FILED
COURT OF /WEALS DIV 1
STATE OF VASE:NG-I 01;
2011 OCT L:111: 22
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
)
GLOBAL CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS, ) No. 74805-0-1
LLC, a Washington limited liability, )
company, ) DIVISION ONE
)
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
CENTECH, LLC, a Washington limited ) UNPUBLISHED
liability company; JOHN GRAFF and )
TERESA GRAFF, husband and wife, ) FILED: October 2, 2017
and the marital community comprised )
thereof, )
)
Appellants, )
)
and )
)
ROBERT BLACK and MICHIKO )
BLACK, husband and wife, and )
the marital community comprised )
thereof, )
)
Defendants. )
)
Cox, J. — Centech LLC, John Graff and Teresa Graff appeal the superior
court's nunc pro tunc order entering judgment on a jury verdict in favor of Global
Chemical Solutions, LLC(GCS)after a 12-day jury trial. The trial court did not
abuse its discretion in refusing Centech's requested jury instructions on warranty
and frustration of purpose. Moreover, the trial court's award of prejudgment
interest was justified because the amount of damages awarded by the jury did
No. 74805-0-1/2
not require opinion or discretion. Finally, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in refusing to offset the damages award against Centech by the
amount of a settlement agreement between GCS and another defendant, Robert
Black. Accordingly, we affirm.
GCS was a chemical distribution company owned by Greg Porter, John
Hen nesy, and Black. Black was president of GCS and responsible for the day to
day operations of the business. Hennessey had arranged for a revolving line of
credit(LOC)that was personally guaranteed by him and Porter. Centech was a
company dealing in glycerin byproducts, owned by its CEO, John Graff.
In 2011, friction developed between GCS's owners over GCS's failure to
perform up to expectations and its increasing debt. Hennessy and Porter were
dissatisfied with some of Black's decisions and actions and disputed Black's
contention that the LOC was a loan instead of a capital contribution.
Graff and Black decided to go into business together, and negotiated with
Hennessy and Porter to purchase the assets of GCS. Black would resign as
president of GCS and become president and 50 percent owner of Centech.
In December 2012, GCS and Centech executed an Asset Purchase and
Sale Agreement(the "APA"). Pursuant to the APA, GCS agreed to sell and
assign to Centech all of its assets including inventory and accounts receivable.
Centech agreed to assume all of GCS's accounts payable and expenses
incurred in the ordinary course of business except the LOC.
Section 2.2 of the APA governs calculation of the final purchase price, and
it sets a maximum price of $1.026 million. Graff had previously identified various
2
No. 74805-0-1/3
items listed as assets on GCS's books as "questionable," and these
"Questionable Assets" are identified in section 2.2 of the APA. In the APA,the
sum total of the Questionable Assets together with some other contingencies
were deducted from the maximum purchase price to arrive at a "Provisional
Purchase Price" of $898,880.
The final purchase price depended upon the Purchase Price Adjustment. -
The Purchase Price Adjustment would be determined based on a number of
factors including whether Centech was able to collect the Questionable Assets,
Centech's post-closing inventory sales, and its sales of new products provided by
GCS's key supplier. The final purchase price would be set on July 31, 2013, the•
"true-up" date. On that day, the Purchase Price Adjustment would be applied to
the provisional purchase price to determine the final purchase price. The final
purchase price could not exceed $1.026 million.
Centech made a cash down payment and gave GCS a promissory note
for the remainder with Graff and Black each specified as 50 percent personal
guarantors.
Initially Centech made regular payments on the promissory note and Graff
sent Porter monthly sales reports as required by the APA. Relations between
Black and Graff began to break down until Centech ended up firing Black.
In July 2013, shortly before the true-up date, Graff wrote to Porter,
accusing him and GCS of fraudulently misrepresenting the validity/collectability of
the Questionable Assets and of withholding information about Black's dishonesty
3
No. 74805-0-1/4
and bad character. Graff claimed that Centech was entitled to a deeply
discounted final purchase price, but Porter did not agree.
After making some reduced payments, Centech stopped making any
payments on the Promissory Note by July 2014. GCS sued Centech for breach
of the APA, and sued Black and Graff for breach of their personal guaranties.
GCS settled with Black, and proceeded to trial against Centech and Graff.
Centech and Graff claimed they were fraudulently induced to enter into the APA.
They claimed GCS misrepresented the value and collectability of its assets, and
had they known how Black treated his partners, that he couldn't meet sales
goals, that he demanded extortion money and that he twisted their deal, Centech
and Graff never would have entered into the APA and Graff would not have
signed the guarantee.
In response, GCS argued that Graff had thoroughly examined its books
and records, used what he learned to negotiate favorable terms in the APA, and
had ample evidence of Black's dealings before entering into business with him.
After a 12-day trial, the jury found in favor of GCS on all counts; it rejected
Centech and Graff's claims that they were induced by fraud or negligent
misrepresentation. The jury found Centech liable for $453,837 before interest
and attorney fees. It found that Graff's personal guarantee for 50 percent of
Centech's payment obligations was enforceable.
The trial court entered the final, clarified judgment including prejudgment
and post-verdict interest, costs and attorney fees totaling a judgment of
$922,455.12 against Centech and $528,738.16 against Graff.
4
No. 74805-0-1/5
Centech and Graff appeals.
JURY INSTRUCTIONS
Centech argues that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to
instruct the jury on warranty and what Centech considers to be other "necessary
definitions under the applicable law." We disagree.
Jury instructions are sufficient when they allow a party to argue their
theory of the case, are not misleading, and when read as a whole "properly
inform the trier of fact of the applicable law."1 As long as these conditions are
met, no more is required, and the trial court may refuse to give augmenting
instructions or instructions that are cumulative, collateral, or repetitive.2 The trial
court may not give any instruction that is not supported by the evidence, and
"[t]he evidence must raise more than a mere possibility before a theory can be
submitted to the jury."3
Whether a jury instruction reflects an accurate statement of law is
reviewed de novo.4 But "[t]he number and specific language of the instructions
are matters left to the trial court's discretion."5
Centech claims that additional instruction was necessary on "contract
construction or interpretation," because otherwise the jury was left to "guess
1 Bodin v. City of Stanwood, 130 Wn.2d 726, 732, 927 P.2d 240(1996).
2 Id.; Havens v. C & D Plastics, Inc., 124 Wn.2d 158, 165-66, 876 P.2d 435
(1994).
3 Glenn v. Brown, 28 Wn. App. 86, 88, 622 P.2d 1279 (1980)(quoting Bd. of
Regents of Univ. of Washington v. Frederick & Nelson, 90 Wn.2d 82, 86, 579 P.2d 346 .
(1978)); see State v. Benn, 120 Wn.2d 631, 654, 845 P.2d 289, cert. denied, 510 U.S.
944, 114 S. Ct. 382, 126 L. Ed. 2d 331 (1993).
4 Joyce v. Dep't of Corrs., 155 Wn.2d 306, 323, 119 P.3d 825(2005).
5 Leeper v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 123 Wn.2d 803, 809, 872 P.2d 507(1994)
(quoting Douglas v. Freeman, 117 Wn.2d 242, 256-57, 814 P.2d 1160 (1991)).
5
No. 74805-0-1/6
about the law applicable to the language of a complex APA." It argues that
"determining the meaning of a contract is a responsibility for the judge, applying
settled rules of construction."
Here, the trial court instructed the jury as to the definition of a contract and
the meaning of a material breach, and it reviewed Centech's defenses and
affirmative defenses. It instructed the jury on GCS's burden to prove breach, and
Centech's burden to prove its affirmative defenses. Moreover, the trial court
instructed the jury on how to interpret the APA by instructing it:
to give effect to the intent of the parties at the time they entered the
contract, . .. to take into consideration all the language used in the
contract, giving to the words their ordinary meaning, unless the
parties intended a different meaning,. .. to determine the intent of
the contracting parties by viewing the contract as a whole,
considering the subject matter and apparent purpose of the
contract, all the facts and circumstances leading up to and
surrounding the making of the contract, the subsequent acts and
conduct of the parties to the contract, and the reasonableness of
the respective interpretations offered by the parties.[61
These instructions correctly stated the law applicable to a breach of
contract action because they adequately explained the applicable law, they were
not misleading, and they allowed the parties to argue their theories of the case.7
Centech argues that the jury needed clear instructions on what a warranty
is, that proof of scienter or intent is not needed on a breach of warranty claim,
and what the particular warranty clause in the APA entailed. It argues that the
trial court abused its discretion in refusing to give an instruction that repeated the
exact language set out in section 4 of the APA on the "Representations and
6 Clerk's Papers at 333; 6 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY
INSTRUCTIONS: CIVIL 301.05 (6th ed. 2012).
7 Bodin, 130 Wn.2d at 732.
6
No. 74805-0-1/7
Warranties of the Seller," even though the jury was provided with a copy of the
APA, including the warranty provisions. These arguments are unpersuasive.
First, as noted by the trial court, it would have been inappropriate to give
another definition of warranty when the APA already defined that term.
Moreover, these proposed instructions merely augmented the instructions the
trial court decided to give and were potentially confusing to the jury.8
Centech relies on Mega v. Whitworth College, as support for its contention
that additional instructions were necessary.9 But in that case the appellate court
only affirmed the trial court's own determination that it had erred when it
instructed the jury on contract interpretation by allowing the jury to interpret and
apply extrinsic evidence, in the form of an earlier letter, to an employment
contract.19 After trial, the trial court had determined as a matter of law that the
contract should be interpreted without resorting to extrinsic evidence, and
ordered a new trial on that basis." On appeal, this court gave "great deference.
. . to the trial court's decision to grant a new trial," because a "tenable basis
exist[ed]for the court's new trial order."12
Here, unlike in Mega, the trial court did not decide that it had erroneously
instructed the jury on a matter of law. Because the instructions given
satisfactorily explained Washington law in a manner that allowed any reasonable
jury to decide the issues before it, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
8 Id. at 732; Havens, 124 Wn.2d at 165-66.
9 138 Wn. App. 661,670,158 P.3d 1211 (2007).
10 Id. at 672.
11 Id.
12 Id.
7
No. 74805-0-1/8
refusing to include Centech's instructions as unnecessary and potentially
confusing to the jury.13
Finally, Centech argues that the jury should have been instructed on the
defense of frustration of purpose because "one of its obligations under the
contract, hiring Mr. Black as head of sales, made it impossible to even begin to
perform the other obligations." We again disagree.
First, Centech cites to no authority in support of its contention that the trial
court erred in refusing this proposed instruction so we need not consider the
merits of this contention.14 In any event, Centech is wrong on the merits as well.
The doctrine of frustration is applicable:
[w]here, after a contract is made, a party's principal purpose is
substantially frustrated without his fault by the occurrence of an
event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on
which the contract was made, his remaining duties to render
performance are discharged, unless the language or the
circumstances indicate the contrary."[15]
If the supervening event that frustrated the purpose of the contract "was, or
should reasonably have been,foreseen by the parties" and there is no provision
in the contract "then an inference that the risk was assumed by the promisor is
justified."16
13Barnett v. Sequim Valley Ranch, LLC, 174 Wn. App. 475, 492-93, 302 P.3d
500 (2013).
14 See DeHeer v. Seattle Post-Intelliqencer, 60 Wn.2d 122, 126, 372 P.2d 193
(1962); King Aircraft Sales, Inc. v. Lane, 68 Wn. App. 706, 717, 846 P.2d 550(1993).
15 Wash. State Hop Producers, Inc., Liquidation Trust v. Goschie Farms, Inc.,
112 Wn.2d 694, 700, 773 P.2d 70(1989)(quoting Restatement(Second) of Contracts §
265 (1979)).
16 Weyerhaeuser Real Estate Co. v. Stoneway Concrete, Inc., 96 Wn.2d 558,
563, 637 P.2d 647 (1981).
No. 74805-0-1/9
The trial court refused to instruct the jury on the defense of frustration of
purpose because, although the APA specified that Black would join Centech,
there was insufficient evidence to show that his failure to perform in that role
would support the defense of frustration of purpose as a matter of law.17
Centech produced no evidence that Black's failure to perform once he
joined Centech was unforeseeable nor that his adequate performance was "a
basic assumption on which the contract was made."18 To the contrary, Black's
failure was foreseeable because both Graff and Porter testified that Graff knew
about the alleged misrepresentations and malfeasance concerning Black.
For example, during the negotiations leading up to the APA, Graff learned
that Black was making misrepresentations and last-minute demands. Before
executing the APA, Porter had discovered that Black had revised GCS's financial
statement, moving the LOG from "current liabilities" to "paid in capital." A loan
officer and Porter alerted Graff that Black had improperly altered GCS's financial
statements.
Also, shortly before the parties were due to finalize the purchase and sale,
Black demanded payment in order to release all claims he had as an owner of
GCS even though he had previously agreed to sign the release without
consideration. Graff had also learned that Black had used GCS funds to pay his
personal attorney and that Black had only agreed to go forward if Porter and
Hennesy agreed to ratify this use of personal funds.
17See Goschie Farms, 112 Wn.2d at 704.
186 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CIVIL
302.10 (6th ed. 2012).
9
No. 74805-0-1/10
Despite the erroneous financial statement, Black's demand for a release
payment, and a caution from Centech's counsel about going into business with
Black, Graff chose to proceed with the purchase and sale negotiations. He never
asked Porter or Hennessy anything about Black, and specifically told Porter that
he did not want to know about Porter's problems with Black and their problems
through GCS.
Based on Centech's failure to introduce evidence that warranted an
instruction on the defense of frustration of purpose, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in refusing to instruct the jury on that theory.19
SETOFF
Centech contends that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to
apply a $386,000 offset or setoff to the judgment against it. It claims that the trial
court's reasoning for denying the setoff is unknown because it did not enter any
findings of fact or conclusions of law. We disagree.
Under Washington law, the party who claims an offset has the burden of
proving his or her claim.29 In addition, a court does nat need to apply an offset to
any settlement amounts that have not been paid.21
This court reviews the trial court's decision on whether to grant an offset
for abuse of discretion.22
19 Weyerhaeuser Real Estate Co., 96 Wn.2d at 563.
29 Harmony at Madrona Park Owners Ass'n v. Madison Harmony Dev., Inc., 160
Wn. App. 728, 735, 253 P.3d 101 (2011); Maziarski v. Bair, 83 Wn. App. 835, 841, 924
P.2d 409(1996).
21 See Brewer v. Fibreboard Corp., 127 Wn.2d 512, 532, 901 P.2d 297 (1995).
22 Eagle Point Condo. Owners Ass'n v. Coy, 102 Wn. App. 697, 701, 9 P.3d 898
(2000).
10
No. 74805-0-1/11
As part of the APA, both Graff and Black signed guarantees for 50 percent
of any liability imposed on Centech. Before trial, GCS settled with Black who
agreed to pay $225,000 over 36 months at 5 percent interest. The obligation to
pay this $225,000 amount was secured by a deed of trust on Black's home. The
settlement was also secured with a confession of judgment for $386,000, which
in turn was coupled "with a covenant not to execute except in the event of a
default in payment." The confession of judgment included a 10-day right to cure
provision.
In response to GCS's motion for entry of judgment, Centech requested a
setoff against the verdict of $386,000 in light of Black's confession of judgment,
claiming that otherwise a double recovery would result. GCS explained that the
settlement amount was $225,000 while the $386,000 confession ofjudgment
was contingent because it would only be executed upon if Black defaulted on the
settlement agreement and failed to cure that default within ten days.
The trial court agreed with GCS and refused to apply any setoff.
Centech characterizes the settlement with Black as an amount
"recovered" by GCS, and an amount that GCS "received" from Black, and claims
that a setoff is necessary to prevent double recovery. But as of the date that
Centech requested a setoff, Black had not yet paid any of the settlement amount.
Moreover, although Centech claims there is no evidence that GCS will not collect
that amount, it previously conceded that Black was unlikely to make payment on
the amount owed.
11
No. 74805-0-1/12
In support of its argument that setoff was warranted before Black paid,
Centech cites to Coulter v. Asten Group, Inc., claiming that in that case the trial
court applied the full amount of a setoff against the concurrent liability of other
liable parties, even though the settlement amount had yet to be paid.23 We are
unpersuaded.
In Coulter, this court held that, in the absence of any evidence showing
that the total settlement amount would not be paid, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in offsetting the judgment by the total value of the settlement
agreement.24 But the holding in Coulter affirming the trial court's decision to
apply an offset before settlement funds were paid does not prove that a different.
result would be an abuse of discretion, especially when payment of the
settlement funds appears unlikely.
GCS has agreed that, to the extent Black pays, Centech will be entitled to
a partial satisfaction of the judgment against it. Until then, Centech is not entitled
to offset the judgment by the amount of the settlement, and the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in refusing to apply an offset to the judgment.25
Finally, Centech argues that because the trial court did not enter findings
of fact and conclusions of law to support its decision to deny any offset, this court
must remand so that the trial court can do so. Centech claims that such findings
and conclusions are required by CR 52. Centech is wrong.
23 155 Wn. App. 1, 10-11, 230 P.3d 169(2010).
24 Id. at 12.
25 Brewer, 127 Wn.2d at 532.
12
No. 74805-0-1/13
CR 52(a)(1) and (2) specify when the trial court must find the facts and
specifically state its conclusions of law. CR 52(a)(5) states that findings of fact
and conclusions of law are not necessary for decisions on motions, with certain .
exceptions not relevant here. Therefore we reject Centech's contention.
PREJUDGMENT INTEREST
Centech claims that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding pre-
judgment interest because the amount of liability could not be determined before -
trial and required the exercise of opinion or discretion. We disagree.
Washington permits prejudgment interest for liquidated claims only.26 "A
'liquidated' claim is a claim 'where the evidence furnishes data which, if believed,
makes it possible to compute the amount with exactness, without reliance on
opinion or discretion!"27 In contract cases, this means that prejudgment interest
is allowed when the amount due "is determinable by computation with reference
to a fixed standard contained in the contract."28
We review a trial court's decision on whether to award prejudgment
interest for abuse of discretion.29
Centech notes that section 2.2 of the APA provides for certain
adjustments to the purchase price depending on whether Centech was able to
collect on certain accounts using "best collection efforts." It argues that, as of the
26 Hansen v. Rothaus, 107 Wn.2d 468, 472, 730 P.2d 662(1986).
27 Id. (quoting Prier v. Refrigeration Eng'q Co., 74 Wn.2d 25, 32, 442 P.2d 621
(1968)).
28Prier, 74 Wn.2d at 32.
29Scoccolo Const., Inc. ex rel. Curb One, Inc. v. City of Renton, 158 Wn.2d 506,
519, 145 P.3d 371 (2006).
13
No. 74805-0-1/14
true-up date, July 31, 2013, GCS was challenging whether Centech has used
best collection efforts, so the purchase price was unliquidated before trial.
As additional support for its argument, Centech notes that "the APA plainly
requires GCS to adjust the purchase price down proportionately to the difference"
between the actual sales made by Centech and the Earn-Out Target." Finally, it
notes that GCS conceded during trial that it had erred in calculating total sales
and erroneously increased the putative purchase price by over $47,000. We are
unpersuaded.
While there is a provision in the APA calling for Centech to use "best
efforts" in collecting accounts receivables and selling inventory, that provision
was never at issue during trial. Porter testified that GCS was not contesting
whether Centech used best efforts, so there would be no testimony introduced on
that issue. He also agreed that he would take Graff's word for the amount of
unsold inventory and conceded that all the remaining questionable accounts
receivable were uncollectible.
As to the Earn-Out Target, Porter agreed that there was a computational
error because one of the accounts, Lucid Tech, was initially placed in both the
accounts receivable column and the earn-out column. But, this was an
accounting error that was easily corrected. Such an error does not prevent the
claim from being liquidated.30 After correcting the error, Porter applied the
formula set forth in Section 2.2 of the APA and testified that the final amount
owed was $453,837, the exact amount the jury awarded.
30 Id. at 519-20; Prier, 74 Wn.2d at 33.
14
No. 74805-0-1/15
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding
prejudgment interest.
ATTORNEY FEES
GCS requests an award of attorney fees on appeal. An award is proper,
subject to its compliance with RAP 18.1.
"A contractual provision for an award of attorney's fees at trial supports an
award of attorney's fees on appeal under RAP 18.1."31
The APA and Graff's guaranty provide for attorney fees to the prevailing
party and the trial court awarded attorney's fees to GCS. Because the APA and
guaranty provided for an award of attorney fees at trial, we grant GCS's request
for attorney fees on appeal pursuant to RAP 18.1.32
We affirm. We grant GCS's request for fees on appeal, subject to
compliance with RAP 18.1.
WE CONCUR:
31 Edmundson v. Bank of Am., 194 Wn. App. 920, 932-33, 378 P.3d 272(2016).
32 Id.
15
Centech, Llc v. Global Chemical Solutions, Llc
Combined Opinion