NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted August 30, 2017*
Decided September 5, 2017
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
No. 16‐3612
ROBERTO TRUJILLO, Appeal from the United States
Plaintiff‐Appellant, District Court for the Northern District
of Illinois, Eastern Division.
v.
No. 13 C 8541
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION and
JOHN KRSUL, JR., Robert M. Dow, Jr.,
Defendants‐Appellees. Judge.
O R D E R
Roberto Trujillo worked in the personnel department at the American Bar
Association and also served as Plan Administrator for the ABA’s pension plan, which is
governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001–
1461. Trujillo served as Plan Administrator for two years until the plan’s administration
committee, chaired by John Krsul, Jr., removed him from that role; days later the ABA
* We have agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 16‐3612 Page 2
fired him. Trujillo’s dismissal followed his repeated warnings to the committee about
mismanagement of the plan, including that its funds were used for fees the ABA should
have paid. Trujillo sued the ABA and Krsul under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3), which
authorizes any “participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary” to seek equitable relief to address
violations of ERISA, including retaliation for participating in ERISA inquiries or
proceedings, see id. § 1140. The operative complaint (the third version) demands back
pay and reinstatement as Plan Administrator or “some other form of equitable relief . . .
in order to make the Plaintiff whole.” Trujillo, who alleges that Krsul persuaded the
ABA to outsource his duties and fire him, also claims that the chairman intentionally
undermined his employment relationship with the ABA. See generally Harrison v.
Addington, 955 N.E.2d 700, 708 (Ill. App. Ct. 2011) (discussing tort of intentional
interference with prospective economic advantage). The amended complaint invokes
the diversity jurisdiction over this state‐law claim, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and seeks
$800,000 in damages from Krsul.
On the defendants’ motion, the district court dismissed the ERISA claim with
prejudice. The court reasoned that Trujillo, who concedes that he never was a plan
participant or beneficiary, no longer was a plan fiduciary after his removal as Plan
Administrator. And under section 1132(a)(3), the court continued, only current
fiduciaries are authorized to sue. The court therefore concluded that Trujillo does not
state a claim, even if his removal was retaliatory. Moreover, the court said, Trujillo has
sued to vindicate only his own interests, not because he seeks to help the plan
participants and beneficiaries. Having dismissed the ERISA claim, the district court
then dismissed without prejudice the tort claim against Krsul. The court explained that
it was declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over this claim, see 28 U.S.C.
§ 1367, yet the court said nothing about Trujillo’s invocation of the diversity
jurisdiction. Indeed, the court overlooked that, in ruling on the defendants’ motion to
dismiss an earlier version of Trujillo’s complaint, it had concluded that Trujillo and
Krsul are citizens of different states and that the claim could proceed under the
diversity statute. On appeal Trujillo challenges the dismissal of both claims.
We start with the ERISA claim. Trujillo insists that a former fiduciary can sue
under section 1132(a)(3); essentially, he maintains that a literal reading of that provision
leaves him and comparable plaintiffs without a remedy for a retaliatory removal from
the position of Plan Administrator. Trujillo, though, does not contest the district court’s
assertion that he seeks relief only for himself, not for the participants and beneficiaries
of the ABA’s pension plan.
No. 16‐3612 Page 3
We need not decide if 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3) authorizes a former fiduciary to seek
redress for violations of other ERISA provisions. Three circuits have addressed this
question, and all agree that section 1132(a) authorizes only current fiduciaries—not
former—to bring suit. See Corbin v. Blankenburg, 39 F.3d 650, 652–53 (6th Cir. 1994);
Chemung Canal Trust Co. v. Sovran Bank/Maryland, 939 F.2d 12, 14–15 (2d Cir. 1991);
Blackmar v. Lichtenstein, 603 F.2d 1306, 1310 (8th Cir. 1979). Two district judges in this
circuit have reached the same conclusion. See Ossey v. Marolda, No. 96 C 296, 1997 WL
223070, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 28, 1997); Roncone v. Ligurotis, No. 92 C 4054, 1993 WL
321737, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 20, 1993). These decisions represent a fair reading of the
statute—“fiduciary” is referenced in the present tense in both the definition and
enforcement sections. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1002(21)(A), 1132(a)(2–3). Yet two circuits,
without discussion, have assumed that former fiduciaries may sue under
section 1132(a)(3) to redress retaliation in violation of section 1140. See Trujillo v.
Landmark Media Enters., LLC, No. 16‐1264, 2017 WL 1959007, at *2–3 (4th Cir. May 11,
2017); Hashimoto v. Bank of Haw., 999 F.2d 408, 411–12 (9th Cir. 1993). The Fourth
Circuit’s case involves our same plaintiff, who served, and then was removed, as a
fiduciary for another employee benefits plan after the ABA fired him. See Trujillo,
2017 WL 1959007, at *1.
But Trujillo did not bring this lawsuit in a fiduciary capacity—current or
former—so he cannot fit himself within the limited reach of section 1132(a)(3). A
fiduciary is required to “discharge his duties with respect to a plan solely in the interest
of participants and beneficiaries” and “for the exclusive purpose of” providing benefits
and maintaining the plan’s financial health. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1). A fiduciary may
bring a civil action “to enjoin any act” or “to obtain other appropriate equitable relief”
to redress ERISA violations or to enforce provisions of ERISA or a benefit plan,
id. § 1132(a)(3), but he must do so in the interest of the plan, not for his own benefit.
See Sharp Elecs. Corp. v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 578 F.3d 505, 512–13 (7th Cir. 2009); Sonoco
Prods. Co. v. Physicians Health Plan, Inc., 338 F.3d 366, 373 (4th Cir. 2003). In his
complaint Trujillo says he is suing as a fiduciary and refers to rampant ERISA violations
that hurt the plan, but his request for relief reveals his true interest in bringing this suit:
he asks only for reinstatement to his position as Plan Administrator with back pay or
other equitable relief that will make him whole. He thus is suing as a private individual,
not a fiduciary, which is not permitted under section 1132(a)(3).
Moreover, if Trujillo had wanted to sue on behalf of plan participants or
beneficiaries, he would have faced another obstacle: as a pro se litigant, he can represent
only himself, not others. See Georgakis v. Ill. State Univ., 722 F.3d 1075, 1077 (7th Cir.
No. 16‐3612 Page 4
2013). Trujillo would need a lawyer to sue in a fiduciary capacity. See Simon v. Hartford
Life, Inc., 546 F.3d 661, 667 (9th Cir. 2008) (concluding that plan participant could not
proceed pro se in bringing ERISA claim under 29 U.S.C. § 1109(a) for breach of fiduciary
duty, since any recovery under that statute would benefit the plan as a whole).
We thus uphold the dismissal of Trujillo’s federal claim. His tort claim against
Krsul, however, is another matter. Trujillo alleges that, when he filed this lawsuit, he
was a citizen of Illinois and Krsul a citizen of Michigan. The district court erred, says
Trujillo, in assuming that subject‐matter jurisdiction over the tort claim depends on the
supplemental jurisdiction rather than the diversity statute. Plainly, though, the district
court simply overlooked that in his operative complaint Trujillo alleges that diversity
jurisdiction exists, just as he had done nine months before when he initially amended
his complaint. Krsul tells us nothing about this, but when the defendants moved to
dismiss that earlier complaint, the court recognized that Trujillo relies on the diversity
jurisdiction and allowed the state‐law claim to proceed.
Krsul now argues, however, that the diversity statute did not provide subject‐
matter jurisdiction because complete diversity was lacking when Trujillo filed suit, since
both Trujillo and the ABA were citizens of Illinois. Diversity of citizenship is evaluated
when a suit is filed and analyzed as to the entire case, not individual claims. See Grupo
Dataflux v. Atlas Global Grp., L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 570–71 (2004). Complete diversity usually
is required, meaning that the plaintiff must not share citizenship with any defendant.
Kauth v. Hartford Ins. Co. of Ill., 852 F.2d 951, 958 (7th Cir. 1988). But when a district court
has “an independent basis of federal jurisdiction over the non‐diverse” party, it can
ignore that party’s citizenship in determining whether it has diversity jurisdiction over
the rest of the claims. Romero v. Int’l Terminal Operating Co., 358 U.S. 354, 381 (1959);
see also Kauth, 852 F.2d at 958–59; In re Olympic Mills Corp., 477 F.3d 1, 6 n.7 (1st Cir.
2007); K.M.B. Warehouse Distribs., Inc. v. Walker Mfg. Co., 61 F.3d 123, 130 (2d Cir. 1995);
Palmer v. Hosp. Auth. of Randolph Cnty., 22 F.3d 1559, 1565 (11th Cir. 1994); Walker v.
People Express Airlines, Inc., 886 F.2d 598, 600 n.1 (3d Cir. 1989); Duchon v. Cajon Co.,
791 F.2d 43, 47 n.2 (6th Cir. 1986); Brown v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 753 F.2d 393, 395
(5th Cir. 1985). The district court had federal‐question jurisdiction over Trujillo’s ERISA
claim against the ABA, the nondiverse party. Thus the ABA’s citizenship could be
disregarded in determining if the parties to the state‐law claim were diverse. They
were, and so the district court could not decline to exercise jurisdiction over the tort
claim against Krsul. See Ill. Bell Tel. Co. v. Global NAPs Ill., Inc., 551 F.3d 587, 589–90 (7th
Cir. 2008); Loss v. Blankenship, 673 F.2d 942, 948–49 (7th Cir. 1982). That claim must be
remanded.
No. 16‐3612 Page 5
One final point: Trujillo contends that the district judge should have assessed
whether he or his law clerks might have a conflict of interest arising from membership
in the ABA. This argument is meritless. A judge’s—and, by extension, his clerks’—
membership in a defendant bar association does not require recusal. See Comm. on
Codes of Conduct, Judicial Conference of the United States, Advisory Opinion No. 52
(June 2009).
The dismissal of Trujillo’s state‐law claim against Defendant Krsul is VACATED,
and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings on the claim. In all other respects,
the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.