NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted August 30, 2017 *
Decided September 5, 2017
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
No. 16-4039
HISHAM ABDEL-GHAFFAR, Appeal from the United States
Plaintiff-Appellant, District Court for the Northern District
of Illinois, Eastern Division.
v.
No. 12 C 05812
ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC.,
Defendant-Appellee. Jeffrey T. Gilbert,
Magistrate Judge.
ORDER
Hisham Abdel-Ghaffar was fired from his engineering job at Illinois Tool Works
because, his boss said, his work and attitude were poor and had not improved after a
warning. Abdel-Ghaffar, who was born in Egypt, then sued the company under
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2, and 42 U.S.C. § 1981,
* The parties have asked that this appeal be decided without oral argument.
See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(1), (f). We conclude that the briefs and record adequately
present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not significantly aid
the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 16-4039 Page 2
claiming that his national origin and Muslim religion are the real reasons he was fired.
A magistrate judge presiding by consent, see 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), granted summary
judgment for the employer, prompting this appeal.
Illinois Tool Works (“ITW”) hired Abdel-Ghaffar as a senior research engineer in
early February 2011. He was tasked with managing the design of a “wireless welding
network” for an ITW client and subsidiary, but within four months his supervisor,
Kathy Downie, had started complaining about his performance. According to Downie,
the first red flag was that, after she explained that he needed to include specific
information in a presentation to the client (the pros and cons of different wireless
networks, such as Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth), he did not do so, leading to a
complaint from the client about the presentation. Downie responded to that complaint
by demoting Abdel-Ghaffar and replacing him with a new team leader.
After his demotion, Downie says, Abdel-Ghaffar grew antagonistic toward the
other members of the team. He repeatedly questioned the new team leader’s ideas and
debated small points, usually without data to support his views, causing delays in the
team’s work. Downie said this behavior caused her to question Abdel-Ghaffar’s
technical competence in addition to his attitude. On August 8, 2011, she gave
Abdel-Ghaffar a performance-improvement plan with a “target” date of September 30
to develop his technical competence, his time-management skills, and his ability to
work with others without being “stubborn and argumentative.” Downie updated this
performance plan on August 10 and again on August 23, the day before Abdel-Ghaffar
began a ten-day vacation. She wrote in these updates that Abdel-Ghaffar had not
improved, had become more insubordinate and argumentative, and had even been
observed sleeping at work. Abdel-Ghaffar returned from vacation on September 13, and
Downie fired him on September 16—seven months after she hired him.
At summary judgment ITW introduced a declaration from Downie explaining
that she had decided to fire Abdel-Ghaffar on August 23 but waited to deliver the news
until after his vacation. Abdel-Ghaffar contended, however, that Downie (like many
Americans, he says) adopted a negative view of Egyptian Muslims after international
media began reporting about a political uprising in Egypt in February 2011, which
reached its peak days before he started at ITW. Three incidents, he said, prove Downie’s
hostility: First, on August 12, after telling coworkers he was fasting during Ramadan,
Abdel-Ghaffar joined them for an event at a restaurant after work; when he arrived,
Downie asked, “Why are you here? Aren’t you supposed to be fasting?” Second,
Abdel-Ghaffar thought Downie was visibly uncomfortable when he discussed events in
No. 16-4039 Page 3
Egypt with an employee of ITW’s client. Third, he thought she was angry when he
disclosed his vacation plan—a religious pilgrimage to Mecca. In opposing summary
judgment, Abdel-Ghaffar also disagreed with Downie’s assessment of his performance
and her implementation of the improvement plan.
In ruling for ITW, the magistrate judge analyzed the parties’ submissions under
both the direct and indirect methods of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792
(1973). And while the court invoked our later-discarded “convincing mosaic” analogy
in addressing the first of these methods, see Ortiz v. Werner Enters., Inc., 834 F.3d 760,
765 (7th Cir. 2016), the court also noted correctly that the “fundamental question” for
both Title VII and § 1981 is whether a reasonable factfinder could infer discrimination
from Downie’s comments or her decisions to demote and ultimately fire Abdel-Ghaffar.
See id.; see also Bagwe v. Sedgwick Claims Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 811 F.3d 866, 879 n.39
(7th Cir.) (explaining that Title VII and § 1981 use “essentially identical” analyses),
cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 82 (2016). The answer to this question is no, the court concluded.
The magistrate judge reached that conclusion after striking Abdel-Ghaffar’s
opposition to ITW’s statement of material facts because his submission did not comply
with Rule 56.1(b)(3) of the local rules for the Northern District of Illinois. The court
faulted Abdel-Ghaffar, whose lawyer had by then withdrawn, for being wordy and for
including “a significant amount of legal argument, conclusions, speculation, and
purported factual statement unsupported by record citations.” Yet, oddly, the court
then “reviewed in detail” all of Abdel-Ghaffar’s supporting evidence. This manner of
proceeding rewarded, rather than penalized, Abdel-Ghaffar’s disregard for the local
rule, see Sojka v. Bovis Lend Lease, Inc., 686 F.3d 394, 398 (7th Cir. 2012) (noting that
enforcing Local Rule 56.1 allows district courts to avoid having to “scour the record” for
relevant information), but the magistrate judge’s benevolence also refutes
Abdel-Ghaffar’s first claim on appeal: that it was error to strike his opposition to ITW’s
statement of material facts. We followed the district court’s lead and evaluated all of the
parties’ admissible evidence in the light most favorable to Abdel-Ghaffar. See Simpson
v. Franciscan All., Inc., 827 F.3d 656, 661 (7th Cir. 2016); see also Benuzzi v. Bd. of Educ.,
647 F.3d 652, 655 (7th Cir. 2011) (noting that court of appeals defers to district court’s
understanding of its own local rules). Abdel-Ghaffar’s contention that the district court
improperly struck his factual responses is meaningless in light of the district
court’s—and our—review of the entire record.
Abdel-Ghaffar next argues that the magistrate judge improperly ignored “direct
evidence” of discrimination: Downie’s comment about his fasting and her purported
No. 16-4039 Page 4
discomfort upon hearing him discuss events in Egypt and his religious pilgrimage. The
district court did not ignore this evidence; to the contrary, the court expressly
concluded that while Downie’s comments might have been “too flip, insensitive, or
inappropriate,” there was nothing “objectively disparaging or derogatory about them.”
We agree. “Stray remarks are generally insufficient to establish discriminatory
motivation” unless made by the decisionmaker close in time and in connection with the
adverse action. Bagwe, 811 F.3d at 885. Though Downie’s fasting comment was made
within weeks of her decision to fire Abdel-Ghaffar, it was made in a social setting and is
too ambiguous to support an inference of discriminatory animus. See id.; Ptasznik v. St.
Joseph Hosp., 464 F.3d 691, 695 (7th Cir. 2006). And Abdel-Ghaffar’s conjecture that
Downie was uncomfortable about his discussing the events in Egypt or his pilgrimage
is not admissible to prove Downie had a negative attitude toward Egyptians or
Muslims, which she denied in her declaration. See Whitlock v. Brown, 596 F.3d 406, 411–
12 (7th Cir. 2010) (explaining that speculation is insufficient to survive summary
judgment); Payne v. Pauley, 337 F.3d 767, 772 (7th Cir. 2003) (same).
Abdel-Ghaffar also contends that a jury could conclude on this record that his
performance was satisfactory and that Downie’s explanation for firing him is
pretextual. See Hague v. Thompson Distrib. Co., 436 F.3d 816, 823 (7th Cir. 2006) (noting
that when plaintiffs argue they have performed satisfactorily, question becomes
“whether the employer is lying” about reasons for adverse action). Downie, the
decisionmaker, gave several reasons in her declaration for firing Abdel-Ghaffar. Apart
from his unsatisfactory presentation to the client and the concerns identified in the
performance plan about his technical competence and ability to work with others,
Downie also detailed instances of insubordination, e.g., sending her e-mails berating her
management decisions, taking unapproved leave, disregarding deadlines, and going
over her head to reinstate a meeting she had cancelled.
Abdel-Ghaffar disputed some of these reasons—for example, at summary
judgment he asserted that Downie set unreasonable expectations for him, that he
performed adequately as project leader, and that the replacement proposal advanced by
his successor eventually failed because his “nonsensical” suggestions actually were the
correct solutions. But other than attempting to recharacterize or otherwise explain his
actions, he does not contest Downie’s descriptions of insubordination. That alone
defeats his claim of pretext, since he loses unless a factfinder could disbelieve each of
ITW’s reasons for firing him. See Simpson v. Beaver Dam Cmty. Hosps., Inc., 780 F.3d 784,
798 (7th Cir. 2015); Bodenstab v. Cnty. of Cook, 569 F.3d 651, 659 (7th Cir. 2009)
(explaining that if “defendant has offered multiple nondiscriminatory reasons for its
No. 16-4039 Page 5
hiring decision, showing that one of these reasons is pretextual is not enough” (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted)). Moreover, even if Downie made poor decisions
or mismanaged Abdel-Ghaffar, that would not prove that she discriminated. Courts are
not concerned with whether an employer’s reason for discharge was “inaccurate or
unfair, but whether the employer honestly believed the reason it has offered.” Harden
v. Marion Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 799 F.3d 857, 864 (7th Cir. 2015). And though
Abdel-Ghaffar spends a great deal of time trying to explain or recharacterize his poor
performance, he does not point to any evidence in the record suggesting that Downie
used his incompetence as a “mask to hide unlawful discrimination.” See Hill
v. Tangherlini, 724 F.3d 965, 968 (7th Cir. 2013).
Finally, Abdel-Ghaffar argues that the magistrate judge ignored that Downie had
disregarded ITW’s policies regarding performance-improvement plans, which, he
infers, means that she used the plan as a means to oust him. We have recognized that an
employer’s “departure from its own policies” may be evidence of discrimination, but
we require “evidence of a specific policy that is regularly enforced and followed in
similar situations.” Bagwe, 811 F.3d at 882. Abdel-Ghaffar argues that ITW requires a
longer time and regular follow-up when using improvement plans, but the documents
he submitted (a PowerPoint presentation and handout about how to use such plans) do
not establish any mandatory policies that Downie ignored.
Abdel-Ghaffar also points to Downie’s e-mails that, he says, show her intent to
fire him even before she instituted the improvement plan. Only two of these e-mails
strike us as remotely relevant. Downie sent the first of those e-mails to the new project
leader on August 3, 2011, several days before she imposed the performance-
improvement plan. Responding to the new leader’s complaints about Abdel-Ghaffar,
Downie told him: “I am very saddened about [H]isham and angry with myself because
I hired him. I’m going to talk with HR tomorrow and maybe we can accelerate my plan
along for that problem.” In a second e-mail to HR staff on August 14, six days after
implementing the improvement plan, Downie attached an update to the plan and said
she was sending it “now to see if we have enough documentation for decision point or
if I need to do more, and what ‘more’ looks like.” Although it might seem troubling that
Downie fired Abdel-Ghaffar on September 16, two weeks before the “target
improvement date” she had given him, those same e-mails show that she sped things
along not because of any prohibited factor, but because of her growing concern about
Abdel-Ghaffar’s incompetence and “lack of understanding of basic engineering
principles.” Additionally, her update on August 23 describes disrespectful e-mails he
sent her, missed deadlines, failure to keep regular hours, and sleeping on the job—all
No. 16-4039 Page 6
after she gave Abdel-Ghaffar the performance plan. Each of these uncontradicted
reasons support his discharge. See Fleishman v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 698 F.3d 598, 605 (7th Cir.
2012) (concluding that complaints about plaintiff’s work supported termination); Flores
v. Preferred Tech. Grp., 182 F.3d 512, 515 (7th Cir. 1999) (noting that insubordination is
legitimate reason for firing).
To this Abdel-Ghaffar responds that he might have been able to undercut
Downie’s explanations for her actions if the magistrate judge had not blocked him from
deposing witnesses by telephone or videoconference. Abdel-Ghaffar had moved out of
state for a new job before he sued, and his lawyer, before withdrawing, had secured
ITW’s agreement to conduct ten depositions, at least three of them by videoconference.
The magistrate judge had endorsed the parties’ agreement. After his lawyer withdrew,
Abdel-Ghaffar contacted ITW’s counsel about conducting depositions remotely, and
even lowered the total number of people he would like to depose to five. Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 30(b)(4) allows depositions by “remote means” either on the
stipulation of the parties, or on motion. ITW did not object to Abdel-Ghaffar’s plan, but
when he presented it in the form of a request to the magistrate judge—who on several
occasions allowed him to appear telephonically for court hearings—he was told no.
That denial meant that Abdel-Ghaffar never had an opportunity to investigate ITW’s
declarations or other evidence through depositions, since travel to Illinois was
burdensome for him.
“District courts have broad discretion in supervising discovery,” and ordinarily
we do not question the exercise of that discretion. Hunt v. DaVita, Inc., 680 F.3d 775, 780
(7th Cir. 2012). Here the court’s decision concerns us. The magistrate judge said that
deposing a witness by telephone or videoconference is “difficult” and “cumbersome”
even for lawyers, and thus, despite ITW’s agreement to participate in depositions by
remote means, the judge refused to let Abdel-Ghaffar proceed. The court did allow
Abdel-Ghaffar to take written depositions, which the magistrate judge also described as
problematic. These reasons are dubious, particularly given the lack of objection from
ITW and Abdel-Ghaffar’s high level of litigation ability. Still, there is no reason to
reverse. Abdel-Ghaffar insists that Downie and other witnesses “lied,” but he does not
explain how conducting the depositions would have enabled him to uncover any
specific facts helpful to his case. See Patterson v. Avery Dennison Corp., 281 F.3d 676, 679
(7th Cir 2002) (“[W]e shall not disturb a trial judge’s exercise of discretion ‘unless it is
established that the denial of the requested discovery would result in actual and
substantial prejudice to the complaining litigant.’”).
No. 16-4039 Page 7
We have considered Abdel-Ghaffar’s additional arguments and none has merit.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.