 states:
On a motion by the prosecutor made to the
assignment judge that the imposition of a
mandatory minimum term of imprisonment under
(a) subsection c. of N.J.S.[A.] 2C:43-6 for a
defendant who has not previously been
convicted of an offense under that subsection,
or (b) subsection e. of N.J.S.[A.] 2C:39-10
for a defendant who has not previously been
convicted of an offense under chapter 39 of
Title 2C of the New Jersey Statutes, does not
serve the interests of justice, the assignment
judge shall place the defendant on probation
pursuant to paragraph (2) of subsection b. of
N.J.S.[A.] 2C:43-2 or reduce to one year the
mandatory minimum term of imprisonment during
which the defendant will be ineligible for
parole. The sentencing court may also refer
a case of a defendant who has not previously
been convicted of an offense under that
subsection to the assignment judge, with the
approval of the prosecutor, if the sentencing
court believes that the interests of justice
would not be served by the imposition of a
mandatory minimum term.
[N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.2 (emphasis added).]
Notably, section 6.2 authorizes the court to consider
imposing a probationary term only upon motion of the prosecutor.
Ibid. In State v. Benjamin, 228 N.J. 358 (2017), a case decided
the same day as Nance, the Supreme Court explained:
6 A-3718-15T1
The relief that section 6.2 affords can arise
in two ways: either the prosecutor makes a
motion to the assignment judge for a waiver
of the mandatory minimum penalty, or the
sentencing judge refers the matter to the
assignment judge if the prosecutor approves
the referral. In either scenario, the
prosecutor must approve the waiver before the
assignment judge or his or her designee
imposes one of the two reduced penalties.
[Id. at 368-69 (citations omitted).]
The option available to a defendant who lacks the prosecutor's
consent to the application of section 6.2 is to file an Alvarez2
motion "to appeal the denial of a waiver to the assignment judge
upon a showing of patent and gross abuse of discretion by the
prosecutor." Id. at 364; see, e.g., State v. Mastapeter, 290 N.J.
Super. 56, 64-65 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 146 N.J. 569 (1996).
In Benjamin, supra, the Court reaffirmed the standard a
defendant must satisfy to successfully challenge the prosecutor's
decision, stating,
[S]ince the Appellate Division's 1991 decision
in Alvarez, . . . defendants have been able
to seek judicial review of prosecutors' waiver
decisions. In order to do so, a defendant
must, by motion to the assignment judge,
demonstrate "arbitrariness constituting an
unconstitutional discrimination or denial of
equal protection" in the prosecutor's
decision. Alvarez, supra, 246 N.J. Super. at
148; [State v.] Watson, [346 N.J. Super. 521,
535 (App. Div. 2002)] (explaining defendant
must show "prosecutor's refusal [was] a patent
2
State v. Alvarez, 246 N.J. Super. 137 (App. Div. 1991).
7 A-3718-15T1
and gross abuse of discretion") [, certif.
denied, 176 N.J. 278 (2003)]. Once a
defendant makes this threshold showing, the
defendant can obtain a hearing to review the
prosecutor's decision if the assignment judge
concludes that the "interests of justice" so
require. Alvarez, supra, 246 N.J. Super. at
148-49.
[228 N.J. at 372-73 (fourth alteration in
original) (emphasis added).]
Neither defendant alleged in the trial court that the
prosecutor's refusal to consent to a probationary term was
arbitrary or a patent and gross abuse of discretion and, on appeal,
they have conceded there was no arbitrariness. Nonetheless, in
each case, Judge Bariso weighed the aggravating and mitigating
factors and, in a thoughtful and extensive written statement of
reasons, found no grounds for the relief requested, denied the
motion and held "a hearing [was] not required in the interests of
justice."
Despite the clear language of section 6.2 and the continued
vitality of Alvarez, defendants contend Judge Bariso's decision
constituted a "sentencing" and all the rights that attach at a
sentencing apply. They assert a right to a hearing exists because
"[c]riminal defendants are constitutionally entitled to a
sentencing hearing before the sentencing court, in accordance with
due process of law." They cite Rule 3:16(b), which provides a
"defendant shall be present at every stage of the trial,
8 A-3718-15T1
including . . . the imposition of sentence," and Rule 3:21-4(b),
which provides,
Sentence shall not be imposed unless the
defendant is present or has filed a written
waiver of the right to be present. Before
imposing sentence the court shall address the
defendant personally and ask the defendant if
he or she wishes to make a statement in his
or her own behalf and to present any
information in mitigation of punishment.
We are unpersuaded by defendants' arguments. Each was
afforded the full panoply of rights at his sentencing. Although
Judge Bariso's decision that the request for a probationary term
should be denied had an effect on the range of sentence that could
be imposed, it did not constitute a sentencing; it was a decision
on defendants' Alvarez motion. Defendants may not avoid the burden
they shouldered in seeking such relief without the prosecutor's
consent by attempting to cast a decision on an Alvarez motion as
a "sentencing."
In Benjamin, supra, 228 N.J. at 373, the Court reviewed the
procedural safeguards that apply to a defendant's challenge to the
prosecutor's decision to deny a Graves Act waiver and found they
afforded defendants meaningful judicial review of that decision.
The Court determined defendants are not entitled to discovery of
files that reveal prosecutors' decisions on other Graves Act waiver
requests, ibid., observing it had "never mandated discovery to aid
9 A-3718-15T1
defendants in demonstrating arbitrary and capricious conduct or
disparate treatment without a preliminary showing," id. at 374.
That the motion decision here concerned that issue, rather than a
"sentencing," as defendants contend, is apparent by the Court's
following sentence: "As stated in Alvarez, a defendant may obtain
a hearing to review the prosecutor's decision only after he or she
has demonstrated in a motion that the prosecutor abused his or her
discretion." Ibid. (emphasis added) (citing Alvarez, supra, 246
N.J. Super. at 148-49).
Defendants did not demonstrate any abuse of discretion by the
prosecutor and have conceded there was none. Defendants' arguments
that they were entitled to a hearing without meeting that burden
are, therefore, lacking in merit.
II.
We next address Chia's arguments that, notwithstanding Judge
Bariso's decision, the sentencing judge had discretion to impose
a probationary term or a sentence less than that recommended in
the plea agreement. As a preliminary matter, we note that because
defendant raises these arguments for the first time on appeal,
they are subject to review for plain error. R. 2:10-2.
At sentencing, Chia's counsel began her argument by stating,
"Your Honor, at this point, does not have any discretion. There
is only one sentence that the [c]ourt can impose." She closed her
10 A-3718-15T1
argument by saying, "the defense would ask that the [c]ourt
sentence Mr. Chia to five years New Jersey State Prison with one
year of parole ineligibility."
A.
The underlying premise for the argument presented in Point
II of Chia's initial brief was that the sentencing judge had
discretion to impose a probationary sentence despite Judge
Bariso's decision denying the motion for a probationary sentence.
Although this argument had support in our decision in State v.
Nance, 442 N.J. Super. 268 (App. Div. 2015), aff'd in part and
rev'd in part, 228 N.J. 378 (2017), our conclusion to that effect
was expressly reversed by the Supreme Court:
We reverse the panel's ruling that sentencing
judges have the discretion to elect one of the
two alternative sentences set forth in Section
6.2. In accordance with the plain language
of section 6.2, the assignment judge, not the
sentencing judge, has the authority to decide
whether a defendant will be sentenced to a
term of probation or a term of incarceration
with a one-year period of parole
ineligibility.
[Nance, supra, 228 N.J. at 385-86.]
The argument advanced in Chia's initial brief therefore lacks
any merit.
11 A-3718-15T1
B.
In his supplemental brief, Chia argued that a remand is
necessary because both the sentencing judge and the parties
believed the sentencing judge lacked discretion to impose a
sentence below the five-year term recommended by the prosecutor.
In Nance, the Supreme Court clarified the scope of discretion a
sentencing judge has after the assignment judge has denied a motion
for a probationary sentence under section 6.2:
[S]ection 6.2 [does not] permit the sentencing
court to choose between the statutory
alternatives; the authority to elect one of
the two sentences set forth in section 6.2 is
clearly vested in the assignment judge. The
sentencing court's task is to devise a
sentence that comports with the assignment
judge's ruling and the sentencing provisions
of the Code [of Criminal Justice]; although
the court may impose the sentence recommended
by the State under the plea agreement, it is
not required to do so.
[Id. at 394 (emphasis added) (citation
omitted).]
Thus, after Judge Bariso denied defendant's Alvarez motion,
the sentencing judge was required to sentence Chia "to a one-year
custodial term during which he . . . is disqualified from being
paroled," Benjamin, supra, 228 N.J. at 368, but she was not
required to impose the five-year term the State agreed to recommend
in the plea agreement. As Chia has correctly pointed out, the
sentencing judge and both counsel all proceeded on the premise
12 A-3718-15T1
that the sentencing judge lacked discretion to impose a different
sentence.3 Therefore, we reverse Chia's sentence and remand for
resentencing in accordance with the principles set forth by the
Court in Nance.4
Any argument raised in defendants' initial and supplemental
briefs not specifically addressed in this opinion lack sufficient
merit. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Accordingly, we affirm Coley's sentence and reverse Chia's
sentence and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
3
Coley's sentencing did not suffer from the same infirmity. His
counsel urged the court to sentence him one degree lower than the
second-degree offense to which he pled guilty. She asked the
court "to sentence Mr. Coley to a three year sentence with 12
months parole ineligibility." The sentencing judge acknowledged
her "hands [were] tied regarding the probationary term," but noted,
"[t]he question is [whether] to sentence as if one degree lower."
Thereafter, she weighed the aggravating and mitigating factors and
concluded Coley's request should be denied.
4
In light of this disposition, we need not address the argument
presented by Chia in Point III of his initial brief. However, we
note that Chia has argued in this point heading and Coley has
argued in Point I(B), that section 6.2 eliminates the general
presumption of imprisonment for second-degree offenses provided
by N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(d), and N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.2 makes imprisonment
and probation "co-equal sentencing options." This argument was
explicitly rejected by the Supreme Court. Nance, supra, 228 N.J.
at 386; Benjamin, supra, 228 N.J. at 368.
13 A-3718-15T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. ISAIAH H. CHIASTATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. DAREN COLEYÂ (15-06-0987 AND 15-05-0721, HUDSON COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)(CONSOLIDATED)
Combined Opinion